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Technological advancement, on the one hand, leads to the enhanced quality of the final product but on the other hand, generates a good quantity of effluent. The wastewater containing dyes which emanates from the textile industry is a cause of worry. Hence, this paper focuses on the treatment of dyeing wastewater using the foam separation process as it offers several advantages over other traditional methods. Methylene blue (MB), owing to its ill effects on the entire ecosystem, has been considered as a model dye in this research work. The objective of this work is to remove MB from wastewater and at the same time, its recovery in the foam phase. The ability of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to perform separation of MB was compared. The following operating parameters were identified: contact time, initial pH of a feed solution, surfactant dose, volumetric flow rate of air, volume of liquid in the column, and concentration of dye; which greatly influence the separation parameters (% removal and enrichment ratio). Keeping in mind the importance of recovering MB from dilute solutions, the method to enhance foam drainage was devised by inserting an inverted funnel in the foam phase. In the presence of inverted funnel, the concentration of MB in the foamate doubled in comparison to the conventional column (without an inverted funnel). The comparison between SDS and SDBS divulged SDBS as a better surfactant to get concentrated solution of MB in the foamate, but the quantity of SDBS required was more. The optimization of operating variables was also done by using the Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis. Finally, the concentration of MB was discovered to be the most responsive operating parameter for both separation parameters.

The technique of foam fractionation has already been well received in the field of isolation of proteins using a suitable surfactant. The lower operating cost also makes this technique eligible for treating various wastewater streams. In view of this, methylene blue dye was separated and recovered from its solution by employing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate as a collector in a foam fractionator operated in a semi-continuous manner. The separation characteristics were accessed at varying aeration rates, dye concentrations and liquid loadings. Prior to this, the values of other operating variables such as operation time, concentration of the surfactant and solution initial pH were fixed. Subsequently, in order to attain maximum removal fraction and enrichment ratio, individually, Taguchi methodology yielded the optimum values of operating variables, which are crucial for the optimal operation of any foam fractionator. The results revealed implementation of foam fractionation technique in isolating methylene blue dye from dyeing wastewater to be fairly good.

The isolation of dye (methylene blue) by employing a foam fractionation technique with the assistance of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) has been dealt with in this paper. This study also incorporated the comparison between contrasted and experimental columns. Taguchi methodology and grey relational analysis techniques were used to ascertain optimal conditions at which the column should be operated to achieve maximum percentage removal and enrichment ratio, for both the columns. The analysis of variance study suggested dye concentration to be the most influencing parameter. The relationship between dye concentration in the bulk phase and the foam phase was also deduced.

Introduction: To know the Neuropharmacological effects of Albizzia chinensis extract in rats and mice. Materials and Methods: The test compound was evaluated experimentally for its neuropharmacological activities in rats and mice. Blind neuropharmacological screening, potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis, stimulation of the central nervous system, maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions, analgesic activity were studied. Results: The compound potentiated pentobarbital hypnosis, reduced spontaneous motor activity, antagonized amphetamine induced hyperactivity, blocked the conditioned avoidance response without affecting the unconditioned response and showed analgesic activity by the tail-flick method but not in hot plate model in the experimental animals. Conclusion: The compound is similar to chlorpromazine and morphine. Keyword: Saponin, Central nervous system, Animals.

Introduction: The cardio-vascular system being the basis of life along with the respiratory system has always been the centre of attention for researchers. Efforts have been made for ages to prop up the failing heart or to regulate its normal beat & rhythm so that life could be extended. A major source of drugs for the heart is the plant kingdom. With this in mind a saponin from a plant called Albizzia chinensis Merr. was taken up to profile its cardiovascular activities. Materials and Methods: Albichinoside (ALB), the test substance was evaluated for its cardio-vascular activities in dogs, rabbits, rats and frogs. The parameters were its effects on the rate, rhythm and tone of heart, blood pressure and studies on the blood vessels. Results: The test substance produced hypotension, increase in tone & force of contraction of the heart, and dilatation of the blood vessels, without any effect on the heart rate. Conclusions: The compound showed immediate and prolonged hypotension along with cardiotonic effect and vasodilatation. Keywords: Saponin, Cardiovascular system, Animals.

