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In this work, we propose in-vehicle breathing rate monitoring by exploiting channel state information (CSI) available in WiFi signals. The system uses CSI phase and amplitude extracted from a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) network interface card (NIC). We provide a simple two-path radio signal propagation model to explain the complementary relation between CSI phase and amplitude. Analyzing CSI phase and amplitude separately, we estimate the breathing rate of a person in a stationary vehicle. We conduct measurements using different antenna positions and with single and multiple antennas at the receiver. Verifying the measurement results with real-time counting of the breathing rate, we show that using multiple antennas significantly improve the performance of the system.

Nowadays, customers expect to integrate their mobile electronic devices (smartphones and laptops) in a vehicle to form a wireless network. Typically, IEEE 802.11 is used to provide a high-speed wireless local area network (WLAN) and Bluetooth is used for cable replacement applications in a wireless personal area network (PAN). In addition, Daimler uses KLEER as third wireless technology in the unlicensed (UL) 2.4 GHz-ISM-band to transmit full CD-quality digital audio. As Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and KLEER are operating in the same frequency band, it has to be ensured that all three technologies can be used simultaneously without interference. In this paper, we focus on the impact of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 as interferer in presence of a KLEER audio transmission.

Theories and studies about the psychological processes of midlife propose a transition that may result in a more integrated personality structure throughout the second half of life. This more integrated structure includes concepts such as generativity, self-assertion, and independence. However, this structure, especially in early middle-age, can be affected by a life-threatening health disruption such as heart disease. One hundred and fifty-five women participated in a cross-sectional survey designed to investigate depression in early middle age, midlife, and elderly women who had undergone heart surgery. Women aged 40-55 years composed the early middle-age group, women aged 56-65 years composed the midlife age group, and women aged 66+ years were identified as the elderly age group. Affective components of depression were measured by asking participants to respond to three items regarding frequency of sadness, depression, and "the blues." Affective depression scores were summed and a mean score derived. Mean scores significantly differed by age group (F [2, 152] = 3.05, p =.05). Older women in the study fared better than their younger counterparts in terms of depression scores after a major cardiac health disruption. Post hoc comparisons indicated that mean scores for the early middle-age participants were significantly higher than for the midlife and older participants. Depression in the context of a cardiac health disruption appears to be linked to the developmental stage of a woman's life trajectory on which it is superimposed.

The purpose of this qualitative study of a 6-week effectiveness trial was to describe among a group of urban American Indian women, the process of successful traditionalism in the form of bicultural resynthesis. Bicultural resynthesis represents a major current attempt on the part of the participants to integrate traditional and contemporary demands in a positive, culturally-consistent manner. The themes of shame and isolation, adapting to survive, deculturation, ethnic switching/renewal, and bicultural resynthesis are discussed. Further support is achieved for retraditionalization of American Indian women s roles as an effective means of achieving American Indian self-determination and as a potential way of helping women overcome problems.

The purpose of this study was to compare level of work role commitment with indexes of psychological well-being among multiple-role working women.

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which role conflict, life satisfaction, self-esteem, instrumentality, expressiveness, age, and education predicts dysphoria among a community sample of Hispanic working women. The sample consisted of a total of 126 Hispanic women, ranging in age from 18 to 65. Participants completed five instruments assessing gender-related traits of instrumentality and expressiveness, selfesteem, depression, life satisfaction, role conflict, and sociodemographic information. A forced entry stepwise multiple regression was conducted that included all the designated predictor variables with log transformed depression scores as the dependent variable. The significant negative beta in Step 3 indicated that women scoring high on the Masculinity (instrumentality) subscale were less likely to have a high depression score. The prediction of dysphoria by self-esteem was maintained after the masculinity score was added to the equation in Step 3. There was a significant inverse relationship for masculinity (instrumentality) and self-esteem in predicting the criterion variable, dysphoria. In counseling Hispanic women experiencing dysphoria, supporting instrumentality can serve to enhance self-esteem.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of sex role orientation to indices of psychological well-being among 113 Black multiple-role working women. Analyses revealed significant differences among the four sex-typed groups on self-esteem and depression. The sex-typed group had significantly higher depression and lower self-esteem scores than the androgynous group. The undifferentiated group had significantly higher depression and lower self-esteem scores when compared with the androgynous and cross-typed groups. There were no significant differences between the four sex-typed groups on role conflict or life satisfaction. Further research is needed to understand how different sex role orientations support different roles that Black women occupy.

