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Nanocatalysts in heterocyclic synthesis are a very important direction in producing eco-friendly compounds. These catalysts can be reused up to six times without losing their quantity and efficiency. Most of these nanocatalysts are cheap, available, economical and safe for the environment. In this review, I focused on the synthesis of furans, pyrans, chromenes and thiazoles from nanocatalysts. For example, pyranopyrazoles 8a-c were synthesized by the multicomponent reactions between aldehydes 4a-c, malononitrile (5), ethyl acetoacetate (6) and hydrazine hydrate (7) using titanium dioxide as a nanocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In petroleum refining, catalysts are used to efficiently convert crude oil into valuable products such as fuels and petrochemicals. These catalysts are employed in a range of processes, including catalytic cracking, hydrotreating, and reforming to meet stringent fuel quality standards. This review explores recent advancements in refining catalysts, focusing on novel materials, enhanced synthesis methods, and their industrial applications. The development of nano-, hierarchically structured, and supported metal catalysts has led to significant improvements in catalyst selectivity, yield, and longevity. These innovations are particularly important for processes such as hydrocracking, fluid catalytic cracking, and catalytic reforming, where catalysts improve conversion rates, product quality, and environmental sustainability. Advances in synthesis techniques such as sol-gel processes, microwave-assisted synthesis, and atomic layer deposition have further optimized catalyst performance. Environmental considerations have also driven the development of catalysts that reduce harmful emissions, particularly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides while promoting green catalysis through the use of bio-based materials and recyclable catalysts. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in scaling novel materials for industrial use and integrating them with existing technologies. Future research should focus on the exploration of new catalytic materials, such as metal-organic frameworks and multi-functional catalysts, which promise to further revolutionize the refining industry. This review thus demonstrates the transformative potential of advanced catalysts in enhancing the efficiency and environmental sustainability of petroleum refining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,4‐Dihydropyridines (1,4‐DHPs) represent a versatile class of organic compounds derived from pyridines, recognized for their extensive synthetic applications and significant medical significances. Among the various synthetic methodologies available, the Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis is particularly notable as it provides a reliable approach to the production of these compounds. Recent advancements have markedly improved the synthetic pathways leading to Hantzsch dihydropyridines and their derivatives. This review aims to thoroughly examine the recent progress in the synthesis of 1,4‐DHPs, 1,8‐dioxodecahydroacridines (AD), and polyhydroquinolines (PHQ). Emphasis is placed on novel synthetic strategies reported in recent years, specifically those that employ multicomponent reactions involving aldehydes, β‐ketoesters, and ammonium salts. Furthermore, these reactions are catalyzed by various nanocatalysts, including magnetic nanoparticles, nanocomposites, metal oxides, functionalized nanoparticles, and other environmentally friendly nanobiomaterials. The application of nanocatalysts in these processes is underscored by their contributions to structural integrity and activity enhancement, indicative of a paradigm shifts towards more sustainable and efficient synthetic methodologies. This review consolidates and assesses various synthetic routes facilitated by nanocatalysts while elucidating their distinct roles in improving the efficiency and selectivity of 1,4‐DHP synthesis. Hence, this review may pave the way for advancements in Hantzsch reactions by employing nanomaterial catalysts for the sustainable production of 1,4‐DHP derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As nanophysics constitutes the scientific core of nanotechnology, it has a decisive potential for advancing clean renewable energy applications. Starting with a brief foray into the realms of nanophysics' potential, this review manuscript is expected to contribute to understanding why and how this science's eruption is leading to nanotechnological innovations impacting the clean renewable energy economy. Many environmentally friendly energy sources are considered clean since they produce minimal pollution and greenhouse gas emissions; however, not all are renewable. This manuscript focuses on experimental achievements where nanophysics helps reduce the operating costs of clean renewable energy by improving efficiency indicators, thereby ensuring energy sustainability. Improving material properties at the nanoscale, increasing the active surface areas of reactants, achieving precise control of the physical properties of nano-objects, and using advanced nanoscale characterization techniques are the subject of this in-depth analysis. This will allow the reader to understand how nanomaterials can be engineered with specific applications in clean energy technologies. A special emphasis is placed on the role of such signs of progress in hydrogen production and clean storage methods, as green hydrogen technologies are unavoidable in the current panorama of energy sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical water splitting has received tremendous attention as an eco‐friendly approach to produce hydrogen. Noble metals and their oxides are commonly used as electrocatalysts to reduce activation energy barriers for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions in high‐performance electrodes, but their cost, scarcity, and limited stability hinder widespread adoption of electrochemical water splitting. Further advancements are therefore needed to reduce reliance on noble metals and improve the long‐term stability. Herein, solution‐processed 2D van der Waals (vdW) p–n heterostructures as an interfacial layer between catalysts and the electrode are introduced