The optimal duration of prophylactic antimicrobial usage in clean-contaminated elective oncological surgeries is not clear. This single-center randomized trial evaluated the effectiveness of single-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis in clean-contaminated surgeries for the reduction of surgical site infection (SSI). Between April 2018 and January 2019, 315 patients undergoing major oncological clean-contaminated surgeries where the gastrointestinal or genital tract was opened under controlled conditions were randomized into 2 groups i.e., single dose versus extended dose groups. The single dose group received a 1.5 g dose of cefuroxime immediately before surgery while the extended group received the same dose of cefuroxime thrice daily for 4 days from the day of surgery till postoperative day 3. In addition, patients undergoing esophageal and colorectal surgeries received metronidazole. The overall SSI rate of the single dose group was not significantly different from that of the extended group (11.3% vs. 14.7%, respectively, p 0.40), with absolute difference of 3.4% and relative risk of 0.85 (95% C.I, 0.59 to 1.22). The rate of remote site infection was also not different between the two groups (14.4% vs 10.2%, p 0.31) with absolute difference of 4.2% and relative risk 1.19 (95% C.I, 0.89 to 1.59). In univariate analysis, parameters like nodal dissection, colorectal surgery, smoking, and hospital stay were significantly associated with SSI. In multivariate analysis, age, smoking, nodal dissection, and hospital stay retained significance. Single-dose antimicrobial prophylaxis is as effective as extended usage for 4 days in the prevention of postoperative SSI in patients undergoing clean-contaminated major oncological surgeries. Trial was registered with the clinical trial registry of India (CTRI/2018/06/014344).

Introduction: Inflammatory markers in hemophilia have been implicated in various bleeding-related complications such as hemarthrosis and muscle hematoma causing damage to the joints and muscle and overt bleeding episodes. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study included 30 patients of hemophilia with acute bleeding episode (less than 48 hours) and 30 patients in non-bleeding group (more than 2 weeks). Hemoglobin, leucocyte count, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, serum fibrinogen, serum ferritin, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL 1β levels in all the subjects was measured and a correlation was sought between the two groups and with the complications of the disease. Results: ESR, CRP, Fibrinogen, LDH, Ferritin, TNF-α and Interleukin (IL)-1β was higher in acute Bleeder group as compared to Non-bleeder group. The hemophilic patients with joint deformity had elevated ESR and IL-1β. Conclusion: In hemophilia patients, CRP, ESR, Fibrinogen, Ferritin, LDH, IL-1β and TNF-α may have a role as an acute bleeding marker. ESR and IL 1 beta may be markers of arthropathy in hemophilia suggesting that inflammation may have a vital role in hemophilic arthropathy.

In this work, negative bias temperature instability/positive bias temperature instability (NBTI/PBTI) reliability model for p/n-silicon nanowire (SiNW) MOSFETs is obtained from experimental SiNW FETs using a range of stress voltage, time, and temperature. We have incorporated the NBTI/PBTI $\text{V}_{\mathrm{ T}}$ model in a physics-based SiNW FET Verilog-A compact model for circuit analysis. For the first time, using integrated model, we report time zero variability and BTI reliability of the core logic gates (INVERTER, NAND, and NOR) and read/write stability of 6T SRAM cell. We demonstrate that the delay degradation is circuit topology dependent in which series-connected transistors are more prone to degradation due to PBTI (NBTI) in NAND (NOR) gates. The benchmarking of BTI in SiNW FET with FinFET and planar devices show SiNW have higher degradation, however it can be minimized by using optimized SiNW FET configuration. Further, we show that the SRAM cell design margins are configuration dependent in which impact of BTI degrades the read noise margin (RNM) by 15–30%, and write noise margin (WNM) improves by 5–8% for 10-Year lifetime. We find that the combined impact of time zero variability and BTI reliability degrades the mean value of circuit delay and SRAM RNM stability, however, the degradation is found to be comparable to the reported planar and FinFET data. It is also seen that different configuration increases BTI variability (~5-25% increase) which can be minimized. Using the results, we propose a method to minimize degradation under the influence of variability and reliability by selecting appropriate SiNW FET design configuration. The comprehensive predictive model framework presented here is a valuable tool for variability and reliability-aware SiNW CMOS circuit design and analysis.

