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Nasal disease often manifests as nasal discharge with or without other nasal signs. Attention to signalment, history, and physical examination findings often facilitates a differential diagnosis. Imaging techniques and tissue sampling for microscopic examination are usually necessary for diagnosis. Advanced imaging offers important advantages over traditional skull radiographs but is less widely available and more costly. Bacterial culture is seldom beneficial, and fungal culture is reserved for cases likely to have fungal rhinitis. Nasal biopsy is required to confirm a specific diagnosis and is always required for diagnosis of specific tumor type or for inflammatory rhinitis.

Objectives The main objective of this study was to utilise a large database from a UK-based, commercial veterinary diagnostic laboratory to ascertain the prevalence of different forms of nasal disease within the feline population. Further objectives included using this database to detect any breed, sex or age predilections, or associations between the degree of brachycephalism, and the different conditions diagnosed. Methods Records from the laboratory were searched for feline submissions received between 31 May 2006 and 31 October 2013. For all samples taken from the nasal cavity, the diagnosis was recorded together with the breed, age, sex and neuter status of the cat, whether the clinical presentation was uni- or bilateral and whether a nasal discharge was present. Pedigree breeds were further subclassified according to skull conformation into brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the adjusted magnitude of association of significant risk factors with each disease, and each disease was also used as a potential independent risk factor for each other disease. Results The most prevalent nasal disease was rhinitis, followed by neoplasia and polyps. The most commonly diagnosed neoplasm was lymphoma, followed by adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma, with benign tumours being very uncommon. No significant association was found between skull conformation and nasal diseases. The only statistically significant association was polyps being more likely to arise in younger male cats, with a mesocephalic skull conformation and no nasal discharge. Conclusions and relevance No significant association was found between skull conformation and nasal diseases, contrary to what might be expected. The only significant association found between any of the potential risk factors and various forms of nasal disease was polyps being more likely to arise in younger cats; other identified associations are only likely to be weak.

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel Es sollte untersucht werden, inwieweit die bakteriologische Untersuchung von Nasenschleimhautabstrichen (BU) und die histopathologische Untersuchung (HP) von Nasenschleimhautbioptaten bei Hunden mit Nasenausfluss (NAF) für das Stellen einer Diagnose von Bedeutung sind. Material und Methoden Retrospektiv wurden Patientenakten von Hunden ausgewertet, die mit dem Hauptsymptom NAF von Januar 2015 bis Dezember 2016 in der HNO-Abteilung der Klinik für Kleintiere vorgestellt wurden. Ergebnisse Die Auswertung umfasste die Daten von 85 Hunden. Auf der Basis der Ergebnisse einer Computertomografie (CT) des Kopfes, einer Rhinoskopie, der BU und der HP wurden 6 Gruppen nach den Primärursachen klassifiziert: nasale Neoplasie (24/85, 28 %), oronasale Defekte (22/85, 26 %), idiopathische chronische Rhinitis (17/85, 20 %), Fremdkörper (8/85, 10 %), sinonasale Aspergillose (7/85, 8 %) und pathologische Veränderungen des Nasenspiegels (NSP; 7/85, 8 %). Bei brachyzephalen Hunden (14/85, 17 %) stellten oronasale Defekte (8/14, 57 %) mit Abstand die häufigste Ursache für NAF dar. Eine bakterielle Infektion der Nasenschleimhaut war bei keinem Tier die Primärursache für NAF und daher nicht allein mit einem Antibiotikum zu therapieren. Dennoch waren 72 % der Tiere antibiotisch vorbehandelt. Die BU zeigte Sekundärerreger, die für keine Primärursache charakteristisch waren. Die HP erwies sich nur für die endoskopisch kontrollierte Probenentnahme von Tumorgewebe als diagnostisch. Nicht diagnostisch waren dagegen die Biopsie von Nasenschleimhaut und die Bestimmung des Entzündungstyps. Schlussfolgerungen NAF ist beim Hund häufig Folge einer gravierenden Grunderkrankung, die zu bleibenden Schäden bis hin zum Tod führen kann. Daher bedarf es einer frühzeitigen weiterführenden Diagnostik in Narkose. Die Rhinoskopie als zentrales Diagnostikum wird durch CT und Biopsie ergänzt. Eine bakteriologische Untersuchung des Nasenausflusses ermöglicht keine Diagnose der zugrunde liegenden Primärerkrankung. Klinische Relevanz Ohne Diagnose ist die Anwendung von Antibiotika bei Hunden mit NAF nicht indiziert, bei Tumorerkrankungen oder einer Pilzinfektion sogar schädlich. Bei Tumorverdacht sollten Bioptate unter endoskopischer Sicht gewonnen werden, da Blindbiopsien häufig benachbartes Gewebe erfassen und zu einer falschen Diagnose führen.

