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Jumping mice (Dipodidae: Zapodinae) have a generalized terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion with specializations for saltatory and scansorial locomotion. I reviewed first-hand accounts of aquatic behaviour in the literature and confirmed that jumping mice are semi-aquatic, using both primitive quadrupedal paddling on the surface as well as the more derived simultaneous bipedal pelvic paddling while swimming underwater. Although proficient swimmers, jumping mice are also prone to drowning, especially in human-made pools. Management of populations of jumping mice with conservation concern should consider potential hazards faced by jumping mice in an aquatic environment.

5. Woodland Jumping Mouse Napaeozapus insignis French: Zapode des bois / German: \Waldhipfmaus / Spanish: Raton saltador de bosque Taxonomy. Zapus insignis G. S. Miller, 1891, Restigouche River, New Brunswick, Canada. The earliest record of Napaeozapus is from the mid-Pleistocene at Cumberland Cave, Maryland. During the furthest advance of the Wisconsin glaciation, ¢.22,000 years ago, present distribution of Napaeozapus was under ice except for areas south of northern Pennsylvania, USA. During the post-glacial period, suitable habitat for Napaeozapus occurred from Connecticut to West Virginia and Ohio, and south to northern Georgia. Napaeozapus has been found at fourlate Pleistocene sites: Bedford Co. and Bootlegger Sink, York Co., Pennsylvania; Natural Chimneys, Augusta Co., Virgina; and Robinson Cave, north-central Tennessee. The primitive zapodine stage of Megasminthus occurred by the Miocene. Most subspecies of Napaeozapus are described based on morphology alone and should probably be synonymized. Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. N.i.insignisG.S.Miller,1891—ECanada(fromNewBrunswick,PrinceEdwardIsland,andNovaScotia,SWthroughoutE&SQuebectoSEOntario)andSthroughNEUSAtoNE&CPennsylvania,NNewJersey,andEWestVirginia. N.i.abietorumPreble,1899—SECanada(SCOntarioandC&SWQuebec). N.i.frutectanusH.H.T.Jackson,1919—SCCanada(extremeSEManitobaandextremeSWOntario)andNCUSA(NMinnesota,NWisconsin,andNMichigan). N.i.roanensisPreble,1899—EUSA(EOhio,WPennsylvania,NE,S&WCWestVirginia,CVirginia,extremeSEKentucky,andalongtheSouthCarolina—NorthCarolinaborder,toextremeNGeorgiaandNWSouthCarolina). N. i. saguenayensis R. M. Anderson, 1942 — E & SE Canada (from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, to the Strait of Belle Isle and SW along the N shore of the Saint Lawrence River to Lac Saint-Jean in S Quebec). Descriptive notes. Head-body 89-98 mm, tail 115-160 mm, hindfoot 28-34 mm; weight 17-26 g. Tail, hindlegs, and hindfeet of Woodland Jumping Mice are characteristically elongated. Front feet are small. It is brightly colored compared with other zapodids. Fur is light brown, with distinctive yellow or reddish tint and dark guard hairs scattered throughout. Dark brown dorsal band runs from forehead to rump. Underparts are white. Tail is very long, dark above and white on underside, and it has white tip. Females are slightly larger than males. Four pairs of teats are present: one pectoral, two abdominal, and one inguinal. Incisors are yellow or orange with deep grooves on front of upper incisors. Zygoma has jugal plates extending dorsally along maxillary ramus and articulating with lachrymal bone. Infraorbital is large and oval. Nasal bones project considerably beyond incisors. In contrast with species of Zapus, there are three molars, and premolars are absent. Molars are rooted and flat-crowned and exhibit complicated pattern of re-entrant folds, islands, and valleys. Dental formulaisI1l/1,C0/0,PM0/0,M 3/3 (x2) = 16. Habitat. Cool moist environments, almost always in wooded areas. Species of Zapus primarily occur in grasslands but can inhabit woods with adequate ground cover, particularly where Woodland Jumping Mice do not occur. Woodland Jumping Mice generally inhabit spruce-fir (Picea-Abies), hemlock (7suga, all Pinaceae), and hardwood forests of the north-eastern USA and south-eastern Canada. They also live in bogs and sphagnum swamps. At Pinkham Notch, Carroll Co., New Hampshire, they attain greatest densities in grass (Poaceae), sedge (Cyperaceae), and alder (Alnus, Betulaceae) lined borders of small streams where sand, gravel, and forest duff make it easy to construct burrows. Spruce-fir associations are common in the north and at higher elevations, whereas hemlock forests are more common in southern parts ofits distribution. Along with hemlock, northern hardwood forests are mainly of white pine (Pinus strobus, Pinaceae), beech (Fagus, Fagaceae), yellow birch (Betula allenghaniensis, Betulaceae), basswood (Tilia americana, Tiliaceae), and various species of maple (Acer, Sapindaceae). Further south, basswood, buckeye (Aesculus, Sapindaceae), tulip (Liriodendron), magnolia (Magnolia, both Magnoliaceae), and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia, Ericaceae) are often found. Particular species oftree is not important, but adequate ground coveris typically a determining factor. Jumping mice often occur along water, but not because of the wateritself, but usually because of adequate ground cover present in those areas. In north-western New York, Woodland Jumping Mice are most commonly found in moist dense woods, usually in conifers (spruce, fir, and hemlock) or in deciduous woods. Five of 74 individuals there were found in open situations near woods, but Woodland Jumping Mice and species of Zapus were often found together in woods. J. O. Whitaker, Jr. in 1963 used a stratified random trapping scheme via a random numbers table to study MeadowJumping Mice (Zapus hudsonius) in the Ithaca East Quadrangle, Tompkins Co., New York. Seventy-six 100 x 25 m plots were trapped, and 26 Woodland Jumping Mice were