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A variety of scattering-based, microscopy-based, and mobility-based methods are frequently used to probe the size distributions of colloidal nanoparticles with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) often considered to be the "gold standard". Charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS) is an alternative method for nanoparticle characterization that can rapidly measure the mass and charge of individual nanoparticle ions with high accuracy. Two low polydispersity, ∼100 nm diameter nanoparticle size standards with different compositions (polymethyl methacrylate/polystyrene copolymer and 100% polystyrene) were characterized using both TEM and CDMS to explore the merits and complementary aspects of both methods. Mass and diameter distributions are rapidly obtained from CDMS measurements of thousands of individual ions of known spherical shape, requiring less time than TEM sample preparation and image analysis. TEM image-to-image variations resulted in a ∼1-2 nm range in the determined mean diameters whereas the CDMS mass precision of ∼1% in these experiments leads to a diameter uncertainty of just 0.3 nm. For the 100% polystyrene nanoparticles with known density, the CDMS and TEM particle diameter distributions were in excellent agreement. For the copolymer nanoparticles with unknown density, the diameter from TEM measurements combined with the mass from CDMS measurements enabled an accurate measurement of nanoparticle density. Differing extents of charging for the two nanoparticle standards measured by CDMS show that charging is sensitive to nanoparticle surface properties. A mixture of the two samples was separated based on their different extents of charging despite having overlapping mass distributions centered at 341.5 and 331.0 MDa.

Despite advances in breast cancer treatment, there remains a need for local management of noninvasive, low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). These focal lesions are well suited for local intraductal treatment. Intraductal administration supported target site drug retention, improved efficacy, and reduced systemic exposure. Here, we used a poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide, pNIPAM) nanoparticle delivery system loaded with cytotoxic piplartine and an MAPKAP Kinase 2 inhibitor (YARA) for this purpose. For tumor environment targeting, a collagen-binding peptide SILY (RRANAALKAGELYKSILYGSG-hydrazide) was attached to pNIPAM nanoparticles, and the nanoparticle diameter, zeta potential, drug loading, and release were assessed. The system was evaluated for cytotoxicity in a 2D cell culture and 3D spheroids. In vivo efficacy was evaluated using a chemical carcinogenesis model in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Nanoparticle delivery significantly reduced the IC50 of piplartine (4.9 times) compared to the drug in solution. The combination of piplartine and YARA in nanoparticles further reduced the piplartine IC50 (~15 times). Treatment with these nanoparticles decreased the in vivo tumor incidence (5.2 times). Notably, the concentration of piplartine in mammary glands treated with nanoparticles (35.3 ± 22.4 μg/mL) was substantially higher than in plasma (0.7 ± 0.05 μg/mL), demonstrating targeted drug retention. These results indicate that our nanocarrier system effectively reduced tumor development with low systemic exposure.

The popularity of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in drug delivery systems has grown as their innate ability to sequester and release charged molecules makes them adept in the controlled release of therapeutics. However, peptide therapeutics have been relegated to synthetic, polymeric systems, despite their high specificity and efficacy as therapeutics because they are rapidly degraded in vivo when not encapsulated. We present a GAG-based nanoparticle system for the easy encapsulation of cationic peptides, which offers control over particle diameter, peptide release behavior, and swelling behavior, as well as protection from proteolytic degradation, using a singular, organic polymer and no covalent linkages. These nanoparticles can encapsulate cargo with a particle diameter range spanning 130-220 nm and can be tuned to release cargo over a pH range of 4.5 to neutral through the modulation of the degree of sulfation and the molecular weight of the GAG. This particle system also confers better in vitro performance than the unencapsulated peptide via protection from enzymatic degradation. This method provides a facile way to protect therapeutic peptides via the inclusion of the presented binding sequence and can likely be expanded to larger, more diverse cargo as well, abrogating the complexity of previously demonstrated systems while offering broader tunability.

Magnesium chloride is a magnesium resource that is widely present in seawater and salt lakes. Therefore, the use of magnesium chloride is of great significance for the low-cost preparation of high-performance magnesium materials. In this work, mechanical ball milling was used for the preparation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from magnesium chloride. Ball milling improves the unevenness of the reaction process and generates magnesium oxide with a more uniform particle size distribution. First, a magnesium chloride complex was obtained by heating and evaporating a mixture of magnesium chloride and ethanol with a mass ratio of 1:2 at 110 °C. Next, pure magnesium hydroxide with a smaller crystal size was obtained by ball milling the prepared magnesium chloride complex with calcium hydroxide at 600 rpm for 3 h. Finally, the magnesium hydroxide was calcined at 1000 °C for 60 min to obtain nano magnesium oxide particles with a particle size of 670 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urological cancers including those of the prostate, bladder, and kidney, are prevalent and often lethal malignancies besides other less common ones like testicular and penile cancers. Current treatments have major limitations like side effects, recurrence, resistance, high costs, and poor quality of life. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions through enhanced diagnostic accuracy, targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and multimodal imaging. This review reflects clinical challenges and nanomedical advances across major urological cancers. In prostate cancer, nanoparticles improve delineation and radiosensitization in radiation therapy, enable fluorescent guidance in surgery, and enhance chemotherapy penetration in metastatic disease. Nanoparticles also overcome bladder permeability barriers to increase the residence time of intravesical therapy and chemotherapy agents. In renal cancer, nanocarriers potentiate tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy while gene vectors and zinc oxide nanoparticles demonstrate antiproliferative effects. Across modalities, urological applications of nanomedicine include polymeric, liposomal, and metal nanoparticles for targeted therapy, prodrug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and thermal ablation. Biosafety assessments reveal favorable profiles but clinical translation remains limited, necessitating further trials. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds significant potential for earlier detection, precise intervention, and tailored treatment of urological malignancies, warranting expanded research to transform patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnAl2O4 and CuAl2O4 spinel nanoparticles were prepared by a modified Pechini method and used with the natural chitosan (CS) and shellac (SH) polymers to form novel composite membranes as promising food packaging materials. The selection of ZnAl2O4 and CuAl2O4 spinel nanoparticles was based on their antibacterial characteristics, availability, and economy. Using a straightforward and adaptable solution mixing and casting method, the bio-composites were created. The mechanical, physical, antibacterial, homogeneity and air permeability properties of composite films were investigated. The film structure was evaluated in terms of component interactions using FTIR spectra. The addition of 10% SH increased the tensile strength, percentage strain at maximum load, Young's modulus, and burst strength by 114–101%, 3.6–8.4, 103–119, and 179–153% for low and middle M.wt./CS respectively. Chitosan/shellac-CuAl2O4 composite has superior properties compared to ZnAl2O4 composite. In general, 0.05% spinel provides a composite having better qualities than that of 0.1 additions. Middle M.wt. chitosan provides a composite with superior properties compared to that of low M.wt. The incorporation of ZnAl2O4 or CuAl2O4 enhanced the thermal stability of the SH/CS composite. ZnAl2O4 provides superior thermal stability than CuAl2O4. When shellac/CS film structure is treated with the previously indicated ZnAl2O4 or CuAl2O4 formulation, the % swelling decreases along with an increasing in the gel fraction. The antimicrobial assessment using inhibition zone diameter and shake flask methods showed that a composite of 1:9 shellac/chitosan/0.05% of CuAl2O4 exerted the highest Gram-positive antibacterial activity against B. mycoides (21 mm), and C. albicans (22 mm). So, these enhancements make chitosan/shellac/ZnAl2O4 or CuAl2O4 composite films a good alternative to producing food packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nafion is a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer that has been widely used as a membrane material for various applications, such as fuel cells, batteries, and sensors. Nafion has some unique properties that make it suitable for biosensing, such as high ionic conductivity, biocompatibility, chemical stability, and perm selectivity. Nafion can also act as an