This paper aims to provide a comprehensiveness description of the ITER Thermal Shield thermal integrity management keeping focused on the methods required for supporting the Thermal Shield manufacturing and assembly phases. Three main aspects are covered: 1) accurate heat load estimation into the Thermal Shield; 2) thermo-hydraulic flow modelling; 3) combined analytical-experimental method for sizing pipe orifices. The Thermal Shield heat loads estimation has to be accurate in order to know the margins regarding the agreed limits with the Cryoplant and Magnets. The proposed methodology results on a better understanding of the level of conservatism of the estimated heat inputs into the Thermal Shield. A detailed analysis of the coolant temperature rise on the cooling tubes is also described in combination with experimental data and fluid-dynamic analysis of the required pipe orifices. As a result, a pipe orifices sizing method is described and it is assessed the convenience of introducing thermo-hydraulic considerations into the flow analysis. As conclusion the paper presents the whole strategy as a powerful tool for properly assessing the impact of the silver coating quality (during manufacturing and assembly) as well as the impact of the final design of the interfacing systems and the actual final flow.

In this study, an adsorption technique was explored for the removal of toluene present in the gas phase by taking granular activated carbon as an adsorbent in a fixed bed adsorption column. Breakth...

Introduction Optimizing hemophilia care remains challenging in developing countries. Burden-of-disease studies are important to develop strategies for improving hemophilia care. Aim The HAEMOcare study evaluated the factors contributing to hemophilia-related orthopedic disease burden in developing countries. Methods HAEMOcare was a noninterventional, cross-sectional, epidemiological study conducted in Algeria, India, Morocco, Oman, and South Africa. Male patients with severe hemophilia (N = 282) aged ≥6 years, without or with inhibitors, being treated on-demand for bleeding were included. Hemophilia-related orthopedic clinical and functional status was assessed using the Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS), radiological status with the Pettersson Score, and quality of life with the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D-3L). Direct and indirect economic costs of hemophilia care were also calculated. Results Patients (mean [standard deviation, SD] age: 20.8 [10.6] years) experienced a mean annualized bleeding rate of 25.8. Overall mean (SD) HJHS and Pettersson score were 17.9 (12.8) and 15.0 (13.5), respectively; scores were similar between patients without or with inhibitors (p = 0.21 and 0.76, respectively). Approximately 70% of adults reported problems relating to pain/discomfort and mobility parameters in the EQ-5D-3L. Mean distance to a hemophilia treatment center (HTC) was 79.4 km. As expected, total costs of hemophilia were statistically significantly higher in patients with inhibitors versus without inhibitors (p = 0.002). Conclusion Inadequate access to HTCs and expert care, along with high bleeding rates, led to equivalent hemophilia-related orthopedic morbidity between hemophilia patients without and with inhibitors. HAEMOcare documented the economic and disease burdens associated with suboptimal hemophilia care in developing countries.

In the present study, an adsorption technique was explored to remove volatile organic compounds like toluene by using granular-activated carbon as an adsorbent. Experiments were conducted to draw b...