captured. All but three were captured in woods, swamp, or wet woods. Two were captured in brush, and one was taken in a field. Sixteen occurred in areas with good ground cover, only one in an area with fair cover, but six were captured in rocky wooded banks with many burrows. The individual taken in the field was ¢.40 m from woods and probably came from there, as indicated by the food in its stomach. There was no significant relationship between occurrence of mice and distance to water. Fifty-one Woodland Jumping Mice were captured elsewhere, and of those, one was in dry open woods, four were on woody stony banks, eight were in wet open woods, and the remaining 38 were in open woods with abundant ground COVET. Food and Feeding. The most abundant food (33-3% by volume) found in 103 Woodland Jumping Mice from New York was a subterranean fungus (Endogonaceae), also reported to be eaten in North Carolina, Tennessee, and New Hampshire. Spores of Elaphomyces, Hymenogaster, and Melanogaster were also found. Some have questioned if fungi might have been eaten incidentally along with other foods. That does not seem to be the case because some stomachs contained 100% fungi. Spores on the chest of some mice indicate that they probably find fungi using olfaction and then dig it up. Other important food items in New York were unidentified seeds, caterpillars, beetles, touch-me-not (Mimosa, Fabaceae), and other seeds, fruits, and invertebrates. Stomachs from 18 mice collected in the earlier part of the century by the US Biological Survey contained 33-9% by volume miscellaneous vegetation, 33-5% Endogonaceae, 10-3% strawberry, 5-3%, unidentified animal material, 5-2% beetle, and 0-8% moths. Known predators include skunks (Mephitidae), weasels (Mustela), American Mink (Neovison vison), Bobcats (Lynx rufus), domestic cat, screech owls (Megascops), timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus), and copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix). Several internal parasites have been observed in the Woodland Jumping Mouse. Protozoans of the genus Hexamita are often observed in Zapus and were found in two cecal smears examined from Woodland Jumping Mice. Cestodes (tapeworms) known to occur are Hymenolepis bennetti and Cladotaenia globifera. Nematodes (roundworms) include Rictularia sp. and Citellinoides zapodis. Mites, other than chiggers, include Glycyphagidae: Glycyphagus hypudaer, G. newyorkensis, and G. zapus; Laelapidae: Androlaelaps fahrenholz, Echinonyssus isabellinus, Eulaelaps stabularis, Haemogamasus alaskensis, Laelalps kochi, and Listrophorus mexicanus; Macronyssidae: Ornithonyssus bacoti; Myobiidae: Protomyobia brevisetosa and Radfordia ewingi; Myocoptidae: Gliricoptes glirinus, and Pygmephoridae: Pygmephorus horridus and P. mahunkai. Chiggers that have been found include Euschoengastia diversa, E. peromysci, E. rubra, E. setosa, Eutrombicula alfreddugest, Leptotrombidum peromysci, Miyatrombicula esoensis, Neotrombicula harper, N. microti, N. richmondi, and N. whartona. Ticks include Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes muris. Botflies include Cuterebra sp. and C. fontinella. Fleas include Ctenocephalides pseudagyrtes, Corrodopsylla curvata, Epitedia sp., Megabothris asio, M. quirini, Orchopeas leucopus, Peromyscopsylla catatina, and Stenoponia americana. One individual louse, Neohaematopinus sp., has been reported. Breeding. Woodland Jumping Mice breed in May-August. Females mate and have young soon after emergence from hibernation in late May and June. Earliest breeding records found in the central part of the distribution were 8-9 May, with embryos only 1-2 mm long. Most births occur in June because more females are pregnant or show signs of having young than at any other time. Nevertheless, not all females reproduce in May-June, and most that do not are probably individuals born late in the previous year. Reproduction occurs at a low rate during a second breeding peak in July. Many females captured in August show evidence of already having had one litter. It is clear that many females produce two litters per year, but three litters in one year would be unusual. Very few,if any, bear young in the year of their birth. Eighty litters examined by R. E. Wrigley in 1972 averaged 4-6 embryos (range 2-7), 45 placental scar counts averaged 4-3 (range 2-7), and litter size was 1-8 young. Gestation is c.18 days but is 2-3 days longer if a female is lactating when mating occurs. There is only one litter per year in Nova Scotia. Early dates on which firstjuveniles were caught in Nova Scotia were 27 July, 6 August, 16 August, and 23 August. In a five-year study carried out by P. F. Connor in 1966 in north-western New York, the earliest reproductive female was captured on 26 May, but she had already had one litter. At Pinkham Notch, New Hampshire, breeding season extended from late May to August. Woodland Jumping Mice nest in underground burrows or brush, or underfallen logs. Young are born naked and hairless except for vibrissae. Four pairs of mammary glands are visible in both sexes. At ten days of age, dorsal pigmentation appears, and ear pinnae unfold, although external auditory meatus remains closed. Fine hair appears on dorsum of head, body, and limbs at twelve days. At this time, vibrissae are ¢.6 mm, and young are able to stand up and take a few steps. White hair appears on venter at 14 days old. At 19 days, dorsal pelage is well developed, except dorsal band is not yet evident. Lower incisors protrude 0-2-0-3 mm, and claws are well developed. Dark dorsal band is well formed at 24 days. Eyes and external auditory meatus open at 26 days, and young begin moving by short hops. At 28 days, lower incisors protrude 2 mm, and upper incisors protrude 1 mm. At this stage, young are able to hop lengths of more than 30 cm and are nearly mature