immobilization matrix for enzymes, antibodies, DNA molecules, and other biomolecules, enhancing their stability and activity on the electrode surface. In this review, we summarize the recent advances and applications of nafion based biosensors for the detection of various analytes, such as glucose, lactate, hydrogen peroxide, DNA, urea, and dopamin. We also discuss the incorporation of nanoparticles into nafion based biosensors, as they can form synergistic interactions that can improve the biocompatibility, stability, selectivity, and sensitivity of the biosensor. We highlight the different transduction methods employed by nafion based biosensors, such as electrochemical, electro chemiluminescence, or electrical impedance. Finally, we outline the challenges and opportunities for future research on nafion based biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carefully designed C and S co doped Co 2 VO 4 /CoP heterojunction strategy was constructed using a synergistic approach of hydrothermal and vapor deposition. This strategy requires the synergistic improvement of thermodynamic performance by adjusting electronic structure and nanoscale kinetic improvements, resulting in efficient dual functionality for seawater decomposition. [Display omitted] The endeavor to architect bifunctional electrocatalysts that exhibit both exceptional activity and durability heralds an era of boundless potential for the comprehensive electrolysis of seawater, an aspiration that, nevertheless, poses a substantial challenge. Within this work, we describe the precise engineering of a three-dimensional interconnected nanoparticle system named S C doped Co 2 VO 4 /CoP (S C Co 2 VO 4), achieved through a meticulously arranged hydrothermal treatment sequence followed by gas-phase carbonization and phosphorization. The resulting S C Co 2 VO 4 electrode exhibits outstanding bifunctional electrocatalytic stability, attributed to the strategic anionic doping and abundant heterogeneous interfaces. Doping not only adjusts the electronic structure, enhancing electron transfer efficiency but also optimizes the surface-active sites. This electrode prodigiously necessitated an extraordinarily minimal overpotential of merely 92 and 350 mV to attain current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm−2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively, in 1 M KOH solution. Noteworthily, when integrated into an electrolyzer for the exhaustive splitting of seawater, the S C P-Co 2 VO 4 manifested an exceptionally low cell voltage of 2.08 V@50 mA cm−2 and showcased a durability that eclipses that of most hitherto documented nickel-based bifunctional materials. Further elucidation through Density Functional Theory (DFT) analyses underscored that anion doping and the inherent heterostructure adeptly optimize the Gibbs free energy of intermediates comprising hydrogen, chlorine, and oxygen (manifested as OH, O, OOH) within the HER and OER paradigms, thus propelling the electrochemical kinetics of seawater splitting to unprecedented velocities. These revelations unfurl a pioneering design philosophy for the creation of cost-effective yet superior catalysts aimed at the holistic division of water molecules, charting a course towards the realization of efficient and sustainable hydrogen production methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In consideration of the important influence of gut microbiota on colorectal cancer (CRC) development and host immune system, regulating microbiota and intestinal environment can be an assisting approach to CRC treatment. To remodel tumor microenvironment, the anti‐CRC molecular targeting drug regorafenib (REG)‐encapsulating nanoparticle (UIRN) is constructed with the amphiphilic inulin‐ursodeoxycholic acid conjugate. UIRN increases the intra‐tumoral concentration and accumulation time of REG. In the CT26 tumor‐bearing mouse model, the relative abundance of probiotics and short‐chain fatty acid concentrations in colon are upregulated after treatment with UIRN, with decreased proportion of pro‐tumoral bacteria. Combining gut microbiota modulation and the function of REG to induce polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages toward the M1‐type, UIRN conquers immunosuppression and enhances anti‐tumor immunity. UIRN not only efficiently controls tumor progression alone but also exhibits adjuvant effects to chemotherapy and immunotherapy agents. The microbiota‐regulating and tumor‐suppressing functions of UIRN also work in the colitis‐associated CRC model. With good biosafety, UIRN displays hopeful application prospects in CRC therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there have been remarkable advances in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the prognosis remains poor in those with advanced stage and more effective therapeutic options are urgently needed. Lenvatinib (Len), a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is an emerging molecular targeted agent for HCC, whose immunomodulatory activities have been investigated. However, Len utilization is limited because of its low metabolic stability, poor bioavailability and dose-dependent toxicity, rendering its direct use insufficient for immune modulation. Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, which are drug-targeted delivery platforms for on-demand drug release, facilitate deeper and uniform tumour penetration, providing alternative solutions to overcome current limitations. Ultrasound (US) exhibits superior tissue penetration abilities and can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tumour site to treat deeper tumours. In addition, US serves as an excellent and selective drug delivery mediator for tumour treatment. Herein, we designed US-triggered lenvatinib nanoparticles (Len-RNPs) for selective drug delivery that utilize US-triggered ROS to induce in situ oxidation reactions, resulting in nanoparticle disintegration. Len-RNPs mitigate the toxicity of Len and effectively trigger robust systemic anti-tumour immune responses in a H22 tumour model, resulting in a tumour suppression rate of 95.7%, with 60% of mice being cured. Our study elucidates a novel and precise strategy of combining Len and US therapy for enhanced HCC immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the lubrication performance of a nano-TiO2 oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion during the hot rolling process. A series of O/W emulsions with varying concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.%) were synthesized. Tribological tests were conducted under a load of 70 N for 10 minutes to determine the optimal concentration based on anti-frictional properties. The O/W nano-emulsion optimized with a 0.1 wt.% concentration of TiO2 applied in the hot rolling process of IS 2062 E250 grade steel. This application resulted in a reduction of rolling force (RF) and surface roughness, suggesting its potential as an alternative lubricant. The results indicated superior antifriction performance at a TiO2 concentration of 0.1 wt.%, leading to a 15% reduction in RF. Additionally, the use of the nano-emulsion contributed to a significant reduction in oxide scale formation. Surface roughness measurements of the rolled samples revealed a 19% decrease, with a roughness value of 2.125 µm, compared to samples rolled with a nano-free O/W emulsion. These findings suggest that nano-TiO2 O/W emulsions could serve as an effective alternative to conventional O/W emulsions in future industrial metalworking applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the production of pyrolyzed oil in lab scale plant and its possible use in variable speed diesel engine with nanoparticle and secondary fuel oxy-hydrogen gas is investigated. The pyrolyzed oil is produced from waste tires in lab scale plant, and after its distillation, it is blended with neat diesel in the proportion of 20:80 (TDF). The different testing fuels are prepared by mixing nanoparticle CeO2 (NP) at the concentrations 50 ppm and 100 ppm with blended fuel (named as TDF-NP50 and TDF-NP100). While in the testing phase, the HHO gas is supplied through specially designed venturi at fixed flow rate (fuel designated as TDF-NP50-HHO and TDF-NP100-HHO). The focus of current investigation is to investigate the combined impact of inducting HHO with nanoparticle mixed pyrolyzed blends on engine performance and emissions characteristics. The pyrolyzed blended fuel deteriorate the BTE, BSFC, emissions of HC and NOx while improves the CO emission. The improvement in all the characteristics can be achieved by introducing CeO2 nanoparticle at 50 ppm and 100 ppm which improves BTE by 15–24%, BSFC by 2.2–4.2%, HC by 8–18%, CO by 7–12%, and NOx by 7–16%. The further improvement can be achieved by inducting HHO gas, which are BTE 11%, BSFC 5–8%, HC 15%, and CO 13–16%. However, the NOx emission is increased by 14–17%. Hence, the waste tire-derived pyrolyzed oil along with green hydrogen and nanoparticles CeO2 can be used as a sustainable transportation fuel in existing CI engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the function and composition of the protein corona (i.e., the set of host proteins interacting with nanoparticles) is considered a crucial step in the development of nanoparticles for medical and pharmacological applications. Evidence suggests that host proteins can alter NP stability, biocompatibility, and pharmacokinetics features. Therefore, in this review, we provide an updated conceptual, methodological, and experimental guideline for the study of the NP protein corona. We surveyed recent literature (2009–2024) focusing on in vitro and in vivo studies. We show that several methods, including shot-gun proteomics, protein identification after in-gel digestion, and TMT proteomics, must be carefully applied and integrated to shed light