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The semiconductor industry is undergoing a transformative phase, marked by the relentless drive for miniaturization and a constant demand for higher performance and energy efficiency. However, the reduction of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor sizes for advanced technology nodes below 10 nm presents several challenges. In response, strained silicon technology has emerged as a key player, exploiting strain induction in the silicon crystal lattice to improve device performance. At the same time, there has been a growing need for characterization techniques that allow in-line monitoring of sample conditions during semiconductor manufacturing, as an alternative to traditional methods such as transmission electron microscopy or high-resolution X-ray diffraction, which have several limitations in terms of measurement time and sample destructiveness. This paper explores the application of advanced spectroscopic characterization techniques, in particular µ-Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), to meet the evolving needs of the semiconductor industry for quality control and failure analysis, increasingly requiring faster and non-destructive characterization techniques. µ-Raman provides insight into strain values and distributions of strained layers with different thicknesses and germanium concentrations, but its lateral resolution is constrained by the Abbe diffraction limit. TERS, on the other hand, emerges as a powerful non-destructive technique capable of overcoming diffraction limits by exploiting the combination of an atomic force microscope with a Raman spectrometer. This breakthrough makes it possible to estimate the chemical composition and induced strain in the lattice by evaluating the Raman peak position shifts in strained and unstrained silicon layers, providing crucial insights for nanoscale strain control. In particular, this paper focuses on the TERS characterization of Si0.7Ge0.3 epitaxial layers grown on a silicon-on-insulator device, demonstrating the effectiveness of this technique and the high lateral resolution that can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL) hydrogels are being studied in bioprinting for their combination of cell adhesion and printability. To incorporate specific functionalities and to improve printability, different additives to ADA-GEL inks are being proposed. Here, a novel type of functional nanoparticles comprising silver patches on silica cores was incorporated into ADA-GEL bioinks. Silver patchy particles (SPPs) were present both on the surface and interior of printed structures. Incorporation of SPPs improved printability of ADA-GEL inks and supported osteosarcoma (MG-63) cells over 7 days of culture. SPPs represent a valuable additive for ADA-GEL hydrogels, being attractive to develop bioinks with advanced functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology and machine learning (ML) are rapidly emerging fields with numerous real-world applications in medicine, materials science, computer engineering, and data processing. ML enhances nanotechnology by facilitating the processing of dataset in nanomaterial synthesis, characterization, and optimization of nanoscale properties. Conversely, nanotechnology improves the speed and efficiency of computing power, which is crucial for ML algorithms. Although the capabilities of nanotechnology and ML are still in their infancy, a review of the research literature provides insights into the exciting frontiers of these fields and suggests that their integration can be transformative. Future research directions include developing tools for manipulating nanomaterials and ensuring ethical and unbiased data collection for ML models. This review emphasizes the importance of the coevolution of these technologies and their mutual reinforcement to advance scientific and societal goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we report on theoretical studies of thermodynamic properties, structural and dynamic stabilities, dependence of unit-cell parameters and elastic constants upon hydrostatic pressure, charge carrier effective masses, electronic and optical properties, contributions of interband transitions in the Brillouin zone of the novel Tl2HgGeSe4 crystal. The theoretical calculations within the framework of the density-functional perturbation theory (DFPT) are carried out employing different approaches to gain the best correspondence to the experimental data. The present theoretical data indicate the dynamical stability of the title crystal and they reveal that, under hydrostatic pressure, it is much more compressible along the a-axis than along the c-axis. Strikingly, the charge effective mass values ( m e ∗ and m h ∗ ) vary considerably when the high symmetry direction changes indicating a relative anisotropy of the charge-carrier's mobility. Furthermore, the Young modulus and compressibility are characterized by the maximum and minimum values ( E max and E min ) and ( β max and β min ) that are equal to (62.032 and 28.812) GPa and (13.672 and 6.7175) TPa–1, respectively. Additionally, we have performed calculations of the Raman spectra (RS) and reached a good correspondence with the experimental RS spectra of the Tl2HgGeSe4 crystal. The XPES associated to RS constitutes powerful techniques to explore the oxidized states of Se and Ge in Tl2HgGeSe4 system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D materials are intriguing due to their remarkably thin and flat structure. This unique configuration allows the majority of their constituent atoms to be accessible on the surface, facilitating easier electron tunneling while generating weak surface forces. To decipher the subtle signals inherent in these materials, the application of techniques that offer atomic resolution (horizontal) and sub‐Angstrom (z‐height vertical) sensitivity is crucial. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) emerges as the quintessential tool in this regard, owing to its atomic‐level spatial precision, ability to detect unitary charges, responsiveness to pico‐newton‐scale forces, and capability to discern pico‐ampere currents. Furthermore, the versatility of SPM to operate under varying environmental conditions, such as different temperatures and in the presence of various gases or liquids, opens up the possibility of studying the stability and reactivity of 2D materials in situ. The characteristic flatness, surface accessibility, ultra‐thinness, and weak signal strengths of 2D materials align perfectly with the capabilities of SPM technologies, enabling researchers to uncover the nuanced behaviors and properties of these advanced materials at the nanoscale and even the atomic scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From targeted gene insertion techniques to gene editing tool delivery systems, nanotechnology presents a promising path for improving many aspects of crop modification. However, little is known about the current application of nanotechnology and genetic engineering (GE) to improve agricultural yield. This review explores the potential applications of nanotechnology and GE to enhance sustainable agricultural systems. Most of the research indicates that by carefully guiding the delivery of nutrients to plants, nanomaterials and nanoscale methods like nanofertilizers and nanocarriers maximize plant nutrient uptake efficiency and increase the efficacy of agriculture's utilization of resources. Studies reveal that the application of nanoencapsulated pesticides as well as antimicrobial agents ensures precise delivery to plant tissues, maximizing effectiveness and reducing chemical usage. Nanotechnology also offers more precise control over genetic modifications and produces crops with desired traits like enhanced nutrient content, boosted resistance to pests and diseases, and raised yield. This fusion of GE and nanotechnology is an example of a modern approach to sustainable agriculture that maximizes resource use while reducing environmental impact. This review clarifies the promise of nanotechnology as a clean technology for transforming the production of genetically modified crops, improving nutrient utilization, and thus contributing to worldwide food security and environmentally-friendly agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrolyte‐gated organic transistors (EGOTs) leveraging organic semiconductors' electronic and ionic transport characteristics are the key enablers for many biosensing and bioelectronic applications that can selectively sense, record, and monitor different biological and biochemical processes at the nanoscale and translate them into macroscopic electrical signals. Understanding such transduction mechanisms requires multiscale characterization tools to comprehensively probe local electrical properties and link them with device behavior across various bias points. Here, an automated scanning dielectric microscopy toolbox is demonstrated that performs operando in‐liquid scanning dielectric microscopy measurements on functional EGOTs and carries out extensive data analysis to unravel the evolution of local electrical properties in minute detail. This paper emphasizes critical experimental considerations permitting standardized, accurate, and reproducible data acquisition. The developed approach is validated with EGOTs based on blends of organic small molecule semiconductor and insulating polymer that work as accumulation‐mode field‐effect transistors. Furthermore, the degradation of local electrical characteristics at high gate voltages is probed, which is apparently driven by the destruction of local crystalline order due to undesirable electrochemical swelling of the organic semiconducting material near the source electrode edge. The developed approach paves the way for systematic probing of EGOT‐based technologies for targeted optimization and fundamental understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultimately, brittle fracture involves breaking atomic bonds. However, we still lack a clear picture of what happens in the highly deformed region around a moving crack tip. Consequently, we still cannot link nanoscale phenomena with the macroscopic toughness of materials. The unsolved challenge is to observe the movement of the crack front at the nanoscale while extracting quantitative information. Here, we address this challenge by monitoring stable crack growth inside a transmission electron microscope. Our analysis demonstrates how phase transformation toughening, previously thought to be effective at the microscale and above, promotes crack deflection at the nanolevel and increases the fracture resistance. The work is a first step to help connecting the atomistic and continuous view of fracture in a way that can guide the design of the next generation of strong and tough materials demanded by technologies as diverse as healthcare, energy generation, or transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illitization of smectite in sedimentary systems, a process akin to "reverse weathering," is a diagenetic process that has significant implications for sediment paragenesis and hydrocarbon exploration. However, the potential influence of chemical weathering on the illitization of smectite and its possible control of the neogenesis of titanium (Ti)-oxides remain unclear. Altered volcanic tephra layers (i.e., K-bentonites) characterized by an interstratified illite-smectite (I-S) clay mineralogy serve as an excellent medium to investigate the illitization of smectite. In this study, we first investigated the fine structure of clay minerals and in situ nano-mineralogy of Ti-bearing minerals from altered volcanic ashes and then undertook a meta-analysis of geochemical compositional