Introduction One of the common causes of chronic sinusitis is a fungal infection, and there are various types of fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS). Missed diagnosis of occasional granulomatous invasion of fungal sinusitis can lead to involvement in the central nervous system. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of granulomatous invasive fungal sinusitis (GIFS) in patients with clinical suspicion of chronic FRS. Methods We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Nishtar Hospital, Multan from January 1, 2017 to July 1, 2018. Eighty-one patients with chronic FRS participated in the study. After informed consent, nasal tissue was biopsied for granulomatous fungal invasion. Results The frequency of GIFS was 29.6% (n=24) in this study. The significant risk factors included duration of chronic FRS for more than 12 weeks, history of diabetes mellitus, and living status as rural. Conclusion GIFS is a common complication in patients with clinical suspicion of chronic FRS. Nasal biopsy should be a common practice among patients of chronic FRS who have a long duration of disease and a history of diabetes mellitus.

Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a pathological condition of the small intestine that is endemic to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). EED is thought to interfere with nutrient absorption and enteropathogen exclusion, resulting in altered immune response, increased infection, and limited neurological and physical development. Biopsy of the small intestine is the current diagnostic gold standard for diagnosis yet is untenable due to lack of availability in these countries. Endoscopic biopsy is further problematic since EED-related stunting can only be reversed if diagnosed in the first two years of life when endoscopy must be conducted under anesthesia in advanced medical care settings. Thus, there is an unmet need for a minimally invasive technology for obtaining small intestinal biopsies in unsedated infants in LMICs. To address this need, we have developed an OCT image-guided trans-nasal cryobiopsy device. The device comprises a dual-lumen 1.2 mm outer diameter (OD) probe, terminated by a metal tip, through which Freon is injected. The device is introduced through the lumen of a novel liquid-metal transnasal imaging tube that passively transits to the small intestine. M-mode OCT image guidance is used to determine when the metal tip is in contact with the mucosa so that cryobiopsies may be efficiently acquired. We have conducted feasibility experiments using this device in 10 swine in vivo, demonstrating residual bleeding that is comparable to conventional excisional biopsy, tissue sampling volumes that are greater than or equal to those of conventional biopsy, and high-quality histopathology. These results suggest that this transnasal cryobiopsy technique may be suitable for infants in low-resource settings where EED is prevalent, due to its simplicity and its ability to be used in unsedated subjects.

Objectives/Hypothesis To systematically review the literature regarding the efficacy of different biopsy sites and methods to obtain an adequate ciliary sample for ultrastructural examination with electron microscopy (EM) for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Study Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods A literature search was conducted with respect to the diagnosis of PCD. English studies with five or more subjects were included. Successful biopsy was defined as an adequate ciliary sample to make or exclude the diagnosis of PCD. Results Eight studies met inclusion criteria. These studies included 1,993 patients who underwent 2,299 ciliary biopsies. Included studies were level 3 or 4 evidence. The weighted pooled proportion of obtaining an adequate specimen from a nasal biopsy was 76% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64%–86%) versus 66% (95% CI, 62%–69%) for a tracheobronchial site (P = 0.10). The pooled proportion of obtaining an adequate sample was 68% for both brush and forceps biopsy groups (95% CI, 58%–77% and 54%–81%, respectively). Nasal scraping yielded a higher proportion of adequate specimens (pooled proportion of 92%; 95% CI, 82%–99%) than other techniques (P = 0.002). Conclusion Tissue biopsy is one component of diagnosing PCD. We found no significant difference between biopsy sites in terms of obtaining an adequate ciliary sample for EM evaluation. This suggests that nasal biopsy should be preferred for patients old enough to tolerate an office biopsy without the need for general anesthesia. The merits of nasal versus tracheobronchial biopsy in the operating room depend more on the risks and benefits of the procedure being performed. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 127:6–13, 2017