on this complex phenomenon. Hence, we discuss in detail the relative protocols, highlighting the importance of the experimental conditions, ranging from the administration route to basic, but determinant, parameters like the kind of biological host fluids, the incubation times and the NP concentrations. Additionally, we propose a series of protocols that involve studying the protein corona using purified serum or plasma proteins, as well as sera depleted of specific complement proteins, to investigate the role of their deposition on the nanoparticle surface. We also explore how the role of the protein corona in inducing uptake by phagocytic cells can be examined; finally, we discuss several methodological approaches to study the effects of different coatings on the composition of the protein corona. Available data indicated that it is possible to characterize and punctually study the differential adsorption of specific proteins onto the nanoparticle surface. This allows designing NP chemical coatings features to actively guide the protein corona formation, thus improving nanotheranostic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomedicine holds great potential for revolutionizing medical treatment. Ongoing research and advancements in nanotechnology are continuously expanding the possibilities, promising significant advancements in healthcare. To fully harness the potential of nanotechnology in medical applications, it is crucial to conduct safety evaluations for the nanomedicines that offer effective benefits in the preclinical stage. Our recent efficacy studies indicated that rapamycin perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticles showed promise in mitigating cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). As cisplatin is routinely administered to ovarian cancer patients as their first-line chemotherapy, in this study, we focused on evaluating the safety of rapamycin PFC nanoparticles in mice bearing ovarian tumor xenografts. Specifically, this study evaluated the effects of repeat-dose rapamycin PFC nanoparticle treatment on vital organs, the immune system, and tumor growth and assessed pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Our results indicated that rapamycin PFC nanoparticle treatment did not cause any detectable adverse effects on cardiac, renal, or hepatic functions or on splenocyte populations, but it reduced the splenocyte secretion of IL-10, TNFα, and IL12p70 upon IgM stimulation. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution results revealed a significant enhancement in the delivery of rapamycin to tumors by rapamycin PFC nanoparticles, which, in turn, led to a significant reduction in ovarian tumor growth. Therefore, rapamycin PFC nanoparticles have the potential to be clinically beneficial in cisplatin-treated ovarian cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of so-called hybrid nanomaterials has been widely developed in terms of functional and morphological complexity. However, the specific control of the arrangement of organic and inorganic species, which determines the properties of the final material, still remains a challenge. This article offers a review of the strategies that have been used for the preparation of polymer–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles and nanocapsules via processes involving miniemulsions. Different polymer–inorganic nanostructures are classified into four main groups according to the sequential order followed between the synthesis of the polymer and the inorganic species, and the presence or not of their counterpart precursors. The minimization of the energy of the system governs the self-assembly of the different material components and can be addressed by the miniemulsion formulation to reduce the interfacial tensions between the phases involved. The state of the art in the preparation of hybrid nanoparticles is reviewed, offering insight into the structural possibilities allowed by miniemulsion as a versatile synthetic technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New approaches to treat autoimmune diseases are needed, and we can be inspired by mechanisms in immune tolerance to guide the design of these approaches. Efferocytosis, the process of phagocyte-mediated apoptotic cell (AC) disposal, represents a potent tolerogenic mechanism that we could draw inspiration from to restore immune tolerance to specific autoantigens. ACs engage multiple avenues of the immune response to redirect aberrant immune responses. Two such avenues are: phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the cell and engaging the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. We incorporated these two avenues into one acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticle (MP) for evaluation in vitro. First phosphatidylserine (PS) was incorporated into Ace-DEX MPs and evaluated for cellular association and mediators of cell tolerance including IL-10 production and M2 associated gene expression when particles were cultured with peritoneal macrophages (PMacs). Further PS Ace-DEX MPs were evaluated as an agent to suppress LPS stimulated PMacs. Then, AhR agonist 2-(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) was incorporated into Ace-DEX MPs and expression of M2 and IL-10 genes was evaluated in PMacs. Further the ITE and PS Ace-DEX MPs (PS/ITE MPs) were evaluated for suppression of T cell priming and Th1 polarization. Our results indicate that the PS/ITE-MPs stimulated anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and suppressed inflammation following LPS stimulation of PMacs. Moreover, PS/ITE MPs induced the anti-inflammatory enzyme IDO1 and suppressed macrophage-mediated T cell priming and Th1 polarization. These findings suggest that PS and ITE-loaded Ace-DEX MPs could be a promising therapeutic tool for suppressing inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Felodipine, a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension, is a BCS Class II drug characterized by low solubility, high permeability and significant hepatic metabolism, which limits its bioavailability to 15 %. This study focuses on improving the bioavailability of Felodipine by developing oral fast-dissolving films (OFDFs) incorporating lipid nanoparticles. Felodipine loaded lipid nanoparticles were prepared using glyceryl monooleate (GMO) as lipid and Poloxamer 407 as the surfactant, and then incorporated into OFDFs using the solvent casting technique. A Box-Behnken design with Design Expert Stat-Ease® 360 was used to evaluate the impact of GMO, Poloxamer 407 concentration, and sonication time on particle size and entrapment efficiency. The resulting nanoparticle dispersions had particle sizes ranging from 74.92 nm to 112.1 nm and entrapment efficiencies between 80.43 % and 95.23 %. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed successful drug encapsulation. The OFDF showed optimal mechanical properties, disintegration within (41.33 ± 3.51) s, and an in-vitro drug release of (89.82 ± 2.75) % in 6 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a smooth, uniform, porous surface and the films remained stable for three months. The study concludes that Felodipine loaded lipid nanoparticles in fast-dissolving OFDFs improve permeability, dissolution, and onset of action, making them a promising approach for antihypertensive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to efficiently genetically modify plant species is crucial, driving the need for innovative technologies in plant biotechnology. Existing plant genetic transformation systems include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, biolistics, protoplast-based methods, and nanoparticle techniques. Despite these diverse methods, many species exhibit resistance to transformation, limiting the applicability of most published methods to specific species or genotypes. Tissue culture remains a significant barrier for most species, although other barriers exist. These include the infection and regeneration stages in Agrobacterium, cell death and genomic instability in biolistics, the creation and regeneration of protoplasts for protoplast-based methods, and the difficulty of achieving stable transformation with nanoparticles. To develop species-independent transformation methods, it is essential to address these transformation bottlenecks. This review examines recent advancements in plant biotechnology, highlighting both new and existing techniques that have improved the success rates of plant transformations. Additionally, several newly emerged plant model systems that have benefited from these technological advancements are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing high-efficiency, high-stability, and low-cost deoxygenation and hydrocracking catalysts could be considered one of the most significant breakthroughs in catalytic hydroprocessing. The present study utilized aluminophosphate (AlPO4-18), a zeolite-like molecular sieve, as catalyst support for producing carbon-coated β-Mo2C, Ni3C, and WC nanoparticles. The synthesis used an incipient wetness impregnation followed by a temperature-programmed reduction-carburization approach which involved cracking a hydrocarbon gas, propane, in a hydrogen environment. The synthesis parameters were a 1:7 propane/hydrogen reductive-carburizing gas stream, 15 wt.% metal loading, an 800 °C carburization temperature ramped-up at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1, a 2-h holding time, and a 1-h holding time in hydrogen. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using thermogravimetry mass spectroscopy/temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO TG-MS), nitrogen physisorption at 77 K, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM EDS). TPO TG-MS, nitrogen physisorption, TEM, and XRD characterization results proved that atomic carbon was successfully incorporated into the lattice interstitials, resulting in thermally stable, well-dispersed, crystalline and mesoporous β-Mo2C/AlPO4-18, Ni3C/AlPO4-18, and WC/AlPO4-18 nanoparticles. XRD analysis showed structural evolution during reduction-carburization, with average crystallite sizes of metal-containing particles of 8.2–9.22, 6.64–8.50, and 6.03–7.56 nm for β-Mo2C/AlPO4-18, Ni3C/AlPO4-18, and WC/AlPO4-18, respectively. These values did not significantly deviate from high-resolution TEM analysis. The surface areas of the nanoparticles were categorized in decreasing order as WC/AlPO4-18 > Ni3C/AlPO4-18 > β-Mo2C/AlPO4-18, with values of 193.79, 169.05, and 66.57 m2 g−1, respectively. In conclusion, these carbon-coated metal carbide nanoparticles with excellent thermal, structural, microscopic, and textural properties can be viable alternatives to noble metal catalysts for producing bio-jet fuel using the hydroprocessing pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papermaking, packaging, and printing industry are actively seeking sustainable material alternatives to address growing concerns about environmental consciousness and finite resources. Synthetic latex, a frequently utilized binder in paper coating formulations, present difficulties due to their dependence on fossil fuel resources and their reduced recyclability in comparison to eco‐friendly sustainable products. In this study, synthetic latex was replaced with a starch‐based nanoparticle (starch NP) binder at a 1:1 ratio in a coating formulation. Printing trials to assess colorimetric characteristics was made using electrophotography (EP) printing, given the current upward trajectory and expansion of EP technology into the label, packaging, and folding carton sectors. The in‐depth investigations reveal that incorporating starch NP binder result in improved optical, color, and dot characteristics. Moreover, it maintains consistent and comparable coefficients of friction. Partial replacement of synthetic latex with the starch NP binder yields significant enhancements in surface roughness and text quality. Importantly, the starch NP binder not only improves the dielectric relaxation properties of the paper and enhances toner transfer but also accelerates the distribution of the electrical field compared to synthetic latex, optimizing toner transfer and thereby enhancing color gamut volume. The study demonstrates that employing the starch NP binder leads to substantial improvements in colorimetric performance without any drawbacks in EP printing, making it highly advantageous to replace 50% of the synthetic binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic nanocrystals, particularly those composed of conjugated molecules, hold immense potential for various applications. However, their practical utility is often hindered by the challenge of achieving stable aqueous dispersions, which are essential for biological compatibility and effective delivery. This study introduces a novel and versatile strategy for preparing stable aqueous organic nanocrystals using a modified reprecipitation method. We demonstrate the broad applicability of this approach by successfully preparing a diverse library of nanocrystals from 27 conjugated molecules. Our findings reveal a charge-balanced aggregation mechanism for nanocrystal formation, highlighting the crucial role of surface charge in controlling particle size and stability. Based on this mechanism, we establish a comprehensive molecular combination strategy that directly links molecular properties to colloidal behaviour, enabling the straightforward prediction and preparation of stable aqueous dispersions without the need for excipients. This strategy provides a practical workflow for tailoring the functionality of these nanocrystals for a wide range of applications. To illustrate their therapeutic potential, we demonstrate the enhanced efficacy of these nanocrystals in treating acute ulcerative colitis, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and cancer in mouse models. This work paves the way for developing next-generation nanomaterials with tailored functionalities for diverse biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • Bridging Disciplines: This research bridges crystal engineering and colloid science by achieving aqueous stability of organic nanocrystals. • New Design Rules: Charge-balanced aggregation links molecular properties to colloidal behaviour for stable nanocrystals. • Predictive Strategy: A strategy for identifying suitable molecular combinations for aqueous organic nanocrystals. • Practical Workflow: A practical workflow for preparing diverse aqueous organic nanocrystals. • Functional Control & Applications: Diverse molecular combinations enable control over nanocrystal functionality for bioapplications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study summarizes the current available literature regarding the viability of MCF7 breast cancer cells treated with gold (Au), silver (Ag) or zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles at varying doses for 48 h. The data for this study were obtained from diverse research articles published between 2013 and 2023 using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. The evaluation focused on 20 PRISMA-compliant articles concerning MCF7 cells, yielding 137 outcome measures for meta-analysis. A generalized linear mixed model meta-analysis approach was employed to glean insights into the effects of novel nanoparticles on MCF7 breast cancer cells. The analysis covered a wide range of concentrations: Ag nanoparticles from 1.25 to 1,000 µg/ml, Au nanoparticles from 50 to 150 µg/ml, and ZnO nanoparticles from 1 to 1,000 µg/ml. Both intra-nanoparticle and inter-nanoparticle comparisons were conducted to detect differences. The findings showed that when concentrations reached or exceeded 60 µg/ml, considerable variation of cell viability was observed: Treatment with Ag nanoparticles resulted in cell viability ranging from 9 to 45%, ZnO nanoparticles resulted in cell viability ranging from 20 to 40%, and Au nanoparticles resulted in cell viability ranging from 3 to 58%. These findings indicated the signifi- cance of thoroughly exploring nanoparticle dosage to acquire a comprehensive understanding of their influence on cell viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic atomistic simulations of oblique collisions between spherical crystalline, 6H and 3C, and amorphous SiC nanoparticles (NPs) are performed in the bouncing and fragmentation regimes for the particles with diameters from 8 nm to 30 nm, impact velocities from 100 ms−1 to 5000 ms−1, and in the whole range of the geometric impact parameter. The critical sticking velocity of 6H-SiC NPs reduces from ∼490 ms−1 to ∼150 ms−1 when the NP diameter increases from 10 nm to 30 nm. Below the melting threshold, the collision of crystalline NPs induces the formation of localized zones of densified material, while the remaining parts of NPs are not affected by plastic deformations. The impact of amorphous NPs results in the plastic deformation of significant parts of the NP material and much larger irreversible losses of mechanical energy. The post-collision translational and rotational velocities of crystalline NPs as well as coefficients of restitution (CORs) demonstrate weak dependence on the NP size if the NP diameter is greater than 20 nm. At constant impact velocity, the normal COR only marginally varies for head-on and oblique collisions, when the collision angle is smaller than ∼53°. The tangential center-of-mass and point-of-contact CORs, as functions of the impact parameter, demonstrate extremal behavior with the minima at collision angles from ∼27° to ∼37°. The normal COR exhibits a linear decay as a function of the impact velocity where the slope coefficient is different below and above the melting threshold. The tangential CORs attain the minimum values at the impact velocity of ∼300 ms−1. The obtained results are summarized in the form of fitting equations for CORs as functions of the impact parameter and velocity, which can be readily used to predict the post-collision translational and angular velocities of NPs in large-scale simulations of granular gas flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Monodisperse nanoparticles of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) polymers, copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB), are synthesized using a membrane-assisted emulsion encapsulation and evaporation process for biomedical resorbable adhesives. The precise control over the diameter of these PHA particles, ranging from 100 nm to 8 μm, is achieved by adjusting the diameter of emulsion or the PHA concentration. Mechanical properties of the particles can be tailored based on the 3HB to 4HB ratio and molecular weight, primarily influenced by the level of crystallinity. These monodisperse PHA particles in solution serve as adhesives for hydrogel systems, specifically those based on poly(N , N -dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA). Semi-crystalline PHA nanoparticles exhibit stronger adhesion energy than their amorphous counterparts. Due to their self-adhesiveness, adhesion energy increases even when those PHA nanoparticles form multilayers between hydrogels. Furthermore, as they degrade and are resorbed into the body, the PHA nanoparticles demonstrate efficacy in in vivo wound closure, underscoring their considerable impact on biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides insights into the phenomenon of surface photoemission from metal nanoparticles, considering the excitation of Localized Plasma Resonance (LPR). LPR induces significant changes in electron density and electric field, resulting in enhanced photoemission compared to macroscopic