to enhance the catalytic performance. These heterostructures are formed by sequentially assembling electrochemically exfoliated black phosphorus and molybdenum disulfide nanosheets into electronic‐grade p‐ and n‐type semiconductor thin films, with the scalability extending across tens‐of‐centimeter scale areas. Benefiting from the charge distribution and built‐in electric field developed upon heterojunction formation, the vdW heterostructure interfacial layer increases both the catalytic activity and stability of commercial Pt/C and Ir/C catalysts compared to when these catalysts are directly loaded onto electrodes. Additionally, the vdW heterostructure also serves as a template for synthesizing nanostructured Pt and Ir catalysts through electrodeposition, further enhancing the catalytic performance in terms of mass activity and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient catalysts is of great significance in improving the sluggish kinetics and high desorption temperature of MgH2 hydrogen storage material. Here, ultrathin NiTi-layered double hydroxide (NiTi-LDH) nanosheets are used as precursors to prepare Mg2Ni/TiH1.5 composite catalysts to improve the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2. The variation of Ni/Ti ratio in LDH plays an important role in regulating the composition, morphology and distribution of Mg2Ni/TiH1.5 catalysts, which significantly affect their synergistic catalytic effect. Mg2Ni/TiH1.5 composite catalyst exhibits significantly improved catalytic performance compared with conventional Ni-, Ti- and Ni/Ti-based catalysts. The optimal MgH2/Mg2Ni/TiH1.5 system shows a significantly reduced desorption temperature of 212 °C which is 133 °C lower than that of pure MgH2 (345 °C), and can release 5.97 wt% hydrogen within 300s at 300 °C. Further mechanism analysis reveals that the unique flaky morphology and suitable composition of Ni/Ti LDH can significantly enhance the synergistic effect of Mg2Ni and TiH1.5, which promotes the fracture of the HH and Mg-H bonds.

The production of biohydrogen from industrial food wastewater is feasible using innovative, and renewable methods. In particular, dark fermentation with Fe3O4/ZSM-5 catalysts and industrial food wastewater as a carbon source has been successfully implemented by bacteria. The optimization of three parameters including the concentration of Fe3O4/ZSM-5 nanoparticles, temperature, and pH were input into the software environment. It was carried out using RSM software and the Central Composite Design model. The software was set to run 20 experiments for replicating the tests. The optimal conditions were found to be a nanoparticle concentration of 300 mg/L, a pH of 5.5, and a temperature of 36 degrees Celsius, leading to a hydrogen production efficiency of 250.8 mL. These results show that nanoparticles at specific concentrations enhance bacterial activity by affecting intracellular enzymes, thereby improving efficiency. Consequently, the green synthesis of Fe3O4/ZSM-5 nanoparticles and the dark fermentation process have great potential for biohydrogen production from industrial food wastewater.

With the growing concern over the environmental and health risks posed by antibiotic contamination in water systems, this study evaluates the potential of iron and cobalt oxide nanocatalysts with varying molar ratios, synthesized using the co-precipitation method, for the efficient removal of antibiotics from aqueous solutions. The optimal nanocatalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), revealing high surface area and well-defined crystalline structures, enhancing catalytic activity. Kinetic analysis showed that Co0.5Fe0.5Fe2O4 exhibited the best performance, with a Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) of 0.0366 mM and maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) of 1.10 × 10−4 µM.min−1. The reaction rate constants, k₁ = 6.12 × 103 M−1 S−1 and k3 = 3.64 × 102 M−1 S−1) and turnover number (kcat = 5.213 × 10−1 S−1) confirmed its superior catalytic properties. Antibiotic removal was further evaluated through batch adsorption experiments, with adsorption kinetics and isotherms studied to determine optimal conditions for antibiotic removal. The Co0.5Fe0.5Fe2O4 nanocatalyst exhibited superior peroxidase-like activity compared to the other nanocatalysts when tested with the common chromogenic substrate 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) diammonium salt. Based on this enzymatic activity, a colorimetric sensing platform was designed for H2O2 detection. Additionally, the Co0.5Fe0.5Fe2O4 nanocatalyst exhibited excellent adsorption capacity for various antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole, with 100% removal efficiency under optimal conditions. This study highlights the potential of enzyme-mimicking nanostructures as efficient adsorbents for the removal of antibiotics from aqueous solutions, addressing significant environmental challenges posed by antibiotic contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present work deals with developing a method for revalorizing steel residues to create sunlight-active photocatalysts based on iron oxides. Commercial-grade steel leftovers are oxidized under different combinations of pH and temperature (50–90 °C and 3 ≥ pH ≤ 5) in a low energy-intensive setup. The material with the highest production efficiency (yield > 12%) and magnetic susceptibility (χm = 387 × 10−6 m3/kg) was further explored and modified by diffusion of M2+ (Zn and Co) ions within the structure of the oxide using a hydrothermal method to create ZnFe2O4, CoFe2O4 and combined Co–Zn ferrite. (Co–Zn)Fe2O4 displayed a bandgap of 2.02 eV and can be activated under sunlight irradiation. Electron microscopy studies show that (Co–Zn)Fe2O4 consists of particles with diameters between 400 and 700 nm, homogeneous size, even distribution, and good dispersibility. Application of the developed materials in the sunlight catalysis of black liquors from cellulose extraction resulted in a reduction of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (− 15% on average) and an enhancement in biodegradability (> 0.57 BOD/COD) after 180 min of reaction. Since the presented process employs direct solar light, it opens the possibility to large-scale water treatment and chemical upgrading applications.

