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Anthocyanins (ACNs) are one of the subgroups of flavonoids and getting intensive attraction due to the nutritional values. However, their application of ACNs is limited due to their poor stability and bioavailability. Accordingly, nanoencapsulation has been developed to enhance its stability and bio-efficacy. This review focuses on the nano-technique applications of delivery systems that be used for ACNs stabilization, with an emphasis on physicochemical stability and health benefits. ACNs incorporated with delivery systems in forms of nano-particles and fibrils can achieve advanced functions, such as improved stability, enhanced bioavailability, and controlled release. Also, the toxicological evaluation of nano delivery systems is summarized. Additionally, this review summarizes the challenges and suggests the further perspectives for the further application of ACNs delivery systems in food and medical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIonic liquids have been considered as green solvent for metal ion extraction. However, the high cost, low efficiency and hard phase separation limit their application. In this work, nano SiO2 supported ionic liquid (SiO2@NH-IL) prepared via simple homogeneous sol-gel method was used for adsorptive removal of Cd(II) from water sample. The material was characterized by XRD, TEM and FT-IR and zeta potential analysis. The adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherm and reusability as well as the adsorption mechanism were investigated. The effects of solution pH and temperature were also studied. It was found that this nano-adsorbent could be used to remove trace level of Cd(II) efficiently due to the strong coordination of Cd(II) with the ionic liquid. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies showed that the adsorption rate increased with the increase of temperature, the maximum adsorption capacity was 112.13 mg g−1 at higher temperature (i.e. 80 °C), and the adsorption equilibrium could achieve in 30 min. The nano-adsorbent could be easily regenerated by 0.5 mol L−1 of HCl and reused as least ten adsorption/desorption cycles. The as-prepared nano-adsorbent are potential candidate for adsorptive removal of Cd(II) in polluted wastewater, especially with higher temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on improving the mechanical properties and microstructure of cement-based materials, which are crucial for the durability and safety of construction projects. Conventional cement, although commonly used, has certain limitations in terms of its mechanical strength and durability. Therefore, there is a requirement for innovative methods to enhance these properties. This study investigates the potential of nano-TiO2 (titanium dioxide) as an additive to overcome these limitations. The objective of this research is to perform a thorough experimental analysis to examine how different concentrations of nano-TiO2 impact the mechanical performance and microstructural changes in cement paste and mortar. The study examines the influence of nano-TiO2 on the compressive and flexural strengths of cementitious materials. It also explores how nano-TiO2 modifies the microstructure to enhance compactness and resilience. The results suggest that incorporating nano-TiO2 into cement leads to a substantial improvement in both compressive and flexural strengths. This enhancement is particularly notable when the nano-TiO2 concentration is at an optimal level of 1.0% by weight. The SEM and XRD analyses demonstrate that this concentration enhances the microstructure by decreasing voids and facilitating the development of C-S-H crystals. However, excessive concentration may have negative consequences, such as the creation of extra empty spaces. The results indicate that nano-TiO2 has considerable promise in enhancing cement-based materials, thereby aiding the advancement of construction materials that are more long-lasting and effective. This study contributes to the knowledge of how nano-TiO2 improves cement and emphasizes its potential uses in the construction sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the mechanism and effects of incorporating different ZrO2 nano-particles into SAC0307 solder alloys. ZrO2 nano-powder and nano-fibers in 0.25–0.5 wt% were added to the SAC0307 alloy to prepare composite solder joints by surface mount technology. The solder joints were shear tested before and after a 4000 h long 85 °C/85% RH corrosive reliability test. The incorporation of ZrO2 nano-particles enhanced the initial shear force of the solder joint, but they decreased the corrosion resistance in the case of 0.5 wt%. SEM, EDS, and FIB analysis revealed intensive growth of SnO2 on the solder joint surfaces, leading to the formation of Sn whiskers. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations showed that, despite Sn being able to bond to the surface of ZrO2, the binding energy was weak, and the whole system was therefore unstable. It was also found that ZrO2 nano-particles refined the microstructure of the solder joints. Decreased β-Sn grain size and more dispersed intermetallic compounds were observed. The microstructural refinement caused mechanical improvement of the ZrO2 composite solder joints by dispersion strengthening but could also decrease their corrosion resistance. While ZrO2 nano-particles improved the solder joint mechanical properties, their use is recommended only in non-corrosive environments, such as microelectronics for space applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights In the present study, the basalt fibers (BFs) were treated with hybrid sizings consisting silane coupling agent (3‐Glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, and silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SNPs). Using acetone washing and heat treatment, the commercial sizing previously on the BFs was removed. Next, the fibers were dip‐coated, and silanes condensed on the surface of the fibers. Fiber samples were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test findings demonstrate that acetone extraction was an effective way to remove sizings. The AFM analysis and SEM micrographs demonstrate that SNP