structures. Theoretical formulations, including expressions for photoemission probability, are elucidated, enabling a deeper understanding of the process. Practical implications are discussed, emphasizing the development of optoelectronic devices and efficient photodetectors using nanoparticles. Results demonstrate the spectral dependence of photoemission probability and current, high-lighting the suitability of materials like copper for nanoparticle-based applications. The study con-tributes to optimizing nanoplasmonics effects and expands the material choices for efficient photoemission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleogel technology has grown into a substantial research area over the past decade and development through a body of scientific patents and publications. Despite many exciting improvements in structural mechanisms and system development, promoting this technology from a laboratory study into an industrial production is not an easy task. Successful commercialization is predicated on the oleogel being able to adequately replace the various roles played by conventional plastic fats in complex food systems. To this end, certain inevitable limitations, such as poor plasticity, low structural stability, and intricate production procedures, need to be addressed first. This review gives the freedom‐spaces available for product developments and provides a deeper understanding for researchers in the oleogel technology combining both sides of patents and literatures. An insight analysis regarding research trends, hot topics, influences, and technology life cycle of current inventions has been conducted. Current structural strategies, formulations, and implementation scales are also discussed. Finally, future perspectives on the technology are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral diseases are often associated with bacterial and fungal pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. This research explored a novel approach to addressing these pathogens by synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) coated with rutin (RT), a plant‐derived compound. The synthesized ZnO‐RT NPs were comprehensively characterized using UV‐Vis spectrophotometer, SEM, and EDAX techniques to confirm their structural composition. The antioxidant potential was assessed through free radical scavenging assays. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of ZnO‐RT NPs was evaluated using a zone of inhibition assay against oral pathogens. Molecular docking studies with the Autodock tool were performed to elucidate the interactions between RT and the receptors of oral pathogens. The findings demonstrated that ZnO‐RT NPs exhibited robust free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, they showed significant antimicrobial activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 40 μg/mL against oral pathogens. ZnO‐RT NPs also displayed dose‐dependent anticancer effects on human oral cancer cells at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL. Mechanistic insights into the anticancer activity on KB cells revealed the upregulation of apoptotic genes. This study underscores the promising potential of ZnO‐RT NPs for dental applications due to their strong antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties. These nanoparticles offer a hopeful prospect for addressing oral pathogen challenges and enhancing overall oral health. Summary: Zinc oxide‐tutin nanoparticle (ZnO‐RT NPs) exhibited robust free radical scavenging activity.It showed significant antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.ZnO‐RT NPs also displayed dose‐dependent anticancer effects on human oral cancer cells.Mechanism action of ZnO‐RT NPs revealed the upregulation of apoptotic genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topical therapy with rifampicin (RF)-based formulations is beneficial for treating postoperative wound infections and to accelerate healing. Despite recent research highlighting the antibiotic's significant anti-inflammatory properties, limited topical wound healing products are currently available. The present study aimed to prove that the newly synthesized nanoparticles based on grafted alginate and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (pNVCL) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) contribute to the healing process of a wound. The methods used were at first the synthesis of the copolymer of alginate and pNVCL via grafting from technique and radical polymerization followed by water-in-oil-in water (W/O/W) emulsification; as oil phase PLGA dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) was used. The formed nanoparticles were than characterized. The loaded RF was determined to be 160 µg/mL for a 20 mg formulation and within a four-hour time frame approximately 10% of the total loaded amount was released. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 192.1 µg/mL for the nanoparticle, 208.8 µg/mL for pure rifampicin, and 718.1 µg/mL for the rifampicin-loaded nanoparticles. Considering the double role rifampicin was used for, the result was considered satisfactory in the way that these formulations could be used predominantly for postoperative wound irrigation in order to avoid infections and to improve healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms are a severe problem for public health because of the contributing recurrence of infections. Therefore, combating biofilms is a critical issue. In our study, we loaded zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc oxide borax (ZnOBorax), zinc copper oxide (ZnCuO2) nanoparticles and borax into bacterial cellulose (BC) to impart anti-biofilm and wound healing activity. The prepared BC loaded with nanoparticles (BC–NPs) was analysed via scanning electron microscopy. The nanoparticles' geometric structure and placement in BC fibres were observed. We evaluated the biofilm inhibition and biofilm degradation activities of the BC–NPs against some pathogens via a crystal violet (CV) assay and XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2 H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay. The effects of BC–NPs on cell proliferation and wound-healing ability were analysed in L929 cell line. BC–NPs exhibited better biofilm degradation activity than biofilm inhibition activity. According to the results of the CV assay, BC–ZnONPs, BC–Borax and BC–ZnOBoraxNPs inhibited 65.53%, 71.74% and 66.60% of biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. BC–ZnCuO2NPs showed the most degradation activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria innocua biofilms. The XTT reduction assay results indicated a considerable reduction in the metabolic activity of the biofilms. Moreover, compared to the control group, BC loaded with borax and ZnO nanoparticle promoted cell migration without cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has garnered significant interest worldwide due to its wide-ranging applications across various industries. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are one type of nanoparticle that is commonly utilised in everyday use and can be synthesized by different techniques using physical, chemical and biological extracts. Green synthesis is an economical, environmentally benign and non-toxic method of synthesising nanoparticles. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have a positive impact on plant physiology, particularly in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, depending on various factors like size, concentration, exposure of the nanoparticles and other variables. Further, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have many applications, such as being used as nano-fertilizers, adsorption of heavy metal from industrial wastewater and antimicrobial activity, as discussed in this review paper. Previous studies investigated whether titanium dioxide nanoparticles also induce genotoxicity may be due to mishandling procedure, exposure time, size, concentration and other variables. This is still contradictory and requires more research. The present review is a pragmatic approach to summarize the synthesis, application, nanotoxicity, genotoxicity and eco-friendly method of nanoparticle synthesis and disposable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the antifungal potential of encapsulated essential oil (EO) from Baccharis dracunculifolia and nerolidol (NE) within Pluronic® F-127 nanoparticles (NPs). The EO, containing nerolidol, β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene as major bioactive compounds, exhibited superior antifungal activity compared to NE. The NP-EO formulations demonstrated high efficacy against Botrytis cinerea, with inhibition rates ranging from 29.73% to 87.60% and moderate efficacy against Rhizopus sp., with inhibition rates from 11.81% to 32.73%. In comparison, NP-NE showed lower antifungal activity. Both formulations effectively inhibited spore germination, with NP-EO showing greater inhibition compared to NP-NE. The encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher for NP-EO (80.1%) as compared to NP-NE (51.1%), attributed to the complex composition of EO facilitating better encapsulation and retention. Stability studies indicated that both NP formulations were stable at 25 °C for at least 15 days and exhibited changes in particle size and the formation of smaller particle populations at other temperatures (4 °C and 37 °C). Hemolytic activity was low across all NPs, suggesting their safety for food applications. The findings underscore the efficacy and applicability of EO-encapsulated NPs in extending food shelf life and maintaining product quality. The controlled and prolonged release of active compounds, coupled with their antifungal activity and safety, suggests that these NPs represent a promising and innovative