Given that tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts adverse impact on the therapeutic response and clinical outcome, robust TME modulators may significantly improve the curative effect and increase survival benefits of cancer patients. Here, Au nanodots‐anchored CoFe2O4 nanoflowers with PEGylation (CFAP) are developed to respond to TME cues, aiming to exacerbate redox dyshomeostasis for efficacious antineoplastic therapy under ultrasound (US) irradiation. After uptake by tumor cells, CFAP with glucose oxidase (GOx)‐like activity can facilitate glucose depletion and promote the production of H2O2. Multivalent elements of Co(II)/Co(III) and Fe(II)/Fe(III) in CFAP display strong Fenton‐like activity for·OH production from H2O2. On the other hand, energy band structure CFAP is superior for US‐actuated 1O2 generation, relying on the enhanced separation and retarded recombination of e−/h+ pairs. In addition, catalase‐mimic CFAP can react with cytosolic H2O2 to generate molecular oxygen, which may increase the product yields from O2‐consuming reactions, such as glucose oxidation and sonosensitization processes. Besides the massive production of reactive oxygen species, CFAP is also capable of exhausting glutathione to devastate intracellular redox balance. Severe immunogenic cell death and effective inhibition of solid tumor by CFAP demonstrates the clinical potency of such heterogeneous structure and may inspire more relevant designs for disease therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The versatility of aza- and oxa-heterocyclic compounds has garnered significant attention in recent times. A large number of currently approved pharmaceutical products include nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocycles. Recent nanotechnological developments have propelled an upsurge in the applications of nanocatalysis for heterocyclic synthesis. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the synthesis of aza- and oxa-heterocycles owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Various MNPs including gold, silver, nickel and palladium have been evaluated for their catalytic activities in different reaction types, including cyclisation, coupling, hydrogenation and oxidative transformations. The MNPs have exhibited remarkable catalytic efficiency when utilised under optimal conditions. These catalysts have showcased high reusability and recyclability, yielding satisfactory amounts of the desired heterocyclic compound. The present work provides a detailed overview of recent advances in the area of MNP-assisted synthetic construction of aza- and oxa-heterocycles, published during the previous calendar year, 2022. The review serves as a valuable resource and also paves the way for future investigations in the development of novel catalytic strategies for heterocycle synthesis. 1 Introduction 2 Nanocatalysis 3 Aza- and Oxa-Heterocycle Synthesis Catalysed by MNPs 3.1 AuNPs 3.2 CuNPs 3.3 CoNPs 3.4 FeNPs 3.5 NiNPs 3.6 PdNPs 3.7 PtNPs 3.8 SiNPs 3.9 ZnNPs 3.10 Bimetallic NPs 3.11 Other MNPs 4 Summary and Outlook [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with developing a method for revalorizing steel residues to create sunlight-active photocatalysts based on iron oxides. Commercial-grade steel leftovers are oxidized under different combinations of pH and temperature (50–90 °C and 3 ≥ pH ≤ 5) in a low energy-intensive setup. The material with the highest production efficiency (yield > 12%) and magnetic susceptibility (χm = 387 × 10−6 m3/kg) was further explored and modified by diffusion of M2+ (Zn and Co) ions within the structure of the oxide using a hydrothermal method to create ZnFe2O4, CoFe2O4 and combined Co–Zn ferrite. (Co–Zn)Fe2O4 displayed a bandgap of 2.02 eV and can be activated under sunlight irradiation. Electron microscopy studies show that (Co–Zn)Fe2O4 consists of particles with diameters between 400 and 700 nm, homogeneous size, even distribution, and good dispersibility. Application of the developed materials in the sunlight catalysis of black liquors from cellulose extraction resulted in a reduction of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (− 15% on average) and an enhancement in biodegradability (> 0.57 BOD/COD) after 180 min of reaction. Since the presented process employs direct solar light, it opens the possibility to large-scale water treatment and chemical upgrading applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic polymer scaffolds can encapsulate transition metal catalysts (TMCs) to provide bioorthogonal nanocatalysts. These "polyzymes" catalyze the in situ generation of therapeutic agents without disrupting native biological processes. The design and modification of polymer scaffolds in these polyzymes can enhance the catalytic performance of TMCs in biological environments. In this study, we explore the hydrophobic design space of an oxanorborneneimide‐based