MicroRNA miR-486-5p has been reported as a potential biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and as a therapeutic target in various cancers. In this study, we analyzed alterations in the expression of miR-486-5p in chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients. Initially, the expression of miR-486-5p was studied in the BCR-ABL1+ve CML K562 cell line by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results indicated that the miR-486-5p expression was significantly upregulated in K562 cells after imatinib exposure, as compared to untreated K562 cells (p-value = 0.047). These observations were corroborated by a hospital-based study of the miR-486-5p expression in peripheral blood leucocytes of 36 CML patients in the chronic phase (CP) and compared with age and sex-matched healthy volunteers as control subjects. qRT-PCR-based quantification revealed significant downregulation of the miR-486-5p expression in newly diagnosed untreated CP-CML patients' samples (2-ΔCt = 13.19 ± 14.41) as compared to control samples (2-ΔCt = 254.5 ± 274.8) (p-value < 0.0001). Levels of miR-486-5p were found to be distinctly elevated in the post-imatinib treatment samples of CML patients (2-ΔCt = 469.7 ± 312.9) as compared to pre-treatment samples (p-value < 0.0001). CML patients' clinical and hematological responses to imatinib therapy (oral dose of 400 mg OD) were monitored for 12 months. The correlation of pre-treatment miR-486-5p levels with Sokal score indicated that patients with a higher expression of miR-486-5p had better prognoses. Patients with higher pre-imatinib miR-486-5p levels also showed a major hematologic response to imatinib in a shorter time and vice versa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of alterations in the miR-486-5p expression in peripheral blood leucocytes of CML patients. Our observations support a tumor suppressor role of miR-486-5p in CML. The downregulation of the miR-486-5p expression may be critically important in the disease progression of CML patients. The upregulation of the miR-486-5p expression in post-imatinib exposure K562 cells and CML patients after 12 months of imatinib treatment suggests an onco-suppressor effector role of miR-486-5p in the BCR-ABL downstream signaling pathway. miR-486-5p can be explored as a novel biomarker for the early detection of CML.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder that usually presents with high white blood cell counts and massive splenomegaly. Priapism is a rare manifestation of CML and is mostly due to hyperleukocytosis. Its debut appearance as a sign of hematological dyscrasia is a rare event. Priapism occurring in a setting of any leukemia is both a medical and a urological emergency that requires immediate local therapy, symptomatic treatment, cytoreductive therapy and early initiation of targeted therapy. This case report describes priapism as an unusual presentation of CML and its importance in the work-up and management of patients presenting with priapism.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide with over 2.1 million new cases per year. While hereditary and genetic factors as well as many conventional prognostic markers are well established in clinical practice, the role of host immunity in the determining the prognosis is still not clearly understood. Aim: To evaluate the association of Tumour-Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) with known prognostic markers and disease outcome parameters in a cohort of breast carcinoma patients from India. Materials and Methods: Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) sections from patients of breast carcinoma who underwent definitive surgery were stained with anti-CD8 antibody by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and mean number of Intratumoural (iTILs), Stromal (sTILs) and Total (tTILs) TILs ascertained. These were compared with known prognostic markers and survival data using median and inter-quartile range. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used. Results: 75 of the 184 cases of breast carcinoma that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. A statistically significant association was seen with iTIL (p=0.041) and tTIL (p=0.037) for patients with relapse. No association, however, was seen with hormonal receptor status, Her2 neu positivity, the Intrinsic molecular subtypes or other known prognostic markers like the grade, tumour size, nodal metastasis and TNM stage. Conclusion: The present study shows that higher levels of iTIL and tTIL but not sTIL are associated with a lower rate of recurrence and have a better prognosis. TILs appear to be independent markers as none of the known prognostic markers like tumour size, lymph node status are associated with TILs in present cohort.

Background & objectives: Flow cytometry is an important tool to diagnose acute leukaemia. Attempts are being made to find the minimal number of antibodies for correctly diagnosing acute leukaemia subtypes. The present study was designed to evaluate the analysis of side scatter (SSC) versus CD45 flow dot plot to distinguish acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), with minimal immunological markers. Methods: One hundred consecutive cases of acute leukaemia were evaluated for blast cluster on SSC versus CD45 plots. The parameters studied included visual shape, CD45 and side scatter expression, continuity with residual granulocytes/lymphocytes/monocytes and ratio of maximum width to maximum height (w/h). The final diagnosis of ALL and AML and their subtypes was made by morphology, cytochemistry and immunophenotyping. Two sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann Whitney) test and Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank tests were applied to elucidate the significance of the above ratios of blast cluster for diagnosis of ALL, AML and their subtypes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated and the optimal cut-offs of the w/h ratio to distinguish between ALL and AML determined. Results: Of the 100 cases, 57 of ALL and 43 cases of AML were diagnosed. The median w/h ratio of blast population was 3.8 for ALL and 1 for AML (P