and silane particles were dispersed uniformly across the fiber surface. The single fiber tensile testing results indicated that the deposition of hybrid sizings enhanced the fibers strength. Because of the better adhesion between the fiber and epoxy, the hybrid sizings also improved the flexural strength by 22.28% and the interlaminar shear strength by 20.75%. Hybrid sizings (silanes and nano‐particles) on the basalt fiber surface. Characterization of the sizings and understanding of surface morphology. Hybrid sizings resulted in better tensile strength. Failure mechanisms of the fibers were observed using fractography. The effect of hybrid sizing on ILSS and flexural properties was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the role of nano-particles in the resistance of marine concrete to chloride ion (Cl-) corrosion under the combined influence of flexural fatigue load and freeze-thaw cycles. We analyzed the nano-particles to improve the mechanism of Cl- attack resistance of the concrete. The results indicated that the combined effect of freeze-thaw cycles and flexural fatigue load promoted the migration of Cl- into the concrete. The free Cl- content in the compressive zone of concrete initially decreased and subsequently increased with the increasing stress level and combined action stage. In the tensile zone of concrete, the free Cl- content increased significantly with the stress level and combined action stage. The nano-SiO2 and nano-CaCO3 could effectively improve the Cl- attack resistance of concrete and the optimal amounts of nano-CaCO3 and nano-SiO2 were 1% and 2% (Nano-particles were substituted for equal amount of cement), respectively. According to the SEM and XRD results, nano-particles could help cement hydrate and lower the size and orientation of Ca(OH)2 in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Nano-SiO2 exhibited a good pozzolanic effect, while the pore structure and ITZ of concrete with nano-SiO2 was denser compared to the concrete with nano-CaCO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the shape effects of different nanoparticles of an incompressible, unsteady flow of a nanofluid Al 2 O 3 with water H 2 O as the base fluid over a rotating disk. Magnetic field results are also added. In this research, four distinct shapes of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles, i.e., sphere, blade, cylinder and brick, have been employed. Every shape is suspended at the same volume. After using the Von Karman transformation, the Navier–Stokes equation, along with the magnetic field effect and the thermal energy equation, is numerically solved by using the bvp4c MATLAB solver. The effects of various parameters on the velocity field and temperature profile are illustrated graphically. This analysis is validated by comparing it to the previously described research. Furthermore, increasing the volume fraction parameter 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0. 1 % causes the radial, tangential, and axial velocities near the disk for the shapes brick, cylinder, and blade to decrease and increase for the shape sphere. The fluid rotating in front of the disk rotates more slowly for small values of the unsteadiness parameter α ̂. The magnetic field M has a significant influence on the axial flow when the suction parameter values are small, but this impact is limited when the suction parameter values are large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavymetal pollution has become a serious concern across the globe due to their persistent nature, higher toxicity, and recalcitrance. These toxic metals threaten the stability of the environment and the health of all living beings. Heavymetals also enter the human food chain by eating contaminated foods and cause toxic effects on human health. Thus, remediation of HMs polluted soils is mandatory and it needs to be addressed at higher priority. The use of microbes is considered as a promising approach to combat the adverse impacts of HMs. Microbes aided in the restoration of deteriorated environments to their natural condition, with long-term environmental effects. Microbial remediation prevents the leaching and mobilization of HMs and they also make the extraction of HMs simple. Therefore, in this context recent technological advancement allowed to use of bioremediation as an imperative approach to remediate polluted soils. Microbes use different mechanisms including bio-sorption, bioaccumulation, bioleaching, bio-transformation, bio-volatilization and bio-mineralization to mitigate toxic the effects of HMs. Thus, keeping in the view toxic HMs here in this review explores the role of bacteria, fungi and algae in bioremediation of polluted soils. This review also discusses the various approaches that can be used to improve the efficiency of microbes to remediate HMs polluted soils. It also highlights different research gaps that must be solved in future study programs to improve bioremediation efficency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coating of pistons with ZrO2 and TaC improves their longevity and performance in internal combustion engines by enhancing the resistance to wear, heat and corrosion. In this study the plasma spray coating is performed on crown of the piston with the combination of the percentage composition namely, 95 % ZrO2 + 5 % TaC, 98 % ZrO2 + 2 % TaC and 100 % ZrO2. Among the three 95 % ZrO2 + 5 % TaC composition shows better results. The increase in ZrO2 content leads to the formation of a more integrated scale with fewer pores. Higher concentrations of ZrO2 in the coatings lead to the increased interaction with discharge sparks and instability of the process. At elevated temperatures, a two-phase material of cubic zirconium dioxide and hexagonal corundum was formed. The bonding strength of the coating is influenced by the addition of TaC and the power input during the spraying operation. The microstructure of ZrO2 and TaC coatings on aluminium alloy is characterized by granular structure, tightly packed pores and partially melted ZrO2 particles. The coating had a uniform structure with columnar and cluster-like elements, influenced by ZrO2 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient degradation of organic dyes via photocatalysis presents a critical environmental challenge, necessitating advancements in catalyst design and performance. This study investigates the potential of pure and Eu doped CoMoO4 polymorphic nanostructures in addressing this challenge. Our primary focus is on enhancing the efficiency and stability of photocatalysts under diverse condition by performing sol–gel synthesis. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV-visible) analysis and Raman analysis was employed to elucidate structural and morphological changes. Our results highlight the significant enhancement in photocatalytic activity achieved through phase transitions induced by Eu doping. This enhancement is attributed to the creation defect sites and the establishment of improved charge transfer pathways within the CoMoO4 nanostructures. By shedding light on the role of phase transition in photocatalysis, this study contributes valuable insights for the design of efficient and durable photocatalysts for environmental remediation application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work,A series of rare earth Sm3+ ion substituted Cr-Mg-Bi ferrites Cr0.7Mg0.2Bi0.1SmxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) have beensynthesized by thesol-gel auto-combustion method. The XRD, FESEM, HRTEM,UV–Vis, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, Photo Luminesce and Magnetic Properties analysis have been used to investigate structural, morphological, optical, Raman spectroscopy, Photo Luminesce and Magnetic Properties. Every sample contains a single-phase spinel structure, as confirmed by XRD.The substitution of Sm3+ ions is found to increase the lattice parameter from 8.258 to 8.248 Å.A monotone diffraction peak (311) is visible near small angles of degrees (35.33–35.13). The Debye-Scherrer equation, the nanoparticles' crystallite size ranges from 35.357 to 54.778 nm.FE-SEMs reveal a spherical grain that groups and has a porous form, with particles 38.13–53.28 nmin size.HR-TEM micrographs illustrate spherical morphology and their average particle size decreases from 55.32 to 65.42 nm. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern confirms the crystal planes which were revealed from XRD calculations.The spinel structure was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, which found 414 cm−1 and 516 cm−1 vibrational band at the octahedral and tetrahedral sites.As the concentration of Sm3+ rises, the direct and indirect band gap energy values determined from UV–Vis show an increase and decrease.The generated NPs' semiconducting nature is confirmed by the strong correlation between the g-value and particle size change.Photoluminescence (PL) investigation shows that all processed samples have four bands.(i) peak centered at 412 nm, which is near-band edge emission and corresponds to the ultraviolet (UV) band,(ii) The violet band has a high-intensity peak at 434 nm,(iii) The blue band is related to a low-intensity, sharp peak located at 466 nm, and (iv) A broad peak at 502 nm with a very low intensity distinguishes the green band.The Raman spectroscopy investigation revealed that the CMBSF nanoparticles had a mixed spinel structure. The magnetic investigation shows that when the Sm content of ferrites increases, saturation magnetization drops from 39.86 to 33.16 emu/g.The sample's coercivity (Hc) increases from 16.06 to 21.90 KOe with Sm substitution.

Background: With the global increase in antibacterial resistance, the challenge faced by developing countries is to utilize the available antibiotics, alone or in combination, against resistant bacterial strains. We aimed to encapsulate the levofloxacin (LVX) into polymeric nanoparticles using biodegradable polymers i.e. Chitosan and PLGA, estimating their physicochemical characteristics followed by functional assessment as nanocarriers of levofloxacin against the different resistant strains of bacteria isolated from biological samples collected from tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: LVX-NPs were synthesized using ion gelation and double emulsion solvent-evaporation method employing chitosan (CS) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), characterized via FTIR, XRD, SEM, and invitro drug release studies, while antibacterial activity was assessed using Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method. Results: Data revealed that the levofloxacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles showed entrapment efficiency of 57.14% ± 0.03 (CS-I), 77.30% ± 0.08(CS-II) and 87.47% ± 0.08 (CS-III). The drug content, particle size, and polydispersity index of CS-I were 52.22% ± 0.2, 559 nm ± 31 nm, and 0.030, respectively, whereas it was 66.86% ± 0.17, 595 nm ± 52.3 nm and 0.057, respectively for CS-II and 82.65% ± 0.36, 758 nm ± 24 nm and 0.1, respectively for CS-III. The PLGA-levofloxacin nanoparticles showed an entrapment efficiency of 42.80% ± 0.4 (PLGA I) and 23.80% ± 0.4 (PLGA II). The drug content, particle size and polydispersity index of PLGA-I were 86% ± 0.21, 92 nm ± 10 nm, and 0.058, respectively, whereas it was 52.41% ± 0.45, 313 nm ± 32 nm and 0.076, respectively for PLGA-II. The XRD patterns of both polymeric nanoparticles showed an amorphous nature. SEM analysis reflects the circular-shaped agglomerated nanoparticles with PLGA polymer and dense spherical nanoparticles with chitosan polymer. The in-vitro release profile of PLGA-I nanoparticles showed a sustained release of 82% in 120 h and it was 58.40% for CS-III. Both types of polymeric nanoparticles were found to be stable for up to 6 months without losing any major drug content. Among the selected formulations, CS-III and PLGA-I, CS-III had better antibacterial potency against gram+ve and gram-ve bacteria, except for K. pneumonia, yet, PLGA-I demonstrated efficacy against K. pneumonia as per CSLI guidelines. All formulations did not exhibit any signs of hemotoxicity, nonetheless, the CS-NPs tend to bind on the surface of RBCs. Conclusion: These data suggested that available antibiotics can effectively be utilized as nano-antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains, causing severe infections, for improved antibiotic sensitivity without compromising patient safety.