A 68-year-old woman with a long history of relapsing chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) underwent a complete reboot surgery and nasal biopsy prior to and after surgery. Remarkable improvement of symptoms and no signs of mucosal oedema and no complaints of initially worsening nasal functions were still present 12 months after reboot surgery. Biopsy demonstrated an outstanding reduction in eosinophilic infiltration and re-epithelisation of nasal mucosa with normal features after reboot approach compared with previous surgeries. Therefore, reboot approach may become an effective instrument in plurioperated patients with CRSwNP who suffer from a nasal condition that is recalcitrant to pharmacological therapies and is unsatisfactorily treated by standard surgical techniques.

Rhinoentomophthoromycosis due to Conidiobolus coronatus is a rare, chronic, granulomatous disease, occurring mainly in tropical countries including India. We report two cases of rhinoentomophthoromycosis in an 18-year-old female and a farmer of 35 years residents of Chhattisgarh shifted from Madhya Pradesh and Orrisa. It was diagnosed by microscopy and isolation C. coronatus in culture. The patient presented with a swollen nose with obstruction that had progressed slowly over 1 year. His nasal swelling was bilateral, diffuse, mildly tender, erythematous, nonpitting, with mucosal crusting and hypertrophy of inferior turbinates but no regional lymphadenopathy. Culture of tissue from the nasal biopsy on sabouraud dextrose agar yielded multiple colonies of a mold with satellite smaller colonies at periphery. The isolate demonstrated the macroscopic and microscopic morphologic characteristics of C. coronatus. The patients were earlier treated with itraconazole or its combination with potassium iodide and the patients were treated successfully with amphotericin B.

Background Severe asthma might be associated with overexpression of T h 17 cytokines, which induce neutrophil recruitment via neutrophil-mobilizing cytokines in airways. Objective To study IL-17–related cytokines in nasal/bronchial biopsies from controls and mild asthmatics (MAs) to severe asthmatics (SAs) in relation to exacerbation rate. Methods Inflammatory cells and IL-17A + , IL-17F + , IL-21 + , IL-22 + , and IL-23 + cells were examined by immunohistochemistry in cryostat sections of bronchial/nasal biopsies obtained from 33 SAs (21 frequent exacerbators [FEs]), 31 MAs (3 FEs), and 14 controls. IL-17F protein was also measured by ELISA in bronchial/nasal lysates and by immunohistochemistry in bronchial tissue obtained from subjects who died because of fatal asthma. Immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy was used for IL-17F colocalization. Results Higher number ( P + , IL-17F + , and IL-21 + cells in bronchial biopsies and higher numbers ( P + and IL-21 + cells in nasal biopsies were observed in SAs compared with MAs. Bronchial IL-17F + cells correlated with bronchial neutrophils ( r = 0.54), exacerbation rate ( r = 0.41), and FEV 1 ( r = −0.46). Nasal IL-17F + cells correlated with bronchial IL-17F ( r = 0.35), exacerbation rate ( r = 0.47), and FEV 1 ( r = −0.61). FEs showed increased number of bronchial neutrophils/eosinophils/CD4 + /CD8 + cells and bronchial/nasal IL-17F + cells. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis evidenced predictive cutoff values of bronchial neutrophils and nasal/bronchial IL-17F for discriminating between asthmatics and controls, between MAs and SAs and between FEs and non-FEs. IL-17F protein increased in bronchial/nasal lysates of SAs and FEs and in bronchial tissue of fatal asthma. IL-17F colocalized in CD4 + /CD8 + cells. Conclusions IL-17–related cytokines expression was amplified in bronchial/nasal mucosa of neutrophilic asthma prone to exacerbation, suggesting a pathogenic role of IL-17F in FEs.