approach for food preservation and active packaging development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and overactivated osteoclastogenesis in subchondral bone has proved to be a major cause of osteoarthritis (OA). Scavenging of ROS microenvironment to inhibit the osteoclastogenesis is highly valued in the therapeutic process of osteoarthritis. Despite the excellent ability of polyphenolic colloidal to scavenge reactive oxygen species and its affinity for macrophages, the preparation of polyphenolic colloidal nanoparticles is limited by the complex intermolecular forces between phenol molecules and the lack of understanding of polymerization/sol-gel chemistry. Herein, our work introduces a novel poly-tannin-phenylboronic colloidal nanoparticle (PTA) exclusively linked by ROS-responsive bondings. Nanocolloidal PTA has a uniform particle size, is easy and scalable to synthesize, has excellent scavenging of ROS, and can be slowly degraded. For in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that, PTA could eliminate ROS within RAW264.7 cells and impede osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. RNA sequencing results of PTA-treated RAW264.7 cells further reveal the promotion of antioxidant activity and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. For in vivo experiments, PTA could eliminate the ROS environment and reduce the number of osteoclasts in the subchondral bone, thereby alleviating the damage of subchondral bone and symptoms of osteoarthritis. Our research, by delving into the formation of polyphenol colloidal nanoparticles and validating their role in ROS scavenging to inhibit osteoclastogenesis in subchondral bone, may open new avenues for OA treatment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major limitations of anti-cancer drugs is their poor selectivity and high toxicity. The present study aims to overcome these difficulties by developing targeted drug delivery systems. Drug delivery systems were synthesized based on magnetite nanoparticles with grafted poly(2-vinylpyridine) from their pre-modified surface with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate. The physical and chemical properties of synthesized samples were examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating-sample magnetometry, Energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The size of nanoparticles was estimated by DLS, final Fe3O4-TMSPM-P2VP-5FU nanoparticles have an average size of 120 nm (PDI is 0.286). Release of 5-FU was examined at different pH (4.5 and 7.58) and constant temperature of 36.6 °C using UV–Vis spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We have previously reported that protracted Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity in bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) infiltrating into biopsy wounds adjacent to the biopsy cavity of breast tumors in mice promotes M2-shift of macrophages and pro-metastatic changes in cancer cells, effects which were suppressed by oral administration of COX-2 inhibitors. Thus, local control of COX-2 activity in the biopsy wound may mitigate biopsy-induced pro-metastatic changes. Methods: A combinatorial delivery system—thermosensitive biodegradable poly(lactic acid) hydrogel (PLA-gel) incorporating celecoxib-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (Cx-NP/PLA-gel)—was injected into the biopsy cavity of Py230 murine breast tumors to achieve local control of COX-2 activity in the wound stroma. Results: A single intra-biopsy cavity injection of PLA-gel loaded with rhodamine-encapsulated nanoparticles (NPs) showed sustained local delivery of rhodamine preferentially to infiltrating BMDCs with minimal to no rhodamine uptake by the reticuloendothelial organs in mice. Moreover, significant reductions in M2-like macrophage density, cancer cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and blood vessel density were observed in response to a single intra-biopsy cavity injection of Cx-NP/PLA-gel compared to PLA-gel loaded with NPs containing no payload. Accordingly, intra-biopsy cavity injection of Cx-NP/PLA-gel led to significantly fewer metastatic cells in the lungs than control-treated mice. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the feasibility of sustained, local delivery of payload preferential to BMDCs in the wound stroma adjacent to the biopsy cavity using a combinatorial delivery system to reduce localized inflammation and effectively mitigate breast cancer cell dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within Monte Carlo simulation in conjunction with the Metropolis method was used to investigate the magnetocaloric effect in the promising a two-layer system made up of spin S a and spin S b and having an AABB structure was characterized. The behavior of the isothermal magnetic entropy, the adiabatic temperature change is obtained, the relative cooling power was determined for the two-layer systems consisting of spins evaluated by S a and S b in each layer taking values in the rang (3/2,2,5/2,3,7/2). In recent years, the experimental behavior of double peaks for bilayer systems theoretically has been established, and an explanation is provided. Aside from that, the conditions that led to the change in behavior from double peak to single peak were gathered and examined. The relationship between spin value and isothermal magnetic entropy also the magnitude of the exchange contact between two layers was discovered. This article provides an updated view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based nanoparticles (NPs) production has been an alternative method for preparing NPs for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. This study aims to evaluate the production of tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs) using the co-culture of algae and fungi and finally to investigate the cytotoxicity of NPs on cancer cell lines MDA-MB-468 and healthy cell line HFF. The production of TeNPs was done using the co-culture of algae and fungi. Using the Tyndall effect, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), NPs were evaluated. Finally, using the MTT assay, the toxicity of the NPs produced on MDA-MB-468 and HFF was investigated. TeNPs were synthesized using co-culture, and the average size of NPs was 20 to 30 nm. They have a spherical shape and superior monodispersity. It also found that NPs have a time—and concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on cancer cells, while they do not affect healthy cells. This research is the first report on the co-cultivation of two different strains of algae and fungi to synthesize NPs. Many studies are needed in the future to determine the characteristics of this method. Still, considering the characteristics of both organisms used, it can be said that NPs synthesized have improved stability and properties. The use of NPs in the fight against cancer has many features, including increasing effectiveness and reducing side effects, and can replace the current risky methods in the future; for this reason, developing new methods of NPs synthesis is very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the delivery of the drug, the oral route is the most preferable due to ease of administration. However, the effective delivery of poorly aqueous soluble drugs is very challenging for the pharmaceutical scientist which leads to a low drug permeation profile across the biological membrane, poor drug bioavailability, and ultimately low therapeutic profile with less patient comfort. The inclusion of a therapeutic agent into the nanostructured-based lipid carrier can improve the limitation associated with the poorly soluble drug and it includes better drug therapeutic, pharmacokinetic profile, and controlled drug release up to a longer duration of time which causes patient compliance. Nanostructure lipid carriers (NLCs) are nanosized-based carrier systems which comprise solid lipid matrix combined with liquid lipids and surfactants. The aim of the paper is to explore the various advantages of formulation technology along with the characterization parameter of the NLCs and also report the clinical finding of the investigated NLCs for oral drug delivery system. This paper also highlighted the various patents on the NLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the significance of antigenic nanoformulation in immunomodulation and in the interplay between immune response and nutrition. The work involves the development of a polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) biopolymer-based nanoparticle with immunogenic inclusions derived from Staphylococcus aureus cell wall and membrane (CWM) through a double emulsion method followed by their physio-chemical characterization and in vivo assessment in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The prepared nanoparticles were monodispersed in nature and exhibited a diameter of ~ 25 nm with stable colloidal nature and a zeta potential of − 25 ± 2 mV. The inclusion release and carrier degradation profiling revealed controlled and steady kinetics supporting the sustained availability of the encapsulated payload. The immunomodulatory studies conducted in C. elegans revealed that the expression of the stress indicator gene viz., sodh-1 was significantly upregulated in the CWM-treated worms and was notably reduced in the worms treated with the nanoformulation indicative of the slow release of the antigen which does not trigger untoward stress responses. In contrast, the expression of host defense genes viz., clec-7, ilys-3, igg-1, and cyp-37B1 in response to the CWM treatment was found to be downregulated, while for the nanoformulation treatment, the extent of downregulation was relatively lesser. A notable observation emerged as these genes, previously downregulated, exhibited a significant upsurge when the