data for bentonites spanning a wide range of ages and depositional environments globally. We found that Ti mainly occurs as discrete micrometer-scale magmatic srilankite and nanoscale authigenic anatase crystals. During the weathering process, the magmatic srilankite partly dissolved under acidic conditions, resulting in a local buildup of Ti in porewaters. The I-S displays a platy habit and curved edges and is found closely associated with anatase crystals under TEM. Our compilation results combined with microscopic evidence suggest that chemical weathering may potentially promote the illitization reaction by changing the chemical composition of the fluids through increased terrestrial inputs and by creating larger pore spaces through the decomposition of weatherable components. Positive correlations between K and Ti are especially common in (K-)bentonites that are dominated by I-S, suggesting that I-S can adsorb Ti during the weathering process and provide a suitable site for the nucleation of anatase. Our study highlights the role of chemical weathering in the illitization of smectite and their combined effect on the formation of Ti-oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody (Ab)-based imaging techniques rely on reagents whose performance may be application specific. Because commercial antibodies are validated for only a few purposes, users interested in other applications may have to perform extensive in-house antibody testing. Here, we present a novel application-specific proxy screening step to efficiently identify candidate antibodies for array tomography (AT), a serial section volume microscopy technique for high-dimensional quantitative analysis of the cellular proteome. To identify antibodies suitable for AT-based analysis of synapses in mammalian brain, we introduce a heterologous cell-based assay that simulates characteristic features of AT, such as chemical fixation and resin embedding that are likely to influence antibody binding. The assay was included into an initial screening strategy to generate monoclonal antibodies that can be used for AT. This approach simplifies the screening of candidate antibodies and has high predictive value for identifying antibodies suitable for AT analyses. In addition, we have created a comprehensive database of AT-validated antibodies with a neuroscience focus and show that these antibodies have a high likelihood of success for postembedding applications in general, including immunogold electron microscopy. The generation of a large and growing toolbox of AT-compatible antibodies will further enhance the value of this imaging technique.

Since dissipative processes are ubiquitous in semiconductors, characterizing how electronic and thermal energy transduce and transport at the nanoscale is vital for understanding and leveraging their fundamental properties. For example, in low-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), excess heat generation upon photoexcitation is difficult to avoid since even with modest injected exciton densities exciton-exciton annihilation still occurs. Both heat and photoexcited electronic species imprint transient changes in the optical response of a semiconductor, yet the distinct signatures of each are difficult to disentangle in typical spectra due to overlapping resonances. In response, we employ stroboscopic optical scattering microscopy (stroboSCAT) to simultaneously map both heat and exciton populations in few-layer MoS2 on relevant nanometer and picosecond length- and time scales and with 100-mK temperature sensitivity. We discern excitonic contributions to the signal from heat by combining observations close to and far from exciton resonances, characterizing the photoinduced dynamics for each. Our approach is general and can be applied to any electronic material, including thermoelectrics, where heat and electronic observables spatially interplay, and it will enable direct and quantitative discernment of different types of coexisting energy without recourse to complex models or underlying assumptions.

A new pore type, nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fracture was first discovered based on argon ion polishing-field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction by focused ion-scanning electron in combination with analysis of TOC, Ro values, X-ray diffraction etc. in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation shale in the Songliao Basin, NE China. Such pore characteristics and evolution study show that: (1) Organo-clay complex pore-fractures are developed in the shale matrix and in the form of spongy and reticular aggregates. Different from circular or oval organic pores discovered in other shales, a single organo-clay complex pore is square, rectangular, rhombic or slaty, with the pore diameter generally less than 200 nm. (2) With thermal maturity increasing, the elements (C, Si, Al, O, Mg, Fe, etc.) in organo-clay complex change accordingly, showing that organic matter shrinkage due to hydrocarbon generation and clay mineral transformation both affect organo-clay complex pore-fracture formation. (3) At high thermal maturity, the Qingshankou Formation shale is dominated by nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fractures with the percentage reaching more than 70% of total pore space. The spatial connectivity of organo-clay complex pore-fractures is significantly better than that of organic pores. It is suggested that organo-complex pore-fractures are the main pore space of laminar shale at high thermal maturity and are the main oil and gas accumulation space in the core area of continental shale oil. The discovery of nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fractures changes the conventional view that inorganic pores are the main reservoir space and has scientific significance for the study of shale oil formation and accumulation laws.