polymer by varying the length of its carbon side chain to engineer bioorthogonal polyzymes. Activity studies indicate that modulating the hydrophobicity of the polymer scaffold can be used to enhance the catalyst loading efficacy, catalytic activity, and serum stability of polyzymes. These findings provide insight into the structural elements contributing to improving polymeric nanocatalysts for a variety of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical water splitting has received tremendous attention as an eco‐friendly approach to produce hydrogen. Noble metals and their oxides are commonly used as electrocatalysts to reduce activation energy barriers for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions in high‐performance electrodes, but their cost, scarcity, and limited stability hinder widespread adoption of electrochemical water splitting. Further advancements are therefore needed to reduce reliance on noble metals and improve the long‐term stability. Herein, solution‐processed 2D van der Waals (vdW) p–n heterostructures as an interfacial layer between catalysts and the electrode are introduced to enhance the catalytic performance. These heterostructures are formed by sequentially assembling electrochemically exfoliated black phosphorus and molybdenum disulfide nanosheets into electronic‐grade p‐ and n‐type semiconductor thin films, with the scalability extending across tens‐of‐centimeter scale areas. Benefiting from the charge distribution and built‐in electric field developed upon heterojunction formation, the vdW heterostructure interfacial layer increases both the catalytic activity and stability of commercial Pt/C and Ir/C catalysts compared to when these catalysts are directly loaded onto electrodes. Additionally, the vdW heterostructure also serves as a template for synthesizing nanostructured Pt and Ir catalysts through electrodeposition, further enhancing the catalytic performance in terms of mass activity and stability.

In this work, we present a modified simultaneous growth and self-aggregation method that produces ceria and silver Janus nanoparticles for the conversion of 4-nitrophenol, a chemical widely used in several industries. The nanoparticles had cerium-to-silver ratios ranging from 0 to 1.35 and well-defined heterodimer morphologies. By controlling the growth conditions, we have manipulated the interface between ceria and silver, maximizing its exposure to the chemical reactants and increasing the reaction rate constants between 2- and 4-fold. Taken together, these results can inform the design rules to achieve better performing hybrid nanocatalysts.

Defect engineering is an emerging technology for tailoring nanomaterials' characteristics and catalytic performance in various applications. Recently, defect‐engineered nanoparticles have emerged as highly researched materials in catalytic applications because of their exceptional redox reaction capabilities and physicochemical and optical properties. The properties of nanomaterials can be readily adjusted by controlling the nature and concentration of defects within the nanoparticles, avoiding the need for intricate design strategies. This review investigates defect engineering in nanocatalysts, including the design, fabrication, and applications. Initially, the various categories and strategies of nanomaterial defects and their impacts on the nanocatalysts' electronic and surface properties, catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability are summarized. Then, the catalytic processes and their uses, including gas sensing, hydrogen (H2) evolutions, water splitting, reductions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen to value‐aided products, pollutant degradation, and biomedical (oncotherapy, antibacterial and wound healing, and biomolecular sensing) applications are discussed. Finally, the limitations in defect engineering and the prospective paths for allowing the logical design and optimization of nanocatalytic materials for long‐term and efficient applications are also examined. This comprehensive review gives unique insights into the current state of defect engineering in nanocatalysts and inspires future research on exploiting shortcomings to improve and customize catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen energy, known for its high energy density, environmental friendliness, and renewability, stands out as a promising alternative to fossil fuels. However, its broader application is limited by the challenge of efficient and safe storage. In this context, solid-state hydrogen storage using nanomaterials has emerged as a viable solution to the drawbacks of traditional storage methods. This comprehensive review delves into the recent advancements in nanomaterials for solid-state hydrogen storage, elucidating the fundamental principles and mechanisms, highlighting significant material systems, and exploring the strategies