and independent. Activity patterns. Woodland Jumping Mice are usually nocturnal but may be active in late morning and evening, especially on cloudy or rainy days. They typically walk or crawl through ground cover when moving slowly but hop when greater speed is desired. When startled, they are capable ofjumping at least 2 m at heights of nearly 1 m. After several longer leaps, they will usually stop and hide under cover and remain motionless unless pursued. Woodland Jumping Mice can climb bushes, probably to get berries, but there is no evidence that they climb trees. They can swim probably even below the surface. They are much less inclined to form definite runways than many other species of small mammals, but they will use runways of other small rodents and larger mammals such as North American Beavers (Castor canadensis), deer (Odocoileus), and Moose (Alces alces). They will dig their own burrows, although they will use those of other mammals. Nests of leaves or leaves and grass have been located in brush piles. Young are “vociferous,” and adults produce soft chucking sounds. They use tails to drum. Associates are chipmunks (7amias), White-footed Deermice (Peromyscus leucopus), Cinereus Shrews (Sorex cinereus), Smoky Shrews (Sorex fumeus), Northern Short-tailed Shrews (Blarina brevicauda), and Southern Red-backed Voles (Myodes gapperr). North American Red Squirrels (7 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), Meadow Jumping Mice, House Mice (Mus musculus), Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), Hairy-tailed Moles (Parascalops breweri), Star-nosed Moles (Condylura cristata), Woodland Voles (Microtus pinetorum), Southern Bog Lemmings (Synaptomys cooperi), and North American Deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are less common associates. In one study, survival of adults was 16-1-41-2% during two years. Sixteen percent of males and 28:6% of females that were first captured as juveniles survived until their third active season, but none survived until their fourth active season. Ten males and ten females caught as adults survived another season (three seasons total), but three males and three females were caught in three more seasons and survived four consecutive seasons. One female was caught as an adult in 1980 and again in 1984 (but not between), surviving for at least five seasons. Males emerged 15-33 days ahead of females. In preparation for hibernation, Woodland Jumping Mice accumulate large amounts offat, often one-third of their body weights. Sufficient energy from fat must be available to maintain mice for at least six months. Weight gain occurs over c.2 weeks for any individual but probably over c.6 weeks beginning in late August and early September for the population. There is some evidence that photoperiod is at least partly a cue for hibernation. Latest time in which Woodland Jumping Mice are active in central New York is late October. Most of the population present this late in the season is composed of younger individuals that will hibernate after they have put on adequate fat. It is likely that those not adding adequate fat die before spring emergence. During hibernation, an individual curls into a ball with its nose in its abdomen, tail curled around its body, forelegs along its chest, and hindlegs along its face. Respiration rate of hibernating individuals is c.12 breaths/minute; when sleeping,it is ¢.200 breaths/ minute. Emergence in spring takes place mostly from mid-April through mid-May; males emerge before females. Dates of emergence varied from 4 to 13 May for males and 28 May to 7 June for females. Dates of disappearance, presumably to hibernate were about the same for males and females; however, juveniles of both sexes tended to disappear earlier than adults. Sex ratios were 44 males to 62 females (1:1-4) for adults but 54 males to 45 females (1:0-83) for juveniles. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges of Woodland Jumping Mice are 0-4-2-6 ha for females and 0-4-3-6 ha for males, and they broadly overlap. W. H. Burt in 1954 calculated home ranges of 0-4-0-81 ha. Populations of 7-4-59-3 ind/ha have been reported, but the latter is probably too high. Woodland Jumping Mice were c.21% of the small mammal community in central New York. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Woodland Jumping Mouse is widely distributed, presumably has large populations, and occurs in a number of protected areas. Population trends are stable, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify forlisting in a more threatened category. Bibliography. Abbott & Parsons (1961), Benton & Krug (1956), Blair (1941), Brennan & Wharton (1950), Brower & Cade (1966), Burt (1954), Collins & Cameron (1984), Connor (1960, 1966), Dikmans (1939), Dodds et al. (1969), Fain & Whitaker (1973), Fain et al. (1985), Farner (1946), Farrell (1956), Freeman (1959, 1960), Geary (1959), Gidley & Gazin (1938), Goodwin (1924, 1929, 1935), Greenfield (1938), Guilday (1962), Guilday, Hamilton & McCrady (1966), Guilday, Martin & McCrady (1964), Hamilton (1941), Harper (1929), Holland (1949), Holland & Benton (1968), Jameson (1949), Jones & Thomas (1982), Jordan (1929), Layne & Hamilton (1954), Linzey & Linzey (1968), Manville (1949), McCrady & Schmidt (1963), Morris (1948), Neumann & Cade (1964), Orrock et al. (2003), Ovaska & Herman (1988), Platte (1968), Preble (1956), Priddy (1949), Reeves, Durden et al. (2007), Sheldon (1934, 1938), Siegmund (1964), Snyder (1924), Strandtmann (1949), Whitaker (1962, 1963a), Whitaker & French (1982), Whitaker et al. (1975), Wilson & Reeder (2005), Wrenn (1974), Wright (1979), Wrigley (1972)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Zapodidae, pp. 50-61 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 50-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6609503