Abstract In the present work, we report on theoretical studies of thermodynamic properties, structural and dynamic stabilities, dependence of unit-cell parameters and elastic constants upon hydrostatic pressure, charge carrier effective masses, electronic and optical properties, contributions of interband transitions in the Brillouin zone of the novel Tl2HgGeSe4 crystal. The theoretical calculations within the framework of the density-functional perturbation theory (DFPT) are carried out employing different approaches to gain the best correspondence to the experimental data. The present theoretical data indicate the dynamical stability of the title crystal and they reveal that, under hydrostatic pressure, it is much more compressible along the a-axis than along the c-axis. Strikingly, the charge effective mass values ( $$m_{e}^{{^{*} }}$$ m e ∗ and $$m_{h}^{{^{*} }}$$ m h ∗ ) vary considerably when the high symmetry direction changes indicating a relative anisotropy of the charge-carrier’s mobility. Furthermore, the Young modulus and compressibility are characterized by the maximum and minimum values ( $$E^{max}$$ E max and $$E^{\min }$$ E min ) and ( $$\beta^{max}$$ β max and $$\beta^{\min }$$ β min ) that are equal to (62.032 and 28.812) GPa and (13.672 and 6.7175) TPa–1, respectively. Additionally, we have performed calculations of the Raman spectra (RS) and reached a good correspondence with the experimental RS spectra of the Tl2HgGeSe4 crystal. The XPES associated to RS constitutes powerful techniques to explore the oxidized states of Se and Ge in Tl2HgGeSe4 system.

Derived through liquid phase exfoliation, the irradiation response of nanoscale, exfoliated tin sulfide (SnS) systems are being reported in this work. The SnS nanosheets were exposed to 90MeV C6+ ion beams across fluences ranging from 1×1010 to 1×1013ions/cm2. With an electronic energy loss (Se) of ∼56eV/Å, dominating over the nuclear energy loss (Sn), the average crystallite size of the irradiated samples displayed an augment when compared to its pristine counterpart. Exhibiting an orthorhombic crystal structure, structural analyses of both pristine and irradiated samples were conducted via X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Raman analysis has manifested some modifications in the SnS nanosystem upon radiation exposure, particularly with higher fluences causing local structural disorder and amorphization of the material. Moreover, morphological changes in the irradiated SnS samples were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), with AFM images revealing an increase in the root mean square (RMS) roughness corresponding to ion fluence. Furthermore, swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation prompted a non-rectifying Ohmic I∼V characteristics and altered the electrical conductivity of the SnS nanosheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous catalysis is immensely important in the chemical industry. Understanding the molecular mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic processes is fundamental to the design of high‐performance catalysts and the development of energy conversion technology. Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) provides invaluable topographic and chemical information with nanometer‐scale spatial resolution, thus making it a promising tool for the in‐depth characterization of heterogeneous catalytic processes. In this perspective, we first introduce the background of heterogeneous catalysis and TERS, and then we systematically discuss the application of TERS in heterogeneous catalysis. Key insights related to catalyst configurations, catalytically active sites, reacting species, spillover of active species, and structure‐reactivity relationship were summarized. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future development in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen is one of the main constituents of mammalian extracellular matrix and is used extensively as a coating for tissue culture dishes and medical implants to promote cell growth and proliferation. By modulating the topography of the collagen coating at the nanometer to micrometer length scales, it is possible to achieve spatial control over cell growth and morphology. In this work, we are exploring the self-assembly of a thin collagen film on a glass substrate as a way to create new nanoscale surface features. By controlling the collagen concentration and adding an oscillatory flow, we are able to enrich the collagen film surface with a localized pattern of ripples oriented perpendicular to the flow direction. We propose that these ripples are the result of dewetting of the collagen film that leads to the formation of adjacent holes. We observe that individual holes form with an anisotropic rim due to the microstructure of the deposited collagen fibril network. This intrinsic anisotropy and the oscillatory flow yield new holes being formed in the film next to existing rims. As holes keep growing deeper, the rims extend along the flow direction, and the holes appear rectangular in shape, which gives the linear array of holes the apparent morphology of a ripple. Overall, we are able to create localized ripples at the surface of collagen films that would be difficult to produce via standard nanofabrication techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new pore type, nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fracture was first discovered based on argon ion