In the context of treating spinal cord injury (SCI), the modulation of inflammatory responses, and the creation of a suitable region for tissue regeneration may present a promising approach. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of curcumin (Cur)‐loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (Cur‐BSA NPs) cross‐linked with an acellular spinal cord scaffold (ASCS) on the functional recovery in a rat model of SCI. We developed an ASCS using chemical and physical methods. Cur‐BSA, and blank (B‐BSA) NPs were fabricated and cross‐linked with ASCS via EDC‐NHS, resulting in the production of Cur‐ASCS and B‐ASCS. We assessed the properties of scaffolds and NPs as well as their cross‐links. Finally, using a male rat hemisection model of SCI, we investigated the consequences of the resulting scaffolds. The inflammatory markers, neuroregeneration, and functional recovery were evaluated. Our results showed that Cur was efficiently entrapped at the rate of 42% ± 1.3 in the NPs. Compared to B‐ASCS, Cur‐ASCS showed greater effectiveness in the promotion of motor recovery. The implantation of both scaffolds could increase the migration of neural stem cells (Nestin‐ and GFAP‐positive cells) following SCI with the superiority of Cur‐ASCS. Cur‐ASCS was successful to regulate the gene expression and protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, and Casp1in the spinal cord lesion. Our results indicate that using ASCS can lead to the entrance of cells into the scaffold and promote neurogenesis. However, Cur‐ASCS had greater effects in terms of inflammation relief and enhanced neurogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive mixed friction stir welding can be an innovative and novel method for enhancing the friction stir welding process. Thus, this research aimed to investigate nano Al2O3 effects on the mechanical and microstructure of FSWed joints using Al alloys AA2024-T351/AA7075-T651. The experiments were performed based on response surface approach based CCD twenty run with varying three factors: tool rotational speed (A: 800-1,200 rpm), welding speed (B: 20-60 mm/min), tool plunge depth (C: 0.2-0.4 mm) and fixed volume percentages of Al2O3 nano-particles (8%). Mechanical performances such as tensile, yield, and hardness tests have been performed and microstructural properties have been analyzed through SEM and microscopy. The statistical analysis shows that the tensile strength can be significantly affected by rotational speed (A), welding speed (B), tool plunge depth (C), interaction (AB, BC, AC), and quadratic term A², B² in the FSW process; yield strength was influenced considerably by main, interaction, and quadratic terms; main factors and quadratic terms A², B² and C² significantly influenced hardness values. The fracture test revealed that the joints with Al2O3-reinforced AA2024-T351/AA7075-T651 alloys were more ductile and less brittle. The optimal conditions for FSW, tool rotational at 1,146 rpm, weld speed at 60 mm/min, and 0.4mm plunge depth were responsible for higher tensile strength of 169 MPa, yield strength of 145 MPa, and micro-hardness values of 89 HRB due to the uniform nano-particle dispersions and better material mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used micro-analyses, (FTIR, UV-Vis) spectra, magnetic, thermogravimetric, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns, and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) techniques to characterize three synthesized theophylline (TPH) complexes with ruthenium(III), platinum(IV), and iridium(III) metal ions. The metal ions indicated above were found to align with the TPH drug chelate as a mono-dentate ligand via the deprotonated NH group at the nitrogen atom position N7, as verified by FTIR measurements. Additionally, the complexes conductivity and magnetic susceptibility were examined. The octahedral geometry for the synthesized complexes was proposed by the current data. Except for the iridium(III) complex, which has a non-electrolytic nature due to the presence of a chlorine atom inside the chelation sphere, the molar conductivity of the complexes in DMSO solution was electrolyte in nature. Theophylline complexes with a (metal: ligand) stoichiometry of 1:2 were produced. The TPH complexes have also been tested in vitro against G(+) bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus Aureus) and G(-) bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) to evaluate their antibacterial efficacy. Human breast and liver cancer cell lines were used as a test for the TPH complexes in vitro anti-cancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global increase in antibacterial resistance, the challenge faced by developing countries is to utilize the available antibiotics, alone or in combination, against resistant bacterial strains. We aimed to encapsulate the levofloxacin (LVX) into polymeric nanoparticles using biodegradable polymers i.e. Chitosan and PLGA, estimating their physicochemical characteristics followed by