In this preliminary study, sex role orientation, role conflict, depression, self-esteem, and life satisfaction were measured in working women. The convenience sample consisted of 106 working women, mostly white, ranging in age from 22 to 62 years. Analyses of the data revealed that participants who were undifferentiated in sex role orientation had significantly higher depression scores, lower self-esteem scores, and lower life satisfaction scores than the androgynous and cross-typed groups. There were no significant differences among the sex role orientation types on role conflict scores. Intriguing comparisons among depression, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and sex role orientation were found. Further research is needed to understand the role of gender in psychological problems, the symptoms associated with them, and how women respond to them.

Our purpose was to determine levels of role commitment, role conflict, depression, self-esteem, and life satisfaction among a community-based sample of working Filipino women. The convenience sample consisted of 87 Filipino working women, ranging in age from 18 to 59 years. Participants completed instruments assessing self-esteem, depression, life satisfaction, and role conflict. Our analyses revealed that participants who were equally or more committed to work than relationships had significantly higher depression scores, self-esteem scores, and levels of education than participants who were committed primarily to relationships. There were no significant differences among role commitment type on role conflict and life satisfaction. We found significant interactions between experiences of depression, self-esteem, and the perceptions of self. From our study findings our knowledge of working Filipina American's psychological well-being has increased and provided a foundation for future research.

Depression in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be related to social role experiences, physical health, and age. The purpose of this study was to examine the social and health factors contributing to depression in two age groups of women with RA. One-hundred and thirty-eight midlife and late-life women with a diagnosis of RA participated in this cross sectional survey study. Multiple regression analysis indicated that social role balance, functional status, number of co-existing health problems, and age were significant predictors of depression in midlife and late-life women with RA. Role balance was the strongest factor contributing to a woman's depression score. Compared to midlife women, late-life women reported significantly higher role balance and lower depression scores, despite poorer functional status and more concomitant health problems.

Stress-reduction psychoeducation as a lifestyle modification intervention highlights multiple sources of stress. This article focuses on stress-reduction psychoeducation for Black women and supports the development of culture- and gender-appropriate community interventions as viable methods for stress reduction. The intervention helped participants verbalize strategies for reducing role conflict such as establishing priorities, partitioning and separating roles, overlooking role demands, and changing attitudes toward roles in order to maximize satisfaction in a specific role. Nurses who provide care for Black women in acute care settings, mental health settings, clinics, and occupational settings are in key positions to identify psychological symptomatology related to negative mental health responses associated with multiple role occupancy for at-risk groups of Black working women. Psychoeducational support groups may be a viable alternative to facilitate the problem solving and the support once afforded by informal support networks.

Presented are the results of a secondary analysis of group data from a study of a six-week role conflict reduction intervention among a group of urban American Indian women (n = 8). The specific aim of this researcher was to understand the process of balancing multiple roles as expressed in the participants' daily lived experiences as mothers, wives, and workers. A construction of the process of balancing multiple roles was accomplished through the use of narratives. Balancing multiple roles represented a major current attempt on the part of the participants to integrate and balance traditional and contemporary feminine strengths in a positive, culturally consistent manner. The study themes included: traditional sex role expectation conflicts, family guilt, guilt management, transitioning inner conflict and stress, breaking the silence-learning to say no, and healing the spirit to reclaim the self. Further support for retraditionalization of roles for this group of Indian women was maintained as an effective means of balancing roles and achieving Indian self-determination.

Anxiety and role experiences in women may be related to age, developmental changes, social roles, and life circumstances such as cardiac disease. One hundred fifty-five women participated in a cross sectional survey on anxiety and role experiences in early middle-age, midlife, and elderly women after heart surgery. MANOVA analysis revealed significant differences for anxiety and role experiences by age. Compared with older women, early middle-age women had lower balance between role rewards and concerns and a poorer match between ideal and actual role function, which may be a contributing factor for their increased anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which role conflict, life satisfaction, self-esteem, instrumentality, expressiveness, age and education predicts ambulatory depression among a community based sample of urban American Indian working women. The convenience sample consisted of a total of 148 Midwestern American Indian working women, ranging in age from 18 to 65 years. Participants completed five instruments assessing gender-related traits of instrumentality and expressiveness, self-esteem, depression, life satisfaction, role conflict, and socio-demographic information. A forced entry stepwise multiple regression was conducted which included all the designated predictor variables. The significant negative Beta in Step 1 indicated that women scoring on the Masculinity (instrumentality) sub-scale were less likely to have a high depression score. The prediction of depression by the Masculinity sub-scale was no longer significant after the life satisfaction and self-esteem variables were added to the equation in Step 2. There was a significant inverse relationship for life satisfaction and self-esteem in predicting the criterion variable, depression. Thirty-two percent of the variance in the prediction of the dependent variable (depression scores) was accounted for by the six variables. In counselling urban American Indian women, supporting instrumentality, enhancing self-esteem and life satisfaction, can positively impact on ambulatory dysphoria.