of surface and interface engineering alongside catalytic enhancement. We also address the primary challenges and provide future perspectives on the development of nanomaterial-based hydrogen storage technologies. Key discussions include the role of nanomaterial size effects, surface modifications, nanocomposites, and nanocatalysts in optimizing storage performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing water scarcity and pollution is imperative in tackling global environmental challenges, prompting the exploration of innovative techniques for effective water and wastewater treatment. Nanotechnology presents promising solutions through the customization of nanoparticles and nanocomposites specifically designed for water purification applications. This review delves into recent advancements in nanoparticle-based technologies for water treatment, with a particular focus on their synthesis methodologies, intrinsic properties, and versatile applications. A wide range of nanoparticles, ranging from metal nanoparticles to carbon-based nanomaterials, along with hybrid nanocomposites such as metal/metal oxide-based nanocomposites, polymer-based nanocomposites, and others, were emphasized for eliminating contaminants from water and wastewater matrices. Furthermore, this review elucidates the underlying mechanisms governing pollutant removal processes, encompassing adsorption, catalysis, and membrane filtration, facilitated by nanoparticles. Additionally, it explores the environmental implications and challenges associated with the widespread deployment of nanoparticle-based water-treatment technologies. By amalgamating existing research findings, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of nanoparticles and nanocomposites in mitigating water-related challenges and presents recommendations for future research trajectories and technological advancements in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Given that tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts adverse impact on the therapeutic response and clinical outcome, robust TME modulators may significantly improve the curative effect and increase survival benefits of cancer patients. Here, Au nanodots‐anchored CoFe2O4 nanoflowers with PEGylation (CFAP) are developed to respond to TME cues, aiming to exacerbate redox dyshomeostasis for efficacious antineoplastic therapy under ultrasound (US) irradiation. After uptake by tumor cells, CFAP with glucose oxidase (GOx)‐like activity can facilitate glucose depletion and promote the production of H2O2. Multivalent elements of Co(II)/Co(III) and Fe(II)/Fe(III) in CFAP display strong Fenton‐like activity for·OH production from H2O2. On the other hand, energy band structure CFAP is superior for US‐actuated 1O2 generation, relying on the enhanced separation and retarded recombination of e−/h+ pairs. In addition, catalase‐mimic CFAP can react with cytosolic H2O2 to generate molecular oxygen, which may increase the product yields from O2‐consuming reactions, such as glucose oxidation and sonosensitization processes. Besides the massive production of reactive oxygen species, CFAP is also capable of exhausting glutathione to devastate intracellular redox balance. Severe immunogenic cell death and effective inhibition of solid tumor by CFAP demonstrates the clinical potency of such heterogeneous structure and may inspire more relevant designs for disease therapy.

Control of redox processes at the molecular level is central to molecular synthesis, and electrochemistry provides a unique means of directing electron flow for chemical transformations. Although the chemistry community has long recognized its power, the potential of electrochemical methods in organic synthesis has not been nearly as exploited academically or industrially. In this respect, a review related to applying nano-photocatalysts in fine chemical synthesis for producing organic compounds has been presented. The existing laboratory and industrial methods of organic synthesis are too resource-intensive, mostly based on non-renewable energy sources, and often require extreme conditions regarding temperature and pressure. In the review, we emphasize the forward organic transformations realizable with the help of such nanomaterials under UV/visible light exposure. Nanophotocatalysts thus offer huge potential for green synthesis of high-value-added organics. This review outlines a huge potential for green synthesis of high-value-added organics in nanophotocatalysts, such as graphene semiconductors, titanium oxide, quantum dots, and carbon-based catalysts. This review aims to present current research in this field and provide an impetus for helpers to further build on this area of social impact. For the first time, this all-inclusive approach helps bridge gaps between these different areas and provides a view of the potential and challenges of electro-organic photocatalysis.