Over 150,000 ha of standing forest was altered as a result of a large-scale blowdown in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, Minnesota in 1999. We collected data in summers 2000 and 2001 to assess the effects of windthrow perturbation on small mammal communities in northern coniferous forests. Small mammal diversity, as well as density of the two most common species, red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) and woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus insignis), were determined in three different treatments with varying proportions of blowdown ( 66% blowdown). Diversity of small mammals increased from 2000 to 2001 and was highest in forest stands with 25 individuals/ha) at sites most affected by blowdown. In contrast, density of woodland jumping mice exhibited an inverse relationship with r...

The distributions of woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus insignis Miller) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque) and their associated microhabitats were examined in four habitat types in the Pisgah National Forest of western North Carolina. A total of 115 jumping mice and 192 white-footed mice were collected using arrays of drift fences with pitfalls in 3 north-facing and 3 south-facing upland plots, and in 3 north- and 3 south-facing streamside plots, during the autumn of 1996 and the spring and summer of 1997. Napaeozapus were strongly associated with cooler, moister habitats with high volume of heavily decomposed logs, but P. leucopus were ubiquitous. Results indicate that P. leucopus is a habitat generalist whereas N. insignis is a habitat specialist. Indirect effects such as the availability of subterranean fungi as food may explain the distribution of Napaeozapus at smaller scales.