nutritional supplementation was amplified. This highlighted the profound influence of nutrition in fine-tuning the immune responses. Our data offers insights that could pave the way for further research in designing nutritional strategies to augment immunomodulatory interventions, as well as advocate for nanoparticle-based immunomodulatory approaches to prevent immune stress. Antigenic nanoparticles (aNPs) were precisely synthesized utilizing PLGA as the matrix and CWM as the payload, employing a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (W/O/W) technique. This nanoformulation exhibited promising capabilities by attenuating the expression of the stress indicator gene and concurrently augmenting the expression of host defense genes under varying nutritional states within C. elegans. Our study stands as an exemplar, emphasizing the pivotal role of nanoformulations in achieving precise immunomodulation while outlining the significance of tailored nutritional strategies for effective immunomodulatory interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) focuses on systemic administration of medication, neglecting to proactively modulate the local microenvironment of skeletal system for superior therapeutic performance. Eldecalcitol (ED‐71), a novel drug for treating osteoporosis, still requires research to overcome high‐frequency delivery and low‐utilization. Here, a bone‐targeting and multishelled nanoparticles are developed for step‐wise release of ED‐71. The nanoparticles are achieved by using the chitosan/alginate outer layer as protective barrier against gastric acid, pectin middle layer as adhesive agent that improved intestinal penetration, and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid‐grafted mesoporous silica nanomaterials core as bone‐targeting nanocarriers. After oral administration, the ED‐71‐loaded nanoparticles (ME‐ED‐71@PCA) promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by reducing intracellular oxidative stress, and inhibits the osteoclast differentiation. ME‐ED‐71@PCA improves bone mass in ovariectomized‐mice by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis, and the efficacy is more pronounced than ED‐71 alone. ME‐ED‐71@PCA exhibits satisfactory therapeutic performance due to its step‐wise drug release and bone‐targeting compared to ED‐71 administration, providing a new approach to re‐establish bone metabolic homeostasis in PMOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suboptimal efficacies of existing anti-malarial drugs attributed to the emergence of drug resistance dampen the clinical outcomes. Hence, there is a need for developing novel drug and drug targets. Recently silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) constructed with the leaf extracts of Euphorbia cotinifolia were shown to possess antimalarial activity. Therefore, the synthesized AgNPs from Euphorbia cotinifolia (EcAgNPs) were tested for their parasite clearance activity. We determined the antimalarial activity in the asexual blood stage infection of 3D7 (laboratory strain) P. falciparum. EcAgNPs demonstrated the significant inhibition of parasite growth (EC50 of 0.75 µg/ml) in the routine in vitro culture of P. falciparum. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were seen to induce apoptosis in P. falciparum through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) ROS production and activated programmed cell death pathways characterized by the caspase-3 and calpain activity. Also, altered transcriptional regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio indicated the enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, inhibited expression of PfLPL-1 by EcAgNPs is suggestive of the dysregulated host fatty acid flux via parasite lipid storage. Overall, our findings suggest that EcAgNPs are a non-toxic and targeted antimalarial treatment, and could be a promising therapeutic approach for clearing malaria infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastasis and recurrence are the main challenges in cancer treatment. Among various therapeutic approaches, immunotherapy holds promise for preventing metastasis and recurrence. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of treating primary cancer and blocking metastasis and recurrence with photo-immunotherapeutic nanoparticles, which were synthesized using two types of charged polysaccharides. Codium fragile polysaccharide (CFP), which exhibits immune-stimulating properties and carries a negative charge, was combined with positively charged chitosan to synthesize nanoparticles. Additionally, indocyanine green (ICG), a photosensitizer, was loaded inside these particles and was referred to as chitosan-CFP-ICG (CC-ICG). Murine colon cancer cells (CT-26) internalized CC-ICG, and subsequent 808-nanometer laser irradiation promoted apoptotic/necrotic cell death. Moreover, intratumoral injection of CC-ICG, with 808-nanometer laser irradiation eliminated CT-26 tumors in mice. Rechallenged lung metastases of CT-26 cancer were inhibited by dendritic cell activation-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte stimulation in mice cured by CC-ICG. These results demonstrated that CC-ICG is a natural tumor therapeutic with the potential to treat primary tumors and suppress metastasis and recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently developed nanoparticles and nanofibers present new brain‐specific treatment strategies, especially for Alzheimer's disease treatment. In this study, donepezil (DO)‐loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DNP) are embedded in PVA/PEG nanofibers (DNPF) produced by pressurized gyration for sublingual administration. SEM images showed produced drug‐loaded and pure nanofibers, which have sizes between 978 and 1123 nm, demonstrated beadless morphology and homogeneous distribution. FT‐IR, XRD, and DSC results proved the produced nanoparticles and fibers to consist of the DO and other polymers. The in vitro drug release test presented that the release profile of DO is completed at the end of the 18th day. It is released by the first order kinetic model. DNPF has an ultra‐fast release profile via its disintegration within 2 sec, which proved itself to be suitable for the administration sublingually. All samples presented above ≈90% cell viability via their non‐toxic natures on SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by using Alamar blue assay. The anti‐Alzheimer effects of DO, DNP, and DNPF are evaluated on the Aβ1−42‐induced SH‐SY5Y cells at 1, 5, and 10 µM as treatment groups. The 1 µM dosage exhibited the most significant neuroprotective effects, which showed enhanced cellular uptake and superior modulation of Alzheimer's‐related proteins, including tau and Aβ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nanoparticles (NPs) as radiosensitizers present a promising strategy for enhancing radiotherapy effectiveness, but their potential is significantly influenced by the properties of their surface coating, which can impact treatment outcomes. Most Monte Carlo studies have focused on metallic NPs without considering the impact of coating layers on radiosensitization. In this study, we aim to assess both the physical and radiobiological effects of nanoparticle coatings in nanoparticle-based radiation therapy. Materials and methods: In this simulation study, we used Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) toolkit (v10.07.p02) and simulated the bismuth, gold, iridium and gadolinium NPs coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-400: Density: 1.13 g/cm³, Molar mass: 380–420 g/mol) as radiosensitizer for photon beams of 30, 60 and 100 keV. Secondary electron number and reactive oxygen species enhancement factor were estimated. Also, dose enhancement factor (DEF) was determined in spherical shells with logarithmic scale thickness from the nanoparticle surface to 4 mm. Results: Secondary electron emission was highest at 30 keV for gold, bismuth, and iridium NPs, while gadolinium NPs peaked at 60 keV. Coating reduced electron emissions across all energies, with thicker coatings leading to a more significant decrease. DEF values declined with increasing radial distance from the NP surface and were lower with thicker coatings. For gadolinium NPs, DEF behavior differed due to K-edge energy effects. Reactive species generation varied, showing maximum production at 30 keV for gold, bismuth, and iridium NPs, while gadolinium NPs showed peak activity at 60 keV. PEG coatings enhanced reactive species formation at 100 keV. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the coating layer thickness and material not only influence the emission of secondary particles and DEF but also affect the generation of reactive species from water radiolysis. Specifically, thicker coatings reduce secondary particle emission and DEF, while PEG coatings demonstrate a dual behavior, offering both protective and enhancing effects depending on photon energy. These insights underscore the importance of optimizing NP design and coating in future studies to maximize therapeutic efficacy in nanoparticle-based radiation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstructural evolution during the sintering of tetragonal ZrO 2 nanoparticles was investigated using stress-free sintering and sinter forging. The green body prepared via gel casting had a densely packed structure with a narrow pore size distribution. Special attention was paid to the evolution of pore structures in the initial and intermediate stages of sintering. Pore coarsening, which is considered an important issue in the nanoceramics densification, was not remarkable in sinter forging. The accelerated densification rate, coupled with the retention of finer pore size than that in stress-free sintering throughout densification, lowered the sintering temperature requirement. This temperature reduction effectively inhibited grain growth, allowing samples prepared via pressure-assisted sintering to maintain a nanometric structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The influenza virus is recognized as the primary cause of human respiratory diseases, with the current influenza vaccine primarily offering strainspecific immunity and limited protection against drifting strains. Considering this, the development of a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine capable of inducing effective immunity is considered the future direction in combating influenza. Methods: The present study proposes a novel mRNA-based multi-epitope influenza vaccine, which combines three conserved antigens derived from the influenza A virus. The antigens consist of M2 ion channel's extracellular domain (M2e), the conserved epitope of located in HA2 of hemagglutinin (H1, H3, B), and HA1 of hemagglutinin. At the same time, trimeric sequences and ferritin were conjugated separately to investigate the immune effects of antigen multivalent presentation. Results: Immunization studies conducted on C57BL/6 mice with these vaccines revealed that they can elicit both humoral immunity and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, which collectively contribute to enhancing cross-protective effects. The virus challenge results showed that vaccinated groups had significantly reduced lung damage, lower viral loads in the lungs, nasal turbinates, and trachea, as well as decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: These findings clearly demonstrate the wide range of protective effects provided by these vaccines against H1N1 and B influenza viruses. The present finding highlights the potential of mRNA-based influenza vaccines encoding conserved proteins as a promising strategy for eliciting broadspectrum protective humoral and cellular immunity against H1N1 and B influenza viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a versatile platform molecule that can be derived from biomass feedstocks and catalytically converted into various value‐added chemicals. In this work, selective hydrogenation of HMF is investigated to produce valuable furan‐based diols, namely 2,5‐bis‐hydroxymethylfuran (BHMF) and 2,5‐bis‐hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran (BHMTHF), using TiO2 supported Ru catalysts. The catalyst performance was fine‐tuned to achieve over 98% yield to BHMF and BHMTHF under optimized reaction conditions with very good recyclability. We pointed out several key factors allowing to maximize the yield towards the respective diols. Features such as the Ru nanoparticle size, the strength of metal‐support interactions and the presence of residual chlorine were found to significantly influence the reaction. A characteristic volcano‐shaped relationship was obtained between the particle size and the catalytic activity giving the highest diol yield for an optimum Ru nanoparticle size of 1.6 nm. Further, metal‐support interactions were found to be responsible for providing optimum Ru‐TiOx interfacial surface sites and chlorine was affecting the electronic properties of Ru nanoparticles, potentially benefiting to the selective formation of BHMF. The reaction time was shown to control the hydrogenation of the furan ring and the selectivity of the reaction, that can be directed optimally towards BHMF or BHMTHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is an important inducer of acute kidney injury (AKI), and triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), exacerbating kidney damage. Given the immense potential of vitamin E (VitE) as a natural fat-soluble antioxidant in kidney protection, we designed the nanoparticles (NPs) that could dual respond to ROS and MMP2, aiming to accurately deliver VitE to renal injury cells. The NPs utilized Gel-SH as a sensitive receptor for MMP2 and diselenide as a sensitive receptor for ROS, while PEG2k modification enhanced biocompatibility and prevented phagocytosis mediated by the mononuclear phagocyte system. The amphiphilic Gel-SH and diselenide encapsulate the liposoluble VitE and self-assemble into the NPs with a hydrodynamic size of 69.92 nm. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments based on these NPs show good biocompatibility and the ability of target renal injury cells. In vivo kidney I/R injury models and in vitro cell hypoxia/reoxygenation models, the NPs have demonstrated effects in reducing oxidative stress and alleviating AKI. Notably, VitE can preferentially react with peroxyl radical (LOO•) than polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), inhibiting the formation of carbon centered radical (L•), thereby blocking the chain reaction between PUFA and LOO• in ferroptosis. The NPs also inhibit the transition from AKI to chronic kidney disease, with few side effects. Thus, the NPs with dual-responsiveness to MMP2 and ROS for targeted delivery of VitE to renal injury cells exhibit remarkable effects in inhibiting ROS and the chain reactions of ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic agent against AKI caused by I/R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry has numerous difficulties in meeting consumers demands for excellent quality, convenient, flavorful, and long-lasting food. We need new packaging solutions for food to reduce the amount of plastic that ends up in landfills and the damage it causes to the environment. To reduce trash and save resources, food containers should be biodegradable, antimicrobial, and antioxidant. In terms of biopolymers used in food packaging, Polylactic acid (PLA) is by far the most common. Applications for PLA in biomedical materials and food packaging seems to be promising because of its biodegradability, FDA clinical approval, and renewability. The future of packaging may lie in PLA-based polymers that have antioxidant and antibacterial additives added to them. As a result, chemicals like antimicrobials and antioxidants have found widespread application in food packaging, enhancing quality, safety, and shelf life. Natural active substances including tannin, gallic acid, catechin, curcuminessential oils, as well as synthetic active agents like Ag, Cu, ZnO, and TiO2, exhibit broad antibacterial and antioxidant activity and impede harmful microbes. The purpose of this review is to analyze the antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities of active chemicals in PLA matrices. The integration of active compounds into packaging and its methods are described. The effects of active chemicals and nanoparticles on the mechanical & barrier properties of PLA food packaging are also detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the development of an eco-friendly adhesive fortified with cerium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-CeO2), incorporating oxidized corn starch (OCS) and a Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion. Initially, OCS was prepared through an oxidation reaction, and its chemical structural attributes were explored using FT-IR, XRD, DSC, viscosity, and carboxyl value analysis. Subsequently, the adhesive formulation (OCS-PVAc-CeO2) was synthesized, demonstrating substantial improvements in both strength and curing kinetics due to the inclusion of nano-CeO2, as confirmed by SEM surface morphology analysis. Laboratory-scale evaluations of this adhesive confirmed its suitability for the packaging industry due to its rapid curing process and enhanced mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradable polar hydrophobic ionic polyurethanes (D-PHI) are an emerging class of biomaterials with particular significance for blood-contacting applications due to their immunomodulatory effects and highly customizable block chemistry. In this manuscript, D-PHI polymer was formulated as a nanoparticle excipient for the first time by inverse emulsion polymerization. The nanoparticles were optimized with consideration of diameter, surface charge, size variability, and yield as a delivery vehicle for a custom vascular therapeutic peptide. A layer-by-layer (LBL) surface modification technique using poly-L-lysine was integrated within the nanoparticle design to optimize therapeutic loading efficiency. Solvent pH played a pivotal role in emulsion micelle formation, LBL polymer secondary structure, and the polymer functional group interactions critical for high therapeutic loading. The resulting nanoparticle platform met target size (200 ± 20 nm), polydispersity (<0.07), and storage stability standards, was nontoxic, and did not affect therapeutic peptide bioactivity in vitro. Surface-modified D-PHI nanoparticles can be reproducibly manufactured at low cost, generating a highly customizable excipient platform suitable for delivery of biomolecular therapeutics. These nanoparticles have potential applications in vascular drug delivery via localized infusion, drug eluting stents, and drug-coated angioplasty balloons. Nanoscale excipients have become critical in the delivery of many therapeutics to enhance drug stability and targeted biodistribution through careful design of nanoparticle composition, surface chemistry, and size. This manuscript describes the development of a nanoparticle excipient derived from an immunomodulatory degradable polar hydrophobic ionic polyurethane, in combination with a layer-by-layer surface modification approach utilizing poly-L-lysine, to transport a mimetic peptide targeting smooth muscle cell migration in vascular disease. The nanoparticle platform draws on the effect of pH to maximize drug loading and tailor particle properties. The low cost and easily reproducible system presents a highly customizable platform that can be adapted for therapeutic delivery across a wide range of clinical indications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]