Foam fractionation is one of the novel techniques used nowadays for the wastewater treatment. The present paper discusses the removal of methylene blue dye by using a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, as a collector, by semi-batch foam fractionation technique. The influence of operating variables like aeration rate (150 – 250 mL.min-1), liquid height (600 – 900 mL), dye concentration (5 – 25 ppm), pH (3 – 10), surfactant dose (250 – 2000 ppm) on percentage removal, enrichment ratio and surface excess were investigated. The results revealed fairly high percentage removals at various operating conditions due to strong electrostatic interaction between dye and surfactant. Further, in order to augment separation, optimization was performed by employing Taguchi-based experimental design followed by Grey relational analysis (GRA) technique. The optimal conditions were found to be: 150 mL.min-1 air flow rate, 600 mL liquid loading and 5 ppm dye concentration for percentage removal of 95.7% and an enrichment ratio of 7.49. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggested dye concentration to be the most influencing operating variable. Lastly, the equilibrium relationship between bulk and surface phase was established which qualitatively indicates as to how much the actual process departs from equilibrium.

This paper discusses the isolation of xylene vapor through adsorption using granular activated carbon as an adsorbent. The operating parameters investigated were bed height, inlet xylene concentration and flow rate, their influence on the percentage utilization of the adsorbent bed up to the breakthrough was found out. Mathematical modeling of experimental data was then performed by employing a response surface methodology (RSM) technique to obtain a set of optimum operating conditions to achieve maximum percentage utilization of bed till breakthrough. A fairly high value of R2 (0.993) asserted the proposed polynomial equation’s validity. ANOVA results indicated the model to be highly significant with respect to operating parameters studied. A maximum of 76.1% utilization of adsorbent bed was found out at a bed height of 0.025 m, inlet xylene concentration of 6,200 ppm and a gas flow rate of 25 mL.min-1. Furthermore, the artificial neural network (ANN) was also employed to compute the percentage utilization of the adsorbent bed. A comparison between RSM and ANN divulged the performance of the latter (R2 = 0.99907) to be slightly better. Out of various kinetic models studied, the Yoon-Nelson model established its appropriateness in anticipating the breakthrough curves.

Introduction: A kaleidoscope of coagulation disorders has been reported in patients with thyroid dysfunctions. Globally, these disorders involve both primary and secondary hemostasis and range from subclinical laboratory abnormalities to, more rarely, life-threatening hemorrhages or thrombotic events. While overt hypothyroidism appears to be associated with a bleeding tendency, hyperthyroidism emerged to have an increased risk of thrombotic events. As a controversy, subclinical hypothyroidism and mild hypothyroidism have been reported as prothrombotic state. The mechanisms involved in these observations are also not conformed. Objective: To study the levels of prothrombotic coagulation factor VIII and fibrinogen in patients with thyroid disorder at baseline and to correlate the change in these factors after attaining euthyroid state by treatment. Study Design: This was a longitudinal interventional study. Subjects and Methods: Forty patients were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and their coagulation profile (prothrombin time, aPTT, Factor VIII, and fibrinogen levels), routine hematological, and biochemical profile was done at baseline and 6 weeks after attaining euthyroid state. Results and Conclusion: Hyperthyroidism and mild hypothyroidism were found to be hypercoagulable states and moderate-to-severe hypothyroidism as hypocoagulable states. Nevertheless, further observational and intervention studies are needed to provide more definitive information on the clinical relevance of this association, along with the potential implication for prevention and treatment of coagulation/fibrinolytic abnormalities in patients with thyroid dysfunction.