Napaeozapus insignis (Miller, 1891). Am. Nat., 25:742. TYPE LOCALITY: Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche River. DISTRIBUTION: Canada: SE Manitoba, SW and E Ontario, S and E Quebec north to S Labrador. USA: E Minnesota, N and C Wisconsin, upper peninsular and N lower peninsular Michigan, E Ohio, Pennsylvania; north and east to NW New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, W Massachusetts (isolated population in Martha's Vineyard), Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine; south to West Virginia, W Virginia, E Kentucky, E Tennessee, W North Carolina, NW South Carolina, and NE Georgia. SYNONYMS: abietorum, algonquinensis, frutectanus, gaspensis, roanensis, saguenayensis (see Hall, 1981). COMMENTS: A specimen of Napaeozapus was collected in Park County, Indiana (Lyon, 1942), though subsequent trapping failed to yield further examples (Mumford, 1969). The identity of the specimen was verified by Klingener (1965:645) and Wrigley (1972:42). Systematic revision and biology provided by Wrigley (1972). Myology, in context of adaptive and phylogenetic significance, studied by Klingener (1964). Diagnosis, range map, and records provided by Hall (1981). Reviewed by Whitaker and Wrigley (1972, Mammalian Species, 14)., Published as part of Mary Ellen Holden, 1993, Order Rodentia - Family Dipodidae, pp. 487-499 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 498, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353072, {"references":["Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. Second ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1: 1 - 600 + 90, 2: 601 - 1181 + 90.","Lyon, M. W., Jr. 1942. Additions to the \" Mammals of Indiana \". American Midland Naturalist, 27 (3): 790 - 791.","Mumford, R. E. 1969. Distribution of the mammals of Indiana. Indiana Academy of Sciences, Indianapolis, 114 pp.","Klingener, D. 1965. Notes on the range of Napaeozapus in Michigan and Indiana. Journal of Mammalogy, 45 (4): 644 - 645.","Wrigley, R. E. 1972. Systematics and biology of the woodland jumping mouse, Napaeozapus insignis. Illinois Biological Monographs, 47: 1 - 117.","Klingener, D. 1964. The comparative myology of four dipodoid rodents (genera Zapus, Napaeozapus, Sicista, and Jaculus). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 124: 1 - 100.","Whitaker, J. O., Jr., and R. E. Wrigley. 1972. Napaeozapus insignis. Mammalian Species, 14: 1 - 6."]}