polishing- field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction by focused ion-scanning electron in combination with analysis of TOC, Ro values, X-ray diffraction etc. in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation shale in the Songliao Basin, NE China. Such pore characteristics and evolution study show that: (1) Organo- clay complex pore-fractures are developed in the shale matrix and in the form of spongy and reticular aggregates. Different from circular or oval organic pores discovered in other shales, a single organo-clay complex pore is square, rectangular, rhombic or slaty, with the pore diameter generally less than 200 nm. (2) With thermal maturity increasing, the elements (C, Si, Al, O, Mg, Fe, etc.) in organo-clay complex change accordingly, showing that organic matter shrinkage due to hydrocarbon generation and clay mineral transformation both affect organo-clay complex pore-fracture formation. (3) At high thermal maturity, the Qingshankou Formation shale is dominated by nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fractures with the percentage reaching more than 70% of total pore space. The spatial connectivity of organo-clay complex pore-fractures is significantly better than that of organic pores. It is suggested that organo-complex pore-fractures are the main pore space of laminar shale at high thermal maturity and are the main oil and gas accumulation space in the core area of continental shale oil. The discovery of nano-scale organo-clay complex pore-fractures changes the conventional view that inorganic pores are the main reservoir space and has scientific significance for the study of shale oil formation and accumulation laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Adaptive Nano-Scale Sensor Network (ANSN) can quickly feel nanoscale surroundings. ANSN uses data in many scenarios to improve networks, consume less energy, and gain more accurate data. ANSI essentials are covered in detail here. This group has numerous parts. Making service better, collecting data with less energy, sending data with Q-learning, merging sensor data to increase accuracy, controlling power dynamically, and protecting data using AES are examples. Energy collection and sensor use are key to this effort. Academic research has proven that ANSN outperforms other techniques in several areas. Improvements include speed, security, latency, sensor accuracy, and network stability. With these changes, ANSN may be suitable for small wireless sensor networks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the morphology of ionic poly(dimethylsiloxane) silica nanocomposites of randomly grafted or chain-end-functionalized ionic PDMS melts using atomistic MD simulations. The localization of the charge alters the structure and dynamics of ionic PDMS chains near the nanosilica surface. The chain-end ionic PDMS obtains the largest dimensions, whereas the charge fraction of 10% of the random ionic copolymers leads to a contraction of PDMS chains. The charge fraction dramatically alters the dynamics of the ionic PDMS chains, although they reach the diffusive regime. An anisotropy of PDMS chain dynamics perpendicular and parallel to the nanosilica and an heterogeneity of PDMS dynamics from the nanosilica surface are observed for the longer randomly grafted and chain-end ionic PDMS chains. The longer randomly grafted ionic PDMS chains are strongly adsorbed in the vicinity of the nanosilica surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diamond nanoparticles represent an elegant class of nanoscale materials with promising applications in nanotechnology. Solid-state NMR is a powerful technique for investigating the atomic-level structure and dynamics of nanomaterials in their natural state. The present study illustrates the application of high-resolution 13C NMR to nanomaterials characterization, and the fundamental 13C spin–lattice relaxation times highlight the spatial arrangement of surface-associated paramagnetic centers around the core sp3 carbon assembly of diamond nanoparticles, delineating the unique size-dependent physicochemical characteristics of diamond nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies suggest that probabilistic spiking in biological neural systems is beneficial as it aids learning and provides Bayesian inference-like dynamics. If appropriately utilised, noise and stochasticity in nanoscale devices can benefit neuromorphic systems. In this paper, we build a stochastic leaky integrate and fire (LIF) neuron, utilising a Mott memristor's inherent stochastic switching dynamics. We demonstrate that the developed LIF neuron is capable of biological neural dynamics. We leverage these characteristics of the proposed LIF neuron by integrating it into a population-coded spiking neural network and a spiking restricted Boltzmann machine (sRBM), thereby showcasing its ability to implement probabilistic learning and inference. The sRBM achieves a software-comparable accuracy of 87.13%. Unlike CMOS-based probabilistic neurons, our design does not require any external noise sources. The designed neurons are highly energy efficient and ultra-compact, requiring only three components: a resistor, a capacitor and a memristor device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive microfabrication processes based on localized electroplating enable the one‐step deposition of micro‐scale metal structures with outstanding performance, e.g., high electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. They