functional assessment as nanocarriers of levofloxacin against the different resistant strains of bacteria isolated from biological samples collected from tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. LVX-NPs were synthesized using ion gelation and double emulsion solvent-evaporation method employing chitosan (CS) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), characterized via FTIR, XRD, SEM, and invitro drug release studies, while antibacterial activity was assessed using Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method. Data revealed that the levofloxacin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles showed entrapment efficiency of 57.14% ± 0.03 (CS-I), 77.30% ± 0.08(CS-II) and 87.47% ± 0.08 (CS-III). The drug content, particle size, and polydispersity index of CS-I were 52.22% ± 0.2, 559 nm ± 31 nm, and 0.030, respectively, whereas it was 66.86% ± 0.17, 595 nm ± 52.3 nm and 0.057, respectively for CS-II and 82.65% ± 0.36, 758 nm ± 24 nm and 0.1, respectively for CS-III. The PLGA-levofloxacin nanoparticles showed an entrapment efficiency of 42.80% ± 0.4 (PLGA I) and 23.80% ± 0.4 (PLGA II). The drug content, particle size and polydispersity index of PLGA-I were 86% ± 0.21, 92 nm ± 10 nm, and 0.058, respectively, whereas it was 52.41% ± 0.45, 313 nm ± 32 nm and 0.076, respectively for PLGA-II. The XRD patterns of both polymeric nanoparticles showed an amorphous nature. SEM analysis reflects the circular-shaped agglomerated nanoparticles with PLGA polymer and dense spherical nanoparticles with chitosan polymer. The in-vitro release profile of PLGA-I nanoparticles showed a sustained release of 82% in 120 h and it was 58.40% for CS-III. Both types of polymeric nanoparticles were found to be stable for up to 6 months without losing any major drug content. Among the selected formulations, CS-III and PLGA-I, CS-III had better antibacterial potency against gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria, except for K. pneumonia , yet, PLGA-I demonstrated efficacy against K. pneumonia as per CSLI guidelines. All formulations did not exhibit any signs of hemotoxicity, nonetheless, the CS-NPs tend to bind on the surface of RBCs. These data suggested that available antibiotics can effectively be utilized as nano-antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains, causing severe infections, for improved antibiotic sensitivity without compromising patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Coating of pistons with ZrO2 and TaC improves their longevity and performance in internal combustion engines by enhancing the resistance to wear, heat and corrosion. In this study the plasma spray coating is performed on crown of the piston with the combination of the percentage composition namely, 95 % ZrO2 + 5 % TaC, 98 % ZrO2 + 2 % TaC and 100 % ZrO2. Among the three 95 % ZrO2 + 5 % TaC composition shows better results. The increase in ZrO2 content leads to the formation of a more integrated scale with fewer pores. Higher concentrations of ZrO2 in the coatings lead to the increased interaction with discharge sparks and instability of the process. At elevated temperatures, a two-phase material of cubic zirconium dioxide and hexagonal corundum was formed. The bonding strength of the coating is influenced by the addition of TaC and the power input during the spraying operation. The microstructure of ZrO2 and TaC coatings on aluminium alloy is characterized by granular structure, tightly packed pores and partially melted ZrO2 particles. The coating had a uniform structure with columnar and cluster-like elements, influenced by ZrO2 concentration.

This study investigates the mechanism and effects of incorporating different ZrO2 nano-particles into SAC0307 solder alloys. ZrO2 nano-powder and nano-fibers in 0.25–0.5 wt% were added to the SAC0307 alloy to prepare composite solder joints by surface mount technology. The solder joints were shear tested before and after a 4000 h long 85 °C/85% RH corrosive reliability test. The incorporation of ZrO2 nano-particles enhanced the initial shear force of the solder joint, but they decreased the corrosion resistance in the case of 0.5 wt%. SEM, EDS, and FIB analysis revealed intensive growth of SnO2 on the solder joint surfaces, leading to the formation of Sn whiskers. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations showed that, despite Sn being able to bond to the surface of ZrO2, the binding energy was weak, and the whole system was therefore unstable. It was also found that ZrO2 nano-particles refined the microstructure of the solder joints. Decreased β-Sn grain size and more dispersed intermetallic compounds were observed. The microstructural refinement caused mechanical improvement of the ZrO2 composite solder joints by dispersion strengthening but could also decrease their corrosion resistance. While ZrO2 nano-particles improved the solder joint mechanical properties, their use is recommended only in non-corrosive environments, such as microelectronics for space applications.