Napaeozapus Preble, 1899. N. Am. Fauna, 15:33. TYPE SPECIES: Zapus insignis Miller, 1891. COMMENTS: For verification of the absence of cheek pouches in Napaeozapus see Klingener (1971)., Published as part of Mary Ellen Holden, 1993, Order Rodentia - Family Dipodidae, pp. 487-499 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 498, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353072, {"references":["Klingener, D. 1971. The question of cheek pouches in Zapus. Journal of Mammalogy, 52 (2): 463 - 464."]}

We measured the activity of Peromyscus maniculatus, Clethrionomys gapperi , and Napaeozapus insignis using a sand transect in a forest in Quebec. Activity on each of 651 summer nights over 8 years was compared to the weather of each night. All three rodents were most active on rainy and on warm nights. C. gapperi and N. insignis showed increased activity on cloudy and moonless nights and when rain had not fallen for several nights. C. gapperi also increased activity with increased humidity. Variation in activity due to weather was slight and more likely associated with predator avoidance than with physiological restrictions.

We examined abundance, reproduction, movements, and adult–juvenile interactions of Napaeozapus insignis in a 5-year mark–recapture study in Nova Scotia. Densities of N. insignis varied greatly between years, mainly as a result of variation in overwintering survival of juveniles and breeding success of females. Year-to-year survival rates of adults were relatively constant (approximately 26%), whereas those of juveniles fluctuated widely. Adult females produced only one litter per season, and no juvenile reproduced in the summer of her birth. Length of the active season was 12–17 weeks, and timing of emergence from hibernation varied little from year to year. Males emerged from hibernation 15–33 days earlier than females, and their captures were clustered along portions of the transects adjacent to steep slopes, which may have provided well-drained hibernation sites. The overall sex ratio did not differ from 1:1, but in May it was biased towards males, and in July and August adult females outnumbered adult males. Distances moved by adult males and females within 24 h were similar (mean for males = 97 m, for females = 61 m), but home ranges of males between June and August were greater than those of females (mean distance between two farthest captures for males = 447 m, for females = 175 m). Results from a removal experiment, as well as examination of trapping records, indicated that adult females inhibited early capture of juveniles when densities of adults were high. We suggest that the suite of life history traits (long life-span, late maturity, infrequent reproduction) that northern zapodids exhibit relative to southern zapodids is best explained by a bet-hedging hypothesis. Long winters and short summers in the north contribute to low and unpredictable overwintering survival of juveniles. By directing energy from reproduction into accumulation of hibernation fat, adults increase their chances of surviving to breed again the next summer and thus decrease the probability of leaving no young at all.

Mites, ticks, and fleas were removed from the fur of 110 specimens of Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann) from Prince Edward Island, coastal New Brunswick, and northern Nova Scotia. The species which were most abundant and the only ones which occurred on these mice throughout the area were Dermacarus newyorkensis, Neotrombicula harperi, Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, and Ixodes muris. Also examined were 47 specimens of Napaeozapus insignis (Miller) from the above provinces plus Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. Dermacarus newyorkensis and Neotrombicula harperi were the most abundant ectoparasites. Neotrombicula harperi was the only ectoparasite which occurred on N. insignis throughout the region.

Within a pattern of multi-annual fluctuations in small rodent abundance observed in New York State's Adirondack Mountains from 1971–1977, three species of hibernators ( Tamias striatus, Zapus hudsonius , and Napaeozapus insignis ) exhibited considerable year-to-year population stability in comparison with similar-sized non-hibernators. The comparative population stability of the hibernators coupled with their lower biotic potentials suggests that these relatively k-selected species should be separated in the r-K selection continuum from the more r-selected nonhibernating small rodents.