are therefore evaluated as an exciting and enabling addition to the existing repertoire of microfabrication technologies. Yet, electrochemical processes are generally restricted to conductive or semiconductive substrates, precluding their application in the manufacturing of functional electric devices where direct deposition onto insulators is often required. Here, the direct, localized electrodeposition of copper on a variety of insulating substrates, namely Al2O3, glass and flexible polyethylene, is demonstrated, enabled by electron‐beam‐induced reduction in a highly confined liquid electrolyte reservoir. The nanometer‐size of the electrolyte reservoir, fed by electrohydrodynamic ejection, enables a minimal feature size on the order of 200 nm. The fact that the transient reservoir is established and stabilized by electrohydrodynamic ejection rather than specialized liquid cells can offer greater flexibility toward deposition on arbitrary substrate geometries and materials. Installed in a low‐vacuum scanning electron microscope, the setup further allows for operando, nanoscale observation and analysis of the manufacturing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Electrolyte‐gated organic transistors (EGOTs) leveraging organic semiconductors' electronic and ionic transport characteristics are the key enablers for many biosensing and bioelectronic applications that can selectively sense, record, and monitor different biological and biochemical processes at the nanoscale and translate them into macroscopic electrical signals. Understanding such transduction mechanisms requires multiscale characterization tools to comprehensively probe local electrical properties and link them with device behavior across various bias points. Here, an automated scanning dielectric microscopy toolbox is demonstrated that performs operando in‐liquid scanning dielectric microscopy measurements on functional EGOTs and carries out extensive data analysis to unravel the evolution of local electrical properties in minute detail. This paper emphasizes critical experimental considerations permitting standardized, accurate, and reproducible data acquisition. The developed approach is validated with EGOTs based on blends of organic small molecule semiconductor and insulating polymer that work as accumulation‐mode field‐effect transistors. Furthermore, the degradation of local electrical characteristics at high gate voltages is probed, which is apparently driven by the destruction of local crystalline order due to undesirable electrochemical swelling of the organic semiconducting material near the source electrode edge. The developed approach paves the way for systematic probing of EGOT‐based technologies for targeted optimization and fundamental understanding.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the dynamical behavior of a Carbon atom under the forces of the two fullerenes in the circular restricted three-body (CR3B) configuration with nanoscale. Here, we assume that the mass of a Carbon atom varies according to the Jeans law, and then with the use of Meshcherskii transformation, we determine the equations of motion and quasi-Jacobian integral. Then by the use of numerical values of the parameters, we investigate the potential surfaces, equilibrium points, regions of motion, Poincaré surfaces of sections, periodic orbits, basins of attraction and stability of the equilibrium points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Gurtin–Murdoch surface/interface model and complex potential theory, by constructing a new conformal mapping function, the fracture behavior on n nano-cracks emanating from a n-polygon nano-hole under far-field anti-plane mechanical load, inplane electrical load and magnetic load is studied. The analytical solutions of stress intensity factor, electric displacement intensity factor and magnetic induction intensity factor at the crack tip are given under the boundary conditions of magnetoelectrically semi-permeable. In addition, numerical examples show that when considering the surface effect, the stress field intensity factor, electric displacement intensity factor and magnetic induction intensity factor have obvious size-dependence. The results of this paper show that when the defect size increases to a certain extent, the influence of the surface effect begins to decrease, and finally tends to the results of classical elastic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental work, a procedure was introduced to redisperse WO3 nanoparticles in NMP. The primary nanoparticles were non-dispersible in NMP and the method includes dissolving the nanoparticles into an appropriate solution and adding ethylene glycol as dispersing agent. The optimum temperature and drying time to obtain a transparent and high stable colloidal dispersion were achieved. The final product powder redispersed in NMP and spin-coated on glass substrates. The surface of the layers was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique was used to study the distribution, charge and zeta potential of the nanoparticles in the NMP matrix. Also, Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) of the sample after dispersing and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were taken. The results show a high stability of the final WO3 nanoparticles in NMP solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minerals and/or their compositions (substituted minor elements) can become