Zeta potential is an important colloid parameter that dictates many intriguing phenomena such as colloid stability/aggregation, electrophoretic deposition and particle separation technology. Zeta potential is commonly used to characterise colloid particles' electrostatic interactions coupled with other forces such as van der Waals attraction, hydration and steric forces. However, the measurement of zeta potential involves complicated sample preparation and instrument/theory selection, often resulting in inaccurate measurement. Here, we developed a simple method that combines Stern–Grahame and Gouy–Chapman theories, for estimating zeta potential using parameters such as acid site pKa, acid site density and particle size. The method is applied to a wide range of carboxylic acids' functionalised colloid particles with various pKa. Results show that the new method is capable of capturing zeta potential dependence on pKa and pH. The new method can be applied to particles with complicated or multiple acid/base sites. Without the need for sample preparation/instrument, this new method is believed to save efforts for estimating zeta potential with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulosic aerogels are sustainable, biodegradable, and ultra-light porous materials with three-dimensional networks having high specific surface area. Depending on the source of precursor materials, they are categorized into plant-based aerogel, bacterial cellulosic aerogel. Different types of aerogels are also produced from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), cellulose microfibril (CMF) and cellulose nanofibril (CNF). Furthermore, inorganic and organic substances are embedded to produce hybrid aerogel or composite aerogel for the enhancement of its performance in various fields. Mixing, gelation, solvent exchange, and drying (e.g., super critical carbon dioxide or freeze drying) are the basic steps involved in cellulosic aerogel synthesis. Based on the composition of precursors during aerogel synthesis, cellulosic aerogels have broad applications in various fields such as adsorbents, electrodes, sensors, captive deionization materials, catalysts, drug delivery, thermal and sound insulating materials. This review provided consolidated information on: (i) classification of cellulosic aerogels based on the sources of raw materials, (ii) processes involved to produce the cellulosic aerogel, (iii) cellulosic aerogel synthesized from MCC, NCC, CMF and CNF, (iv) nano particle doped cellulosic aerogel, and (v) its application in various field with future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study investigates the THz field generation from laser beat wave interaction with spherical nanoparticles (NPs) in presence of external magnetic field. A cluster of electrons and ions creates during laser interaction with spherical NPs and surface plasmon oscillations generate at surface of spherical cluster with characteristic frequency of ω p / 3 . Oscillatory current produces at beat-wave frequency (ω = ω 1 - ω 2) under the influence of laser imparted ponderomotive force. Oscillatory nonlinear current (J NL ) induces electromagnetic field (E THz / A 0) in THz frequency range. Field decentred (FDC) parameter δ is introduced in laser field profile that redistributes the laser energy in space; external magnetic field is applied in transverse direction. THz field amplitude is estimated with respect to terahertz frequency under the variation of FDC parameter δ , Magnetic field strength (B) and amplitude of the density perturbation (n q / n 0) . THz amplitude enhances significantly in presence of magnetic field with multiple resonance. Also, damping mechanism in plasmon oscillations of NPs can be controlled using laser intensity redistribution in polarization direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brewing industry consumes a large amount of water needed for brewing, rinsing, and cooling purposes, and therefore produces huge amount of effluents. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the use of Moringa oleiferra (MO) powder and synthesized 1.0 and 2.0 g TiO2NPs as green synthesized nano-particles for the remediation of brewery wastewater using standard methods. The raw wastewater sample characterization for pH, BOD, COD, Lead and coliform count were: 7.26, 935, 1045, 0.083 mg/L and 136 cfu/100 mL respectively. Results of the UV -- Visible spectrophotometer showed the maximum wavelength of 275, 275, 278 and 282.50 nm for 5:20, 10:20, 15:20, 20:20 of MO and TiO2 ratio respectively, while the FTIR results show the presence of oxygen surface complex groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl. The SEM reveals a porous surface area accompanied by several wide opening pores of different sizes and shapes, while EDX shows the concentration of titanium, Sulphur and silicon in percent weight; 85.79, 2.96 and 1.46 % respectively. Results of the wastewater treated with 50 g defatted M. oleiferra revealed the removal efficiency of 47, 93.2, 56.2, 18, 31.3, 97, 76.1, 81 and 71% for Turbidity, COD, EC, Nitrate, Nitrite, BOD, TS, TDS and TSS respectively. Results of wastewater treated with 1.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 97.8, 94.64, 53.5, 34.2 and 35.1% for COD, BOD, EC, Nitrate and Nitrite respectively. That of 2.