Myeloid Sarcoma (MS) is an extra-medullary accumulation of the immature cells of granulocytic cell lineage. It has been reported commonly in the setting of acute myelogenous leukaemia, however its occurrence in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML), though reported as rare, is also common, although only isolated case reports are available. It is commonly misdiagnosed as non Hodgkin lymphoma. Occurrence of MS in a patient with CML defines the case as an extra medullary blast crisis, even without evidence of systemic disease. It is a tell-tale sign of poor prognosis. Here we describe a case of a 45-year-old female who presented with prolonged febrile illness with generalised lymphadenopathy who on extensive workup turned out to be MS as a first presentation of CML in blast crisis. We will review the intricacies of the case, discussing the diagnostic conundrum and treatment dilemma we faced and the systematic approach we followed to manage the patient.

Background: Mammalian cells contain three functional RAS proto-oncogenes, known as H-RAS, K-RAS, and N-RAS, which encode small GTP-binding proteins in terms of p21 ras s. RAS genes have been elucidated as major participants in the development and progression of cancer. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at H-RAS cDNA position 81 T→C (rs12628) has been found to be associated with the risk of many human cancers like gastrointestinal, oral, colon, bladder and thyroid carcinomas. Therefore, we hypothesized that this polymorphisms in H-RAS could influence susceptibility to chronic myeloid leukemia as well, and we conducted this study to test the hypothesis in Indian population. Method: H-RAS polymorphism was studied in 100 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients and 100 healthy controls by restriction fragmentation length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR). Associations between polymorphism and clinicopathological features of CML patients were investigated. Results: In CML patients, the TT, TC and CC genotype frequency was 38%, 61% and 1% respectively, compared to 92%, 8% and 0% in healthy controls respectively. Compared to TT genotype, CT was significantly associated with increased risk of CML (odds ratio (OR): 8.4, P < 0.00001). There was a statistically significant correlation of H-RAS polymorphism with phases (P < 0.0003), molecular response (P < 0.0001), hematological response (P < 0.04) and thrombocytopenia (P < 0.003). However, there was no correlation of this polymorphism found with other clinical parameters. Conclusion: H-RAS T81C polymorphism was found to be associated with CML risk and prognosis of CML. These results suggest that C heterozygosis may be considered a potential risk factor for CML development in the North Indian population. World J Oncol. 2015;6(2):321-328 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/wjon912e

A 14-year-old girl complained of multiple skin lesions for 1 month. Examination revealed multiple large well-defined cutaneous ulcers (6×6 cm) located over the trunk and a left-sided conjunctival nodule (figure 1A,B). Blood investigations revealed haemoglobin 78 g/L, white cell counts 17×109/L, differential counts 85% neutrophils, 15% lymphocytes, platelets 700×109/L and an elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH 450 U/L; normal range, 200–350 U/L). Biopsy from the ulcer edge showed anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive). PET–CT scan localised the disease to the skin. Treatment with six cycles of CHOP-21 (cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2, doxorubicin 50 mg/m2, …

Toxic leucoencephalopathy is damage to cerebral white matter due to exposure to cranial irradiation, environmental toxins, drugs of abuse and chemotherapeutic agents. It results in wide variety of clinical manifestations like personality change, inattention, memory loss, abulia, stupor, coma and death. It leads to white matter demyelination which is visible on T2 weighted MRI as hyperintensity. We report a rare case of a 14-year-old boy with large B cell lymphoma who developed toxic leucoencephalopathy due to exposure to CHOP regimen.

The experimental set-up was designed to study the adsorption phenomena for the removal of VOCs (i.e., toluene and xylene) on commercially available granular activated carbon. Breakthrough curves were then drawn for both toluene and xylene under varying operating conditions. A mathematical model was also developed to predict the time-dependent (unsteady state) concentration profiles of the adsorbing species (VOCs) on a solid adsorbent under isothermal conditions. The non-linear coupled partial differential equations were discretized by using orthogonal collocation technique and the resulting ordinary differential equations were solved by using Gear's method. The mathematical model was found to be robust and experimental and its predicted results were found to be in good agreement. Simulations were then carried out to predict the behavior of breakthrough curves for toluene and xylene on granular activated carbon under varying operating conditions such as flow rate, particle diameter, pore diffusivity, bed h...