This study was designed to examine self-reported cultural competency skills of second-semester junior-level nursing students toward clients from culturally diverse backgrounds. The purpose of this study was to ascertain if the addition of an innovative cultural sensitivity intervention facilitated greater self-perceived cultural competency skills when compared with the traditional method of incorporating cultural diversity into a junior-level clinical course. The Ethnic Competency Skills Assessment Inventory was used to collect data from participante attending a university in an urban midweetern county. Significant differences were noted between the pretest scores and posttest scores, Pretest scores were significantly lower than posttest scores for both groups. Nurse educators must examine further the differences in learning experiences related to cultural diversity that may account for these differences.

Many researchers naively assume that the methods and research approaches that are useful with European-Americans can also be used with minority populations. Little attention has been paid to the development of culturally appropriate research procedures and a discussion of the limitations of traditional research methodologies. In this article I include the experiences and suggestions for successfully conducting research with minority populations.

The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the experiences of African American working women who attended a six week intervention group to decrease role conflict and enhance psychological well-being. The sample consisted of nine African American working women ranging in age from 29 to 55. Participants reported role conflict with their professional roles, which was further confounded by race. Areas of role conflict included: (a) scrutinization, (b) de-legitimization of the professional role, and (c) horizontal abuse. It was concluded that African American working women experienced an additional element of role conflict that is related to their ascribed role rather than their achieved role.

An experiential activity was conducted as part of a nursing course at a university in the Midwest to determine whether simulating a physical disability by using a wheelchair could be a valuable educational strategy. The goal was to increase nursing students' awareness of disability, sensitivity to people with disabilities, and understanding of the importance of self-efficacy, as well as to enhance their learning about the research process, which was one of the course objectives. While the results of this activity were not statistically significant, the content analysis of the qualitative data showed an effect on the experimental group. This analysis suggested that the enactment was a beneficial learning experience that increased nursing students' depth of understanding about what life is like for a disabled person in a wheelchair.

The author's purpose in conducting this study was to identify the relationship of sex role orientation to indices of psychological well-being among 148 American Indian working women from the Midwest. Analyses revealed that the sex-typed group had significantly higher depression scores, higher role conflict scores, lower self-esteem scores and lower life satisfaction scores when compared with the cross-typed and androgynous groups. The undifferentiated group had significantly lower self-esteem scores when compared with the androgynous group. Further research is needed to understand how different sex role orientations support different roles that American Indian women occupy.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between locus of control and sex role orientation among nurses. Ninety-eight participants, working female registered nurses between the ages of 30 and 59, were placed into one of four sex type groups using scores on the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. The groups were then compared to each other using Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Previous research findings had indicated that women in a traditional female occupation would be sex typed in role orientation and externally locused. The subjects in this study exhibited variability in locus of control and sex role orientation. Locus of control orientation was not related to sex role orientation. The implications of the results were discussed and directions for future research were considered.

The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between sex role orientation and age in women working in a traditional occupation. It was hypothesized that older working female nurses would be more androgynous in sex role orientation than their younger counterparts. Ninety‐eight female registered nurses ranging in age from 30 to 59 completed the Personal Attributes Questionnaire and sociodemographic data. Contrary to prediction, age had no significant effect on sex role orientation. It was concluded that (a) no change in masculinity/femininity self‐descriptions occur over time, (b) only some women change, and (c) changes may proceed in different directions in response to shifts in role responsibilities or other situational events.

The purpose of the study reported in this article was to examine the relationships between locus of control and level of depression in younger adult and midlife registered mental health nurses (MHNs) in relation to each other and as a function of sex role orientation. On the basis of C. G. Jung's (1954) theory of individuation, the following hypotheses were derived: (a) MHNs with an androgynous sex role orientation will have a higher internal locus of control than MHNs with a nonandrogynous sex role orientation; (b) MHNs with an androgynous sex role orientation will be less depressed than nonandrogynous sex role-oriented MHNs, and (c) midlife MHNs will be more androgynous in sex role orientation than younger MHNs. Thirty-six participants, all working female registered mental health nurses between the ages of 30 and 59, were placed in the midlife group (age 41-59) or the young adult group (age 31-40) on the basis of self-indicated age. Two groups of female MHNs (younger adult and midlife women) were compared with each other by means of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1975), used to assess sex role orientation (androgynous or nonandrogynous: cross-typed, sex-typed, or undifferentiated); Rotter's (1966) Locus of Control Scale, used to assess internal or external (I-E) locus of control; and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), used to assess level of depression. In regards to all three hypotheses, no statistically significant associations were found among the study variables. The strengths and weakness of the present study were reviewed. The theoretical and practical implications of the results were discussed, and directions for future research were considered.