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 67, 58, and 87% for Cu, Pb, and Ag respectively. Conclusively, M. oleiferra and varying proportions of green synthesized TiO2 NPs were effective in the remediation of the wastewater from brewery industry as it improves its physicochemical properties, but not so much for the heavy metal concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the beneficiation stage, phosphate ore processing plants generate a huge quantity of phosphate sludge (PS), consisting of washing and flotation residues. This waste has a number of negative effects, such as limiting the availability of fertile land, altering the landscape and creating visually unattractive areas. Effective management of this waste is a major challenge for the phosphate industry. This study addresses the crucial problem of PS management by innovatively producing carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanostructures using the dissolution–precipitation method. Importantly, this method is applied for the first time to Moroccan phosphate sludge. The synthesized HAp is extensively characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), providing in-depth insights into its properties. The investigation focuses on the impact of pH variation on crystallinity, morphology and thermal stability both with and without heat treatment at 900 °C. PLS analysis and Minitab software were used to optimize calcination temperature and pH conditions. About this analysis, ideal condition was pH = 11 and a temperature of 900 °C to synthesis optimal HAp with a crystallinity (Xc%) of 71.06% and a crystal size (Xs, nm) of 46.9. However, FTIR spectra revealed that all obtained pigments were of B type carbonated hydroxyapatites. According to SEM–EDS analysis, the as-prepared HAp nanostructure was found to be pure carbonated and similar in chemical composition to human bone with trace elements such as Na+, Mg2+, Si2+, Al3+, and F−. Overall, the use of phosphate sludge for HAp biomaterial synthesis provides a cost-effective, environmentally friendly approach and circular economy perspective to produce a valuable nanostructure for eventual biomedical and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although our understanding of lung cancer has significantly improved in the past decade, it is still a disease with a high incidence and mortality rate. The key reason is that the efficacy of the therapeutic drugs is limited, mainly due to insufficient doses of drugs delivered to the lungs. To achieve precise lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, nano‐particles (NPs) pulmonary delivery techniques have attracted much attention and facilitate the exploration of the potential of those in inhalable NPs targeting tumor lesions. Since the therapeutic research focusing on pulmonary delivery NPs has rapidly developed and evolved substantially, this review will mainly discuss the current developments of pulmonary delivery NPs for precision lung cancer diagnosis and therapy. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory DiseaseTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging TechnologiesDiagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to explore a novel methodology for the synthesis of nanocoated probiotics following their collection and cultivation under optimized conditions, in light of their significant contribution to human health. Probiotics are instrumental in sustaining immune health by modulating the gastrointestinal microbiota and facilitating digestion. However, the equilibrium they maintain can be adversely affected by antibiotic treatments. It is critical to investigate the vulnerability of probiotics to antibiotics, considering the potential implications. This research aimed to assess whether nanoparticle coating could augment the probiotics' resistance to antibiotic influence. A strain of Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) was isolated, cultured, and comprehensively characterized utilizing state-of-the-art methodologies, including the VITEK® 2 compact system, VITEK® MS, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The nanoparticle coating was performed using iron (III) chloride hexahydrate and tannic acid, followed by an evaluation of the probiotics' resistance to a range of antibiotics. The analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated a partial nanoparticle coating of the probiotics, which was further supported by UV/Vis spectroscopy findings, suggesting enhanced resistance to standard antibiotics. The results revealed that this strain possesses a unique protein profile and is genetically similar to strains identified in various other countries. Moreover, nano-encapsulation notably increased the strain's resistance to a spectrum of standard antibiotics, including Benzylpenicillin, Teicoplanin, Oxacillin, Vancomycin, Tetracycline, Rifampicin, Erythromycin, and Clindamycin. These findings imply that nanoparticle-coated probiotics may effectively counteract the detrimental effects of extended antibiotic therapy, thus preserving their viability and beneficial influence on gastrointestinal health.

Additive mixed friction stir welding can be an innovative and novel method for enhancing the friction stir welding process. Thus, this research aimed to investigate nano Al2O3 effects on the mechanical and microstructure of FSWed joints using Al alloys AA2024-T351/AA7075-T651. The experiments were performed based on response surface approach based CCD twenty run with varying three factors: tool rotational speed (A: 800–1,200 rpm), welding speed (B: 20–60 mm/min), tool plunge depth (C: 0.2–0.4 mm) and fixed volume percentages of Al2O3 nano-particles (8%). Mechanical performances such as tensile, yield, and hardness tests have been performed and microstructural properties have been analyzed through SEM and microscopy. The statistical analysis shows that the tensile strength can be significantly affected by rotational speed (A), welding speed (B), tool plunge depth (C), interaction (AB, BC, AC), and quadratic term A2, B2 in the FSW process; yield strength was influenced considerably by main, interaction, and quadratic terms; main factors and quadratic terms A2, B2 and C2 significantly influenced hardness values. The fracture test revealed that the joints with Al2O3-reinforced AA2024-T351/AA7075-T651 alloys were more ductile and less brittle. The optimal conditions for FSW, tool rotational at 1,146 rpm, weld speed at 60 mm/min, and 0.4 mm plunge depth were responsible for higher tensile strength of 169 MPa, yield strength of 145 MPa, and micro-hardness values of 89 HRB due to the uniform nano-particle dispersions and better material mixing.