CASE DESCRIPTION 5 dogs (median age, 9 years; median body weight, 31 kg [68.2 lb]) with undefined nasal masses were examined after undergoing CT of the head and nasal biopsy via a rostral rhinoscopic or unaided (blind) approach because histologic results for collected biopsy specimens (inflammatory, necrotic, or hemorrhagic disease) suggested the specimens were nonrepresentative of the underlying disease process identified via CT (aggressive or malignant disease). CLINICAL FINDINGS Clinical signs at the time dogs were evaluated included open-mouth breathing, sneezing, or unilateral epistaxis. Histologic findings pertaining to the original biopsy specimens were suggestive of benign processes such as inflammation. In an attempt to obtain better representative specimens, a frameless CT-guided stereotactic biopsy system (CTSBS) was used to collect additional biopsy specimens from masses within the nasal and sinus passages of the dogs. The second set of biopsy specimens was histologically evaluated. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Histologic evaluation of biopsy specimens collected via the CTSBS revealed results suggestive of malignant neoplasia (specifically, chondrosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, or undifferentiated sarcoma) for 3 dogs, mild mixed-cell inflammation for 1 dog, and hamartoma for 1 dog. No complications were reported. These findings resulted in a change in treatment recommendations for 3 dogs and confirmed that no additional treatment was required for 1 dog (with hamartoma). For the remaining dog, in which CT findings and clinical history were strongly suggestive of neoplasia, the final diagnosis was rhinitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Biopsy specimens were safely collected from masses within the nasal and sinus passages of dogs by use of a frameless CTSBS, allowing a definitive diagnosis that was unachievable with other biopsy approaches.

Background: Allergic rhinitis is an IgE mediated immunological response of nasal mucosa to air born allergens is characterized by watery nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, sneezing and itching in the nose. Objective of this study was to compare and determine the efficacy of nasal smear and nasal biopsy in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.Methods: In this study of total number of patients were 100. These were divided in two group, test and control group and each group contain 50 cases. This study was performed in the period of April 2017 to March 2018 in the department of Otorhinolaryngology, Narayan Medical College and Hospital, Jamuhar, Sasaram, Bihar. Nasal Punch biopsy was taken from the inferior turbinate from the selected patient of allergic rhinitis under local anesthetic agent like 2% Xylocaine with adrenaline. Results: The mean age of the patient undergoing the study was 35.88±13.22 in the study group and 32.96±10.71 in the control group. In this study, sample are matched with p=0.228. Eosinophil in nasal smear is significantly more associated with cases with pConclusions: Nasal biopsy is better than nasal smear in diagnosing eosinophils in case of allergic rhinitis but for diagnosing mast cells biopsy is not sensitive enough in compared to nasal smears. So nasal biopsy can be used as a diagnostic test for allergic rhinitis.

Olfactory neuroepithelium (OE) is shown to be a suitable experimental model to study neuronal biomarkers of psychiatric diseases including schizophrenia. Olfactory neuronal precursors can be useful for studying neurodevelopmental stages, neuronal markers, pharmacological screening. However, a limited number of research groups have used this cell model in a small number of patients and healthy people that can be explained by several factors. Based on literature reports and own research, the authors analyze the advantages and limitations of OE-derived cell/tissue models. The main limitations of these models are decreased rate of harvesting and culturing OE-derived cell and low percentage of patients who agreed to participate in the study. Our results showed that only 10% of patients with schizophrenia signed informed consent for nasal biopsy, 80% of them underwent biopsy.Обонятельный эпителий (ОЭ) рассматривается в качестве экспериментальной модели для исследования нейрональных биомаркеров психических заболеваний, в том числе шизофрении. Эта модель может быть использована для изучения ранних стадий развития головного мозга, нейрональных маркеров, фармакогенетического скрининга. Однако до сих пор об ее использовании сообщалось в работах лишь нескольких исследовательских групп, при этом выборки для исследования насчитывали небольшое число как больных шизофренией, так и психически здоровых. В статье представлен анализ литературы и собственного опыта, демонстрирующий преимущества и ограничения рассматриваемой модели. Основным ограничением широкого использования модели является недостаточная эффективность отбора и последующего выращивания клеток, а также сложность формирования выборки для исследования. В нашем исследовании только 10% из первично отобранных пациентов согласились подписать информированное согласие, из них процедуру биопсии прошли 80%.