Woodland jumping mice, Napaeozapus insignis, were held at 9 ± 3 °C under three photoperiods: short days (8 h light: 16 h dark), long days (16 h light: 8 h dark), and a naturally changing photoperiod that approximated naturally occurring day lengths. Half the animals under each photoperiod had access to a full diet of sunflower seeds, rolled oats, and Purina rabbit chow throughout the experiment. The remainder of the animals in each photoperiod received the full diet for the first 10 days of the experiment after which they were given only rabbit chow. The patterns of torpidity of the animals in each group were analyzed with respect to two dimensions of hibernation: timing and quality. Under all photoperiods, animals that were switched to the rabbit chow diet spent significantly more time in torpor than did those that remained on the full diet. Of the animals on a full diet, those on a natural photoperiod spent more time in the torpid state than did those on either long or short days. It is suggested that jumping mice in nature respond to both decreasing photoperiod and food to adjust the proportion of time spent in torpor.

Clethrionomys gapperi and Napaeozapus insignis are shown to consume quantities of most of the more common fleshy fruits found in the mixed deciduous forest of the mid-Laurentians of Quebec, based on consumption at forest feeding stations. Differences in preferences among the fruits are small. Both rodents tend to return to known food sources and increase both activity and food consumption with increased food density. Functional response to food density is slightly better fitted by the disc equation than by linear regression.

Generalizations derived from simple optimal diet models were field-tested at forest feeding stations where a choice of two foods was offered. The relationship between food availability and consumption by three species of rodents ( Peromyscus maniculatus, Clethrionomys gapperi and Napaeozapus insignis ) was examined in five separate experiments. In all five cases rodents preferred the food which yielded the highest caloric gain per unit handling time, as predicted by the simple models. However, in all five cases, less preferred items were sampled even when they were not part of the optimal diet. In three cases the consumption of the non-preferred food type varied with its abundance and in one case food preference changed with its availability. The latter three results indicate that these rodents do not use simple optimal diet strategies.

Hymenolepis bennetti n. sp. is described from Napaeozapus insignis algonquinensis Prince and Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis (LeConte) from Algonquin Park, Ontario. This cestode varies widely in the arrangement and number (one to eight) of testes, although 53% of the proglottides from seven worms were tritesticular and the majority of these had one testis poral and two antiporal. There were a number of abnormalities, mostly associated with unusual or incomplete segmentation of the proglottides. Anteroposterior reversal of proglottides also occurred. A number of Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Crustacea (Porcellionidae), and Mollusca, which ate cestode eggs, did not become infected.

Napaeozapus insignis (Miller, 1891). Am. Nat., 25:742. TYPE LOCALITY: Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche River. DISTRIBUTION: S.E. Manitoba to S. Labrador (Canada), south to Rhode Island, N. E. Georgia, C. Michigan, and C. Wisconsin (U.S.A.). COMMENT: Revised by Preble, 1899, N. Am. Fauna, 15:33-37. Reviewed by Whitaker, 1972, Mamm. Species, 14:1-7. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410015003001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 563, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039, {"references":["Preble, E. A. 1899. Revision of the jumping mice of the genus Zapus. North American Fauna, 15: 1 - 41."]}

Napaeozapus Preble, 1899. N. Am. Fauna, 15:33. COMMENT: Revised by Wrigley, 1972, Ill. Biol. Monogr., 47:8-118. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410015003000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 563, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039, {"references":["Wrigley, R. E. 1972. Systematics and biology of the woodland jumping mouse, Napaeozapus insignis. Illinois Biological Monographs, 47: 1 - 117."]}

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Activity of three rodent species was measured on tracking stations in 10 different sampling areas within a northeastern deciduous forest throughout the summer of 1974. Total activity was measured as the number of crossings of the stations (903 Peromyscus maniculatus, 186 Clethrionomys gapperi and 9996 Napaeozapus insignis) and was compared with measures of habitat structure. Habitat separation between the rodents was detected by discriminant function analysis. Habitat use differed among the three rodents. Napaeozapus insignis used coniferous areas with heavy ground cover. Clethrionomys gapperi used areas with little ground cover and heavy mid-story cover. Peromyscus maniculatus used areas with heavy ground and mid-story cover. Habitat use changed and separation increased through the summer. Habitat separation between these rodents is insufficient to account for species coexistence. This contradicts previous predictions and observations in southeastern forests. Separation on some other resource axis is necessary for the coexistence of these three rodents.