The crystal phase, alongside the composition, morphology, architecture, facet, size, and dimensionality, has been recognized as a critical factor influencing the properties of noble metal nanomaterials in various applications. In particular, unconventional crystal phases can potentially enable fascinating properties in noble metal nanomaterials. Recent years have witnessed notable advances in the phase engineering of nanomaterials (PEN). Within the accessible strategies for phase engineering, the effect of strain cannot be ignored because strain can act not only as the driving force of phase transition but also as the origin of the diverse physicochemical properties of the unconventional crystal phase. In this review, we highlight the development of unconventional crystal-phase noble metal nanomaterials within strain engineering. We begin with a short introduction of the unconventional crystal phase and strain effect in noble metal nanomaterials. Next, the correlations of the structure and performance of strain-engineered unconventional crystal-phase noble metal nanomaterials in electrocatalysis are highlighted, as well as the phase transitions of noble metal nanomaterials induced by the strain effect. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities within this rapidly developing field (i.e., the strain engineering of unconventional crystal-phase noble metal nanocatalysts) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy has brought a new dawn for human being to defeat cancer. Although existing immunotherapy regimens (CAR‐T, etc.) have made breakthroughs in the treatments of hematological cancer and few solid tumors such as melanoma, the therapeutic efficacy on most solid tumors is still far from being satisfactory. In recent years, the researches on tumor immunotherapy based on nanocatalytic materials are under rapid development, and significant progresses have been made. Nanocatalytic medicine has been demonstrated to be capable of overcoming the limitations of current clinicnal treatments by using toxic chemodrugs, and exhibits highly attractive advantages over traditional therapies, such as the enhanced and sustained therapeutic efficacy based on the durable catalytic activity, remarkably reduced harmful side‐effects without using traditional toxic chemodrugs, and so on. Most recently, nanocatalytic medicine has been introduced in the immune‐regulation for disease treatments, especially, in the immunoactivation for tumor therapies. This article presents the most recent progresses in immune‐response activations by nanocatalytic medicine‐initiated chemical reactions for tumor immunotherapy, and elucidates the mechanism of nanocatalytic medicines in regulating anti‐tumor immunity. By reviewing the current research progress in the emerging field, this review will further highlight the great potential and broad prospects of nanocatalysis‐based anti‐tumor immune‐therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel, a renewable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, has garnered significant attention as a potential solution to the growing energy crisis and environmental concerns. The review commences with a thorough examination of feedstock selection and preparation, emphasizing the critical role of feedstock quality in ensuring optimal biodiesel production efficiency and quality. Next, it delves into the advancements in biodiesel applications, highlighting its versatility and potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. The heart of the review focuses on transesterification, the key process in biodiesel production. It provides an in-depth analysis of various catalysts, including homogeneous, heterogeneous, enzyme-based, and nanomaterial catalysts, exploring their distinct characteristics and behavior during transesterification. The review also sheds light on the transesterification reaction mechanism and kinetics, emphasizing the importance of kinetic modeling in process optimization. Recent developments in biodiesel production, including feedstock selection, process optimization, and sustainability, are discussed, along with the challenges related to engine performance, emissions, and compatibility that hinder wider biodiesel adoption. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for ongoing research, development, and collaboration among academia, industry, and policymakers to address the challenges and pursue further research in biodiesel production. It outlines specific recommendations for future research, paving the way for the widespread adoption of biodiesel as a renewable energy source and fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum is known as the best catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) but the scarcity and high cost of Pt limit its widespread applicability. Herein, the role of the underlying substrate on the HER activity of dispersed Pt atoms is uncovered. A direct current magnetron sputtering technique is utilized to deposit transition metal (TM) thin films of W, Ti, and Ta as underlying substrates for extremely low loading of Pt (<1.5 at%). The electrocatalytic performance of as‐synthesized samples for the HER is examined in both alkali and acidic media. The results show that despite the low loading of Pt, the Pt/TM catalysts produce hydrogen at a rate comparable to that of pristine bulk Pt. Pt/TM catalysts also display good stability with less than 5% decay in performance after 10 h of continuous HER operation. Based on the computational study, the excellent performance is attributed to the modified electronic properties of the Pt atoms, offering ideal binding energy for HER due to interaction with the underlying substrates. This work provides a robust and industry‐friendly route toward designing efficient catalytic systems for important electrochemical reactions such as HER