Summary Objectives Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis and Klebsiella ozaenae are associated with chronic diseases of the upper airways: rhinoscleroma and ozena, respectively. These have become uncommon in developed countries. We report herein one case of each disease in patients living in Marseilles, France, and include a review of the literature. Methods Diagnosis was made by direct evidence of bacteria (specific cultures and autoimmunohistochemistry on nasal biopsy) and using an indirect method (serology). In addition, the literature review showed that the majority of publications were old, confirming the fact that these diseases have been long forgotten. Results The specific and original methods used have allowed us to confirm the pathogenic role of K. ozaenae in ozena and confirmed rhinoscleroma in a granulomatous lesion. In the literature, K. rhinoscleromatis is only associated with rhinoscleroma whereas K. ozaenae is also associated with clinical diseases other than chronic rhinitis. Conclusions In cases of chronic rhinitis, ozena and rhinoscleroma should be kept in mind, even in developed countries, and systematically screened for, especially as there are specific diagnostic tools and effective treatments available.

Olfactory neurons obtained through nasal biopsy were characterized. Using standard immunohistochemical techniques, nascent, developing, and mature neurons were identified in the tissues obtained. This technique shows that aspects of canine olfactory function may be potentially assessed using a relatively simple and minimally invasive biopsy technique. Such samples provide direct access to neuronal tissue that is otherwise difficult to obtain and assess in living animals. This technique may have potential value to those interested in assessing olfactory abilities in dogs.

Recently, it is claimed that the usage of the intranasal glucocorticosteroids alone, instead of H1-antihistamines + intranasal glucocorticosteroids, reduces the complaints in moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the intranasal glucocorticosteroids alone during the pollen season by using objective and subjective parameters. Twenty-four patients (mean age, 12.17 +/- 2.26 years) with SAR sensitive to pollen are included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups randomly. Twelve patients in group I were given H1-antihistamine (loratadine) + intranasal glucocorticosteroid (mometasone furoate), and 12 patients in group II were given only intranasal glucocorticosteroid (mometasone furoate) for 12 weeks. To evaluate the results, subjective parameters (daytime nasal symptoms score, daytime eye symptoms score, and nighttime symptoms score) and objective parameters (nasal smear, nasal peak inspiratory flow [NPIF], and nasal biopsy) are used. With regard to the baseline data, it was observed that both groups had a significant decrease in total symptom score (p0.01), a significant increase in NPIF values (p0.01), and a significant decrease in the number of eosinophils in both nasal smear and biopsy (p0.01) after treatment. Comparing groups I and II in terms of treatment success, the improvement in daytime nasal symptoms score (p0.01 versus p0.01), daytime eye symptoms score (p0.01 versus p0.01), and total symptom score (p0.versus p0.01) was not different. However, there was a significant improvement in nighttime symptoms score between groups I and II (p0.01 versus p0.05). Furthermore, NPIF and nasal biopsy findings did not differ between groups (p0.05). The usage of H1-antihistamine + intranasal glucocorticosteroid has no superiority over the administration of intranasal glucocorticosteroid alone for treatment of SAR in pollen season. However, this finding needs to be confirmed in larger series studies.

Objective—To investigate the correlation of cumulative rhinoscopic findings of hyperemia, mucus accumulation, and turbinate destruction with the type and severity of inflammatory infiltrates in nasal biopsy specimens of cats with or without upper respiratory tract disease. Design—Prospective study. Animals—Cats with (n = 11) and without (6) upper respiratory tract disease and cats with unknown medical histories (27). Procedures—Lesions of hyperemia, mucus accumulation, and turbinate destruction detected rhinoscopically were each scored (scale, 0 [absent] to 3 [severe]), and a cumulative rhinoscopic score for each nasal cavity was calculated. Fifty biopsy specimens were examined histologically, and inflammatory infiltrates (lymphoplasmacytic or neutrophilic) were graded as absent, mild, moderate, or severe. Cumulative rhinoscopic scores and inflammation grades were compared for each specimen-cavity combination. Results—In cats of known disease status, there was a positive but weak correlation between cumulative rhinoscopic scores and inflammation grades in biopsy specimens. In cats of unknown disease status, there was no similar correlation. Biopsy specimens with minimal inflammation were commonly obtained from nasal cavities with low rhinoscopic scores; specimens with moderate or severe inflammatory changes were frequently obtained from cavities that appeared normal rhinoscopically. Type of inflammatory infiltrates was not correlated with rhinoscopic signs of inflammation. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The correlation of rhinoscopic findings with inflammation severity in nasal biopsy specimens (determined histologically) was weak or lacking in cats of known and unknown disease status, respectively. Results indicated that rhinoscopy with biopsy provides more complete evaluation of nasal disease than rhinoscopy alone in cats. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225: 395–400)

Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection seen in immunocompromised people especially with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus – in this case causing orbital cellulitis. Patient of diabetic ketoacidosis was investigated with CT PNS, MRI Brain and Final diagnosis was made after clinical examination, discussion with ENT specialist, ophthalmologist about the best diagnostic technique and an endoscopic nasal biopsy was done - which showed fungal hyphae.