The early growth and development of the woodland jumping mouse, Napaeozapus, have not been described in adequate detail. Many litters have been born to captive females (Hamilton, 1935) and to females bred in captivity (Sheldon, 1938) but the young are usually eaten by the mother or deserted soon after birth. Sheldon (1938) succeeded in raising one litter to 16 days of age and another to more than ten weeks, but made observations only at rather infrequent intervals. On June 5, 1952, we took two adult females at Stony Clove (alt. 2000 feet), Hunter Mountain, Greene County, New York. They were kept in large aquaria in the laboratory and gave birth to litters of three and four young each on June 13 and June 20, respectively., One new born young (CU No. 6849) was, removed from the first litter to be described and preserved. The remaining two were examined on June 16. These were subsequently deserted by the female and found dead three days later. They had not been mutilated in any way. In the second litter, one young, noticeably smaller than the others, died on the sixth day; another was killed at 64 days to observe skeletal development. The adults, and the young after weaning, were fed shelled whole corn, oat flakes, rabbit pellets, strawberries, mulberries, raspberries, lettuce, and apples. The berries were particularly favored. The aquaria were kept covered with several layers of cheesecloth to prevent disturbing the animals with strong light and movements in the laboratory. Shredded toweling was provided for nesting material while the young were small so that they would not easily become separated from the mother. Measurements were obtained up to 26 days of age from photographs in which a centimeter rule was included (Svihla, 1933). Weights of the entire litter were taken at intervals of two to six days until 40 days of age and less frequently thereafter. The weights were divided by the number of young to obtain average weights of individuals. This was done to reduce handling of the young and to permit more time for actual observations during the time they were removed from the nest. New Born Young.-The umbilical cord is a dried stub about .5 mm. long. The skin is rugose, loose, pinkish in color, and fairly transparent, so that the sutures between frontals and parietals, and the ribs, sternum, and viscera are distinct. Except for vibrissae, the body is hairless, and no dark pigmentation that would indicate aggregation of pigment in hair follicles is seen. In both sexes, the four pairs of mammae are visible as small light spots on the venter. Facial vibrissae are present, although once considered to be absent in zapodids at birth. Quimby (1951) has confirmed their presence in new born Zapus. The most posterior mental bristles are about .2 to .3 mm. and grade down in size anteriorly. Those at the edge of the chin are not yet visible. The mystacial vibrissae are arranged in six major rows and show a similar size gradation. Those nearest the eye are the longest, measuring about .3 mm. (fig. la). 242

During a live-trapping study in a woodland in central New York in June, 1955, a number of woodland jumping mice ( Napaeozapus insignis ) were caught. Of 21 captures of these mice over a five-day period, mice were torpid on nine occasions and active on twelve occasions. The minimum daily temperatures recorded for these five days at the weather station on the Cornell University campus ranged from 48° to 57° F. The area trapped was about 500 feet higher in elevation than the Cornell campus and temperatures were probably somewhat lower. In addition, three of the days were rainy, and on these days a greater percentage of mice were found torpid. The torpid mice were usually in the typical position previously noted by past observers. The snout was tucked between the hindlegs and the animal had assumed a ball-like shape. Other observers have noted that the tail was usually coiled like a watchspring in hibernating mice. Coiling of the tail was not always present in torpid mice in these observations. Awakening reactions were similar to those described by other writers. The animal, upon being warmed and handled, began to revive. Violent shaking usually accompanied this revival. The sense of balance seemed …

In New York State, where the majority of the following notes were made, we have two widely distributed genera, Zapus and Napoezapus. The former has two subspecies, Zapus h. hudsonius (Zimmerman), that covers most of New York, including the open meadows of the heavily forested Adirondack region, while on Long Island and the lower Hudson Valley, a smaller, paler form, Zapus h. americanus (Barton), occurs. Napaeozapus insignis insignis (Miller), a much brighter animal than Zapus, may be further differentiated by the white tail tip, usually present. It is the handsomest of eastern forest mammals.