metastable in changing conditions or if formed outside of equilibrium. Unstable minerals undergo chemical and/or structural modifications at rates determined by re-equilibration processes, such as diffusion, coupled dissolution-reprecipitation and recrystallization. However, re-equilibrated domains with sharp contacts that lack porosity or deformation microstructures are difficult to reconcile with previously documented processes. In this study, we investigate the mechanism by which Au-rich pyrite re-equilibrates to Au-poor pyrite. Gold and As-rich {1 0 0} oscillatory bands are truncated by Au-As-poor pyrite along {1 0 0} re-equilibration interfaces. At the nanoscale, dislocations oriented consistently along <1 0 0>, are enriched in Ni, As, Cu, Sb, Pb, and Au. Dislocations are located at the re-equilibration interfaces between the Au-As-rich and Au-As-poor pyrite. Quantitative crystallographic orientation maps do not show the presence of deformation-related boundaries along the re-equilibration interfaces, indicating that the dislocations are not deformation-related but are misfit dislocations to accommodate for lattice stain between As-rich and As-poor pyrite. The co-location of steps along the re-equilibration interfaces and dislocations suggests that pyrite can re-equilibrate by the migration of dislocations. The process is likely driven by lattice strain minimisation induced by As impurities. Element transport is achieved by a two step process with (1) capture of impurities by dislocation-impurity pair diffusion during the migration of dislocations and (2) pipe diffusion along the dislocation network towards the exterior of the crystal. We propose that re-equilibration of Au-rich arsenian pyrite, and the resulting remobilisation of Au, can operate through a dislocation-mediated interfacial re-equilibration (DMIR) process. This new mechanism may be active in a range of mineral reactions, particularly in metamorphic settings where limited fluid availability precludes interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigators seeking to solve the mystery of rock varnish formation have yet to embrace hypothesis testing. Thus, this paper presents nine tests that assess the validity of the eight hypotheses proposed over the last four decades to explain varnish formation. An almost singular focus on manganese (Mn)-enrichment by many in varnish research may have led to six of the eight hypotheses failing to explain iron (Fe)-enrichment, as well as why clay minerals dominate the composition of rock varnish. Many varnish researchers displayed a sampling bias by collecting samples only from hot and dry deserts; thus, it should be of no surprise that four hypotheses failed a test of explaining varnishes in different climates; five hypotheses failed to explain varnishes in subsurface locations; and seven hypotheses failed to explain differences in varnish growth rates in hot deserts versus wetter locations. In the end, seven of eight proposed hypotheses to explain varnish formation failed more than five tests, any one of which would falsify the hypothesis. Only one hypothesis "passed" all nine tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the potential applications of nanorobots in oncology, cardiology, neurology, respiratory medicine, and nephrology, emphasizing their role in precision drug delivery, cancer therapy, diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions, and disease management. Nanorobots perform particular tasks with great accuracy and precision. They are capable of sensing the environment, transmitting signals to technicians, processing information, and exhibiting intelligence at the nanoscale. They are utilized for treating various illnesses in medical specialties such as cardiology, respiratory, neurology, nephrology, and ophthalmology. Nanorobots can be primarily used in surgery. The material characteristics, such as non-toxicity and biocompatibility, are critical for their safe interaction within the human body. Furthermore, various insertion methods, including intravenous and intra-tumoral injections, are explored. Future advancements are anticipated to enhance multifunctionality, targeting specificity, and integration with artificial intelligence, leading to more autonomous and efficient nanorobots. The integration of nanorobots in medical practice could revolutionize healthcare by offering minimally invasive, highly precise, and personalized treatment options, significantly improving patient outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers are novel polymers with dynamic reversible bond exchange reactions for crosslinks, enabling them to modulate their properties between those of thermoplastics and thermosets. They have been gathering interest as materials for their recycling and self-healing properties. In this review, we discuss different molecular simulation efforts that have been used over the last decade to investigate and understand the nanoscale and molecular behaviors of covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers. In particular, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and a hybrid of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo approaches have been used to model the dynamic bond exchange reaction, which is the main mechanism of interest since it controls both the mechanical and rheological behaviors. The molecular simulation techniques presented yield sufficient results to investigate the structure and dynamics as well as the mechanical