OBJECTIVES To determine if nasal biopsies taken at rhinoscopy are more accurate for diagnosing neoplasia than biopsies taken blindly or using advanced imaging for guidance. METHODS A retrospective study of 117 dogs with nasal mass lesions that were divided into three groups according to the method of nasal biopsy collection; advanced imaging-guided, rhinoscopy-guided and blind biopsy. Signalment, imaging and rhinoscopic findings, and histopathological diagnosis were compared between groups. The proportion of first attempt biopsies confirming neoplasia were determined for each group. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of biopsies that confirmed neoplasia obtained via advanced imaging-guided, rhinoscopy-guided or blind biopsy techniques. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In dogs with a high index of suspicion of nasal neoplasia, blind biopsy may be as diagnostic as rhinoscopy-guided biopsy. Repeated biopsies are frequently required for definitive diagnosis.

The cause of feline chronic rhinitis is incompletely understood and it is often a diagnosis of exclusion. History, clinical signs, and investigations performed to reach this diagnosis are discussed. Several treatment options are provided, although cure of this frustrating disease is rarely achieved.

A young man presenting with complaints of progressive deafness in both ears with recent onset of facial paralysis was found to have necrotic debris in the nasal cavity. He was diagnosed to have limited form of Wegener’s granulomatosis on the basis of nasal biopsy. There was delay in diagnosis as the patient was having atypical and predominantly otological presentation of a potentially serious systemic disorder, Wegener’s granulomatosis. In this case report, emphasis was given on the necessity of comprehensive evaluation of the patients to avoid pitfalls in diagnosis.

The efficacy of subcutaneous pollen immunotherapy has been documented in published double-blind, placebo-controlled studies related to treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. In the present study, subjective (symptom scores) and objective (nasal peak inspiratory flow, nasal smear, nasal biopsy) parameters were used to study the efficacy of pollen immunotherapy.Forty-eight patients (32 male), mean +/- SE age 13.6 +/- 2.8 years allergic to grass-pollen participated in the present study. Patients were divided into three groups: group I, 24 patients who did not receive pollen immunotherapy; group II, 12 patients who received the build-up phase of pollen immunotherapy; and group III, 12 patients who had just finished pollen immunotherapy. With regard to objective and subjective parameters these three groups were compared.When group I was compared to groups II and III, the patients who had not received any immunotherapy were found to have a high daytime nasal symptoms score (P0.01), high daytime eye symptoms score(P0.01) and high night-time symptoms score (P0.01). In objective parameters, it was found that group I had low nasal peak inspiratory flow (P0.05), and a high eosinophil count in nasal smears (P0.05) and peripheral blood (P0.05). It was also demonstrated that there was an increased eosinophil infiltration (P0.01) and mast cell infiltration (P0.05) in nasal biopsy in group I. There was no significant difference between group II and group III according to these results (P0.05).Immunotherapy leads to a better clinical and histopathological prognosis in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Patients suffering from upper respiratory disease such as chronic nasal congestion, sneezing, nasal discharge, and epistaxis invite complete evaluation of their paired nasal cavities. Thorough assessment of these cavities employs sundry diagnostic procedures that enable the investigating clinician to characterize the internal structures of the nasal cavities. After the conscious patient undergoes a complete physical examination, a gross assessment of its external nasal structures is established and areas of physical asymmetry are noted. A working anatomic knowledge of these asymmetric foci helps to guide the next diagnostic steps. The patient is then placed under general anesthesia, during which, in list order, imaging studies, rhinoscopy, and nasal biopsy or foreign body retrieval, are performed.

Chronic rhinitis is a common and important problem in cats potentially resulting from a number of intranasal or systemic disorders. Idiopathic chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal neoplasia are the most common causes of chronic nasal disease in cats. For most cats with chronic rhinitis, diagnostic imaging, endoscopic studies, and nasal biopsy will be required to establish a diagnosis. A discussion of some of the more common causes of chronic nasal disease is presented.