and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of mesoporous nanoparticle P-CexZr1-xOy (PCZ) catalysts with abundant oxygen vacancies and high specific surface area were successfully prepared, exhibiting 100% formaldehyde conversion at room temperature (25 °C). The PCZ catalyst was investigated in depth utilizing TEM, BET, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, and Raman characterization, it was found that the PCZ catalyst had an average particle size of 10 nm and a specific surface area of 108 m2/g; templating caused by P123 and effective doping of Zr atoms regulated the oxygen vacancies in the catalyst, altered the reduction characteristics and chemical state of cerium to formed the redox cyclic couple of Ce3+/Ce4+, which significantly enhanced the catalytic oxidation performance of the PCZ catalyst in the indoor environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium-doped ceria is a promising and extensively researched catalytic material with notable use in three-way catalytic converters, the oxidation of volatile organic compounds and solid oxide fuel cells. In this work, pure and zirconium-doped ceria nanoparticles (Ce1−xZrxO2, where x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) were prepared by combustion synthesis using glycine as the fuel and cerium and zirconium nitrate as oxidants. The obtained powders were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The combustion temperature increases with the increase in zirconium content in the samples, but the XRD patterns exclusively show ceria diffraction peaks. The crystallite sizes are in the range from 25.2 to 11.7 nm, and do not vary substantially after thermal treatment, indicating the good thermal stability of the prepared nanocatalysts. XPS analysis showed that the surface amount of zirconium is lower than the nominal and that the ceria sample with 10 mol. % of zirconium has a higher amount of oxygen vacancies than the 30 mol. % Zr-doped sample. The 10 mol. % Zr-doped sample displays the best catalytic activity in the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene) oxidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of a decarbonized society, electrocatalytic CO2 conversion has drawn tremendous research interest in recent years as a promising route to recycling CO2 into more valuable chemicals. To achieve high catalytic activity and selectivity, nanocatalysts of diverse structures and compositions have been designed. However, the dynamic structural transformation of the nanocatalysts taking place under operating conditions makes it difficult to study active site configurations present during the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In addition, although recognized as consequential to the catalytic performance, the reaction microenvironment generated near the nanocatalyst surface during CO2RR and its impact are still an understudied research area. In this Perspective, we discuss current understandings and difficulties associated with investigating such dynamic aspects of both the surface reaction site and its surrounding reaction environment as a whole. We further highlight the interactive influence of the structural transformation and the microenvironment on the catalytic performance of nanocatalysts. We also present future research directions to control the structural evolution of nanocatalysts and tailor their reaction microenvironment to achieve an ideal catalyst for improved electrochemical CO2RR.

Considering the clean, renewable, and ecologically friendly characteristics of hydrogen gas, as well as its high energy density, hydrogen energy is thought to be the most potent contender to locally replace fossil fuels. The creation of a sustainable energy system is currently one of the critical industrial challenges, and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution associated with appropriate safe storage techniques are key strategies to implement systems based on hydrogen technologies. The recent progress made possible through nanotechnology incorporation, either in terms of innovative methods of hydrogen storage or production methods, is a guarantee of future breakthroughs in energy sustainability. This manuscript addresses concisely and originally the importance of including nanotechnology in both green electroproduction of hydrogen and hydrogen storage in solid media. This work is mainly focused on these issues and eventually intends to change beliefs that hydrogen technologies are being imposed only for reasons of sustainability and not for the intrinsic value of the technology itself. Moreover, nanophysics and nano-engineering have the potential to significantly change the paradigm of conventional hydrogen technologies.

Platinum is known as the best catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) but the scarcity and high cost of Pt limit its widespread applicability. Herein, the role of the underlying substrate on the HER activity of dispersed Pt atoms is uncovered. A direct current magnetron sputtering technique is utilized to deposit transition metal (TM) thin films of W, Ti, and Ta as underlying substrates for extremely low loading of Pt (

This study investigated the hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil by different oxide nanocatalysts of transition metals α -Fe2O3, NiO, and NiFe2O4, which were synthesized by hot injection. All nanomaterials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light dispersion. The catalytic evaluation was performed in a Parr-type reactor at 350°C, 3.5 MPa of H2 pressure, and 3 h of reaction. The liquid product obtained was analyzed by ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy to identify the n-C16 generated during the reaction. The activity in the deoxygenation of fatty acids to produce n-C16 hydrocarbons has the following order: α-Fe2O3 < NiFe2O4 < NiO.