and rheological responses of such dynamic networks. The benefits of each method have been highlighted. The use of other tools such as theoretical models and machine learning has been included. We noticed, amongst the most prominent results, that stress relaxes as the bond exchange reaction happens, and that at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature, the self-healing properties are better since more bond BERs are observed. The lifetime of dynamic covalent crosslinks follows, at moderate to high temperatures, an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. We note the modeling of certain properties like the melt viscosity with glass transition temperature and the topology freezing transition temperature according to a behavior ruled by either the Williams–Landel–Ferry equation or the Arrhenius equation. Discrepancies between the behavior in dissociative and associative covalent adaptable networks are discussed. We conclude by stating which material parameters and atomistic factors, at the nanoscale, have not yet been taken into account and are lacking in the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have gained significant attention due to their excellent thermal stability and suitable band gap (~1.7 eV) for tandem solar cell applications. However, the defect‐induced non‐radiative recombination losses, low charge extraction efficiency, energy level mismatches, and so on render the fabrication of high‐efficiency inverted IPSCs remains challenging. Here, the use of 3‐amino‐5‐bromopyridine‐2‐formamide (ABF) in methanol was dynamically spin‐coated on the surface of CsPbI2.85Br0.15 film, which facilitates the limited etching of defect‐rich subsurface layer, resulting in the formation of vertical PbI2 nanosheet structures. This enabled localized contacts between the perovskite film and the electron transport layer, suppress the recombination of electron‐hole and beneficial to electron extraction. Additionally, the C=O and C=N groups in ABF effectively passivated the undercoordinated Pb2+ at grain boundaries and on the surface of CsPbI2.85Br0.15 film. Eventually, we achieved a champion efficiency of 20.80 % (certified efficiency of 20.02 %) for inverted IPSCs with enhanced stability, which is the highest value ever reported to date. Furthermore, we successfully prepared p‐i‐n type monolithic inorganic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (IPSTSCs) with an efficiency of 26.26 %. This strategy provided both fast extraction and efficient passivation at the electron‐selective interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycarboxylate (PCE) superplasticizers are the most important additive in concrete, which can effectively improve the workability of cement slurry. Different from the traditional regarding of PCEs as dispersants, here, we understand the PCEs as nano‐lubricants. By employing the molecular dynamics simulation, a sophisticated model was used to evaluate the interfacial friction between the C–S–H particles. The results reveal that the PCEs can reduce the interfacial friction between the C–S–H particles, and thus increase the fluidity of cement slurry. Further analyses infer the role of PCE segments in lubrication. The carboxylates on PCEs ensure the anchoring and hinder the separation of Ca ions. The side chains are used to lubricate the C–S–H surface, due to the weak adsorption between the side chains and the C–S–H surface. Predictably, this study not only provides a method to directly evaluate the performance of PCEs but also suggests new insights into the colloid dispersion of the low‐water content system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Pb0.96La0.04)(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.99O3 ceramics were successfully elaborated by the solid‐sate reaction method. The pure perovskite phase was obtained, comprising both rhombohedral (R3c) and orthorhombic (Pbam) crystallographic structures, as determined by x‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses. The rhombohedral and orthorhombic structures were carefully attributed to the ferroelectric (FE) and antiferroelectric (AFE) phases, respectively. The room temperature electromechanical performances of the samples were particularly investigated at the nanoscale level by using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). The measurement of PFM domain patterns evidenced spontaneous piezoelectric and ferroelectric activities as well as regions with no piezoresponse, in agreement with the coexistence of FE and AFE phases. By means of the spectroscopic mode of the PFM used in on‐ and off‐field methods, very specific piezoloops were recorded. Square‐shaped hysteresis loops for phase signal and butterfly‐like shape loops for amplitude activity were obtained under and at zero bias when probing ferroelectric regions, while on‐field piezoloops displaying double hysteresis for phase signal were detected and assigned to the stable antiferroelectric phase. Finally, the signature of metastable antiferroelectric phase was also identified through in‐field and remnant loops measurements. These results further provided the phases coexistence, concurrently unveiling intricate nanoscale electrical characteristics (both stable and metastable AFE behaviors) at room temperature. Furthermore, these data suggest that PFM proves to be a robust technique for investigating local antiferroelectricity in such complex ceramic oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]