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Background: We investigated the association between age, duration of clinical symptoms and viral shedding in outpatient children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Japan. Methods: Outpatients younger than 2 years of age, with suspected RSV infection between 2014 and 2018, were enrolled in the study. Following informed consent, nasal samples were collected at first and second clinic visits (with 0–9 days gap). RSV-A or -B infection and viral load were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clinical symptoms were recorded at first clinic visit, and fever and symptoms were recorded at home for up to 8 days. Association between clinical symptoms and patient characteristics, such as age, sex and birth weight, were analyzed using ordered logistic regression analysis. The association between viral reduction and estimated shedding period was examined using linear regression analysis. Results: Among the 205 cases enrolled in the study, no difference was found in patient characteristics between RSV-A and -B infection. Duration of fever was prolonged with increased age. Duration of rhinorrhea and cough was shorter in females than in males and in groups with birth weight ≥3 kg than in those with

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. In Japan, surveillance for RSV infection started in 2003 based on approximately 3,000 pediatric sentinel sites. In recent years, RSV notifications have increased, but the interpretation of trends has been challenging due to a suspected increase in testing frequency and the expansion of the insurance coverage for RSV testing to include certain outpatients in late 2011. Therefore, we evaluated RSV surveillance data during 2008-2015, considering the number of sites that reported at least one RSV case during a surveillance year and restricting to sites that had continuous reporting status since 2008. While annual RSV notifications had increased, the number of sites reporting also increased. And the same magnitude of increase was not observed when the number of cases reported was restricted to the 1,372 sites that had continuous reporting status since 2008. Additionally, in the year following the insurance expansion, RSV notifications increased more remarkably for clinics than for hospitals. These results suggested that some of the recent increases in notifications might be due to an increase in testing frequency.

The bone mineral density (BMD) of calcanei dissected from 30 cadavers (14 males and 16 females; ages 61 to 100) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT), while the stiffness was measured by ultrasound bone densitometry (USD). There was high correlation between BMD by DXA and average bone density by QCT (R = 0.94), but poor correlation between BMD by DXA and stiffness by USD (R = 0.55). However, the correlation coefficient of stiffness to BMD was much higher in the female calcanei (R = 0.74) than in the male calcanei (R = 0.32). Analyzing the three elements, stiffness, speed of sound (SOS) and broad-band ultrasound attenuation (BUA), it was clear that SOS rather than stiffness correlated strongly to BMD by DXA and to bone density of trabeculated bones by QCT (R = 0.618; 0.699 respectively). The value of BUA shows more relationship to the width of the calcanei than the area of X-ray projection from the side (R = 0.561).

To support asthmatic patients in collecting information through the Internet, we have constructed and operated a search engine specialized in asthma-related information making use of the search engine software available free of charge and other programs. A questionnaire was attached to the bottom of the Web page presenting the search results, asking the users to respond to several questions. During the three-year period since its start of operation on June 1, 2000, there was 66689 visits to this site and 786 responses to the questionnaire were collected. Of all respondents, 19.3% were medical professionals, 63.7% were patients or their family members, and 11.3% belonged to the other categories (5.3% did not specify their position). In each of these three user groups, only about half of the users were able to find a route to the information they needed. This seems to reflect the absence of adequate asthma-related information sources on the Internet in Japanese language. However, more than 70% of all users in each group answered that this search engine site was useful.

The postnatal development of noradrenergic (NA) neurons and adrenergic (AD) terminals in the rat locus coeruleus (LC) was studied immunohistochemically. Cell body size was measured after staining of NA neurons with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) serum, and AD terminals were visualized with anti-phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase serum. NA neurons in the LC were strongly TH-immunoreactive throughout the postnatal period. At birth, their mean cell body volume was 660 +/- 30 microns 3. It reached a maximum of 2580 +/- 230 microns 3 at postnatal day (PD) 14, and decreased thereafter to 930 +/- 50 microns 3 at PD 60. This transient enlargement of NA neurons may be closely related to the development of the cerebral cortex. AD afferents to the LC had terminals forming predominantly asymmetric junctions at birth (about 96% of all junctions). They occasionally made axo-somatic contact, suggesting that AD input already modulated the activity of LC neurons at this stage. AD terminals making axo-spinous synapses increased in number until PD 31, but still represented a minor proportion of these LC terminals, since there were more than 80% in contact with dendritic shafts at all ages examined.