The current work concentrates on the design of Nd/La doped Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Fe 2 O 4 nanocatalysts for the green, clean, and sustainable generation of hydrogen through overall photocatalytic and electrocatalytic water splitting routes using sol-gel auto-combustion route. The spinel symmetry with a Fd3m geometry and cubic polycrystalline nature was observed for the developed catalysts. Spherical formed agglomerated nanoparticles having average grain size of 127.10 and 120.08 nm was confirmed for the produced Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Fe 2 O 4 and Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Nd 0.02 La 0.02 Fe 1.96 O 4 catalysts through the FESEM results. Maximum saturation magnetization (M s) of 64.81 emu/g and coercivity (H c) of 1234.54 Oe were attained by undoped Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Fe 2 O 4 catalyst. This shows the superior magnetic behaviour of our prepared catalysts, for magnetic recording applications. The estimation of photocatalytic hydrogen production for the prepared photo nanocatalysts was conducted under ambient conditions, with an irradiation from a UV-visible light having wavelength range of 200–2400 nm. The prepared Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Nd 0.03 La 0.03 Fe 1.94 O 4 photocatalyst shows the maximum photocatalytic activity of 12.57 mmol g cat − 1 . Also, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, repeatability, and stability of all the prepared catalysts were analyzed at three successive cycles. The third cycle showed a little drop in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution to 11.26 mmol g cat − 1 as compared to the first cycle. On the other hand, the electrocatalytic activity of produced electrocatalysts were determined towards the electrocatalytic HER via a three-electrode system in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. The produced Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Nd 0.03 La 0.03 Fe 1.94 O 4 nanocatalyst shows excellent electrocatalytic HER activity as compared to other samples. Hence, with photocatalytic/electrocatalytic water splitting traits, the prepared nanocatalysts are highly efficient and suitable for the production of clean and green hydrogen energy sources. • Sol-gel auto-combustion designed Nd/La doped Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Fe 2 O 4 nano catalysts. • Spinel phase with Fd3m geometry and cubic polycrystalline nature was observed. • Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Fe 2 O 4 catalyst attained M s and H c of 64.81 emu/g and 1234.54 Oe. • Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Nd 0.03 La 0.03 Fe 1.94 O 4 catalyst shows the highest photocatalytic activity. • Co 0.7 Ni 0.3 Nd 0.01 La 0.01 Fe 1.94 O 4 exhibited excellent electrocatalytic HER activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nano calcium oxide as a catalyst in biodiesel production has gained attention due to its high catalytic activity, low cost, and environmental friendliness. It efficiently converts triglycerides to fatty acids and methyl esters. In the present study, nano CaO was prepared by precipitation and characterized by various techniques. The results showed that the nano CaO has high purity, nanoscale crystal size, good thermal stability, and high specific surface area. Biodiesel was produced by transesterification from waste cooking oil, methanol, and the nano catalyst. Response surface methodology was applied to predict the optimum parameters for the production of the biodiesel based on its yield. The produced biodiesel was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and GC‐MS and evaluated according to ASTM D6571. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic activities pose a significant threat to the global climate. Conversion of CO2 to value-added chemicals such as methanol offers a promising approach for mitigating climate change while simultaneously generating useful products. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and evaluation of nanocatalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. I will highlight the ongoing research and new advances being made in this field, including various catalyst materials, their preparation methods, and performance evaluations. I will also discuss the challenges and future perspectives in developing efficient and stable nanocatalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of metal oxide nanomaterials with mesoporous silica is a promising approach to exploiting the advantages of both types of materials. Traditional synthesis methods typically require multiple steps. This work instead presents a fast, one-step, template-free method for the synthesis of metal oxides homogeneously dispersed within mesoporous silica, including oxides of W, Ti, Nb, Ta, Sn, and Mo. These composites have tunable metal oxide contents, large surface areas, and wide mesopores. The combination of Nb2O5 nanoparticles (NPs) with SiO2 results in an increased surface area and a larger number of acid sites compared to pure Nb2O5 NPs. The surface texture and acidity of the silica–niobia composites can be tuned by adjusting the Nb/Si molar ratio. Moreover, the silica provides protection to the niobia NPs, preventing sintering during thermal treatment at 400 °C. The silica–niobia materials exhibit superior performance as catalysts in the aldol condensation of furfural (Fur) with acetone compared to pure niobia, leading to an up to 62% in product yield. Additionally, these catalysts show remarkable stability, retaining their performance over multiple runs. This work demonstrates the potential of the proposed synthesis approach for preparing more sustainable, high-performance, durable, and stable nanoscale metal oxide-based catalysts with a tunable composition, surface area, and active site density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological extracts have great potential to be used in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (M-NPs) due to their variety of biomolecules and different functional groups found in their structure, which act as potential reducing and stabilizing agents. Moreover, is understood as a safer alternative for the environment and health, as it aims to mitigate the use of substance with high toxicity, becoming a more environmentally friendly proposal. In this context, this review emphasizes the influence of the composition of plant extracts, especially extracts that present in their composition biomolecules such as flavonoids, for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, focusing on the interactions of the different functional groups found in the structures of flavonoids with metal precursors, to understand the mechanisms of synthesis reaction of metallic nanoparticles. In addition, the use of characterization techniques such as electrochemical, vibrational, morphological and structural is addressed, aiming to understand the potential of biological extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents, as a function of the composition of the extract, and for characterizations of the physicochemical properties of synthesized nanomaterials. Furthermore, the use of metallic nanoparticles as catalysts in the treatment of pollutants, development of electrochemical sensors and biological applications is briefly reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]