The brewing industry consumes a large amount of water needed for brewing, rinsing, and cooling purposes, and therefore produces huge amount of effluents. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the use of Moringa oleiferra (MO) powder and synthesized 1.0 and 2.0 g TiO2NPs as green synthesized nano-particles for the remediation of brewery wastewater using standard methods. The raw wastewater sample characterization for pH, BOD, COD, Lead and coliform count were: 7.26, 935, 1045, 0.083 mg/L and 136 cfu/100 mL respectively. Results of the UV – Visible spectrophotometer showed the maximum wavelength of 275, 275, 278 and 282.50 nm for 5:20, 10:20, 15:20, 20:20 of MO and TiO2 ratio respectively, while the FTIR results show the presence of oxygen surface complex groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl. The SEM reveals a porous surface area accompanied by several wide opening pores of different sizes and shapes, while EDX shows the concentration of titanium, Sulphur and silicon in percent weight; 85.79, 2.96 and 1.46 % respectively. Results of the wastewater treated with 50 g defatted M. oleiferra revealed the removal efficiency of 47, 93.2, 56.2, 18, 31.3, 97, 76.1, 81 and 71% for Turbidity, COD, EC, Nitrate, Nitrite, BOD, TS, TDS and TSS respectively. Results of wastewater treated with 1.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 97.8, 94.64, 53.5, 34.2 and 35.1% for COD, BOD, EC, Nitrate and Nitrite respectively. That of 2.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 67, 58, and 87% for Cu, Pb, and Ag respectively. Conclusively, M. oleiferra and varying proportions of green synthesized TiO2 NPs were effective in the remediation of the wastewater from brewery industry as it improves its physicochemical properties, but not so much for the heavy metal concentration.

The current paper focusses on the heat transfer characteristics in nanofluid MHD flow across a decelerated rotating disk with uniform suction. It is concerned with conventional von Karman flow pumping, but unlike a typical Newtonian fluid, it uses water-based nanofluids made up of TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Ag, CuO and Cu nanoparticles. The thermal energy equation was added to the classic von Karman flow problem in three dimensions. After employing the similarity transformations used by Watson and Wang, the leading equations transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations were numerically solved by using bvp4c MATLAB solver. Graphs were used to evaluate the behavioural study of heat transfer for various parameters. Furthermore, it can be stated that for a smaller Prandtl number Pr, the heat transfer rate is highest for all types of naofluids. The rate of heat transmission reduces as suction parameter A increases. The local Nusselt numbers are calculated and analysed and the path to enhance heat transfer is also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of nano‐silica in glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy composite (GFEC) subjected to static and fatigue loading. Laminates were prepared in compression molding machine followed by the tensile test and tension‐tension fatigue testing at five different stress levels (from 50% to 90% of ultimate tensile strength). The addition of 3 wt% of nano‐silica with epoxy improved the tensile and fatigue strength as compared to neat GFEC. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the fractured specimen showed the damage pattern which indicates that neat GFEC laminate exhibited damage patterns characterized by fiber breakage and matrix cracking. On the other hand, the modified GFEC with nano‐silica showed damage patterns including fiber pullout accompanied by fiber breakage and matrix cracking. During cyclic loading, the stress–strain hysteresis loop shows a reduced slope, indicating a decrease in the dynamic modulus of the specimen. This reduction in slope signifies a loss of stiffness during cyclic loading, particularly at high‐stress levels. The highest dynamic modulus at high‐stress levels indicates a rapid progression of severe damage and a shorter fatigue life. On the other hand, at low‐stress levels, the lower magnitude of dynamic modulus suggests a moderate damage progression and a longer fatigue life. Highlights: Effect of nano‐silica in GFEC under static and fatigue loading conditions.GFEC with 3 wt% of nano‐silica shows improved tensile and fatigue strength.Examination of damage patterns through SEM analysis of the fractured surface.Depiction of the failure modes using damage pattern under fatigue loading.Comparison of fatigue life and dynamic modulus for neat and modified GFEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congo red (CR), a highly pigmented anionic dye, is highly toxic and resistant to degradation. The discharge of CR wastewater into the natural environment can lead to ecological destruction and harm to human health. CeO2 as an adsorbent possesses the advantages of excellent acid and alkali resistance, biocompatibility, stable physical and chemical properties, and nontoxic by-products. The impact of Zr doping on the adsorption performance of nano-CeO2 was investigated. XPS and Raman characterisation revealed that Zr doping effectively enhanced the oxygen vacancy ratio at the active sites for CR adsorption on the surface of nano-CeO2. When the doping amount of Zr was 3%, the nanoparticles with the best adsorption properties were obtained, and the adsorption amount of CR at room temperature was as high as 3642.05 mg/g, which was approximately three times the adsorption amount of undoped CeO2. This excellent adsorption property shows good prospects for the removal of anionic dyes from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spot blotch disease of wheat caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem is considered as an economically important disease which affects all the growing stages of wheat crop. Therefore, it is important to search some effective management strategies against the spot blotch pathogen. Some synthetic elicitor compounds (salicylic acid, isonicotinic acid, and chitosan) and nano-particles (silver and aluminum) were tested against the pathogen to observe the change in biochemical activity and defense action of wheat plant against spot blotch disease. All the tested elicitor compounds and nano-particles showed a significant increase in activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and total phenol over control. The highest increase in activity of peroxidase was recorded at 72 h from chitosan at 2 mM and 96 h from silver nano-particle at 100 ppm. Maximum PPO and total phenol activity were recorded from chitosan at 2 mM and silver nano-particle at 100 ppm as compared to pathogen-treated and healthy control. The lowest percent disease index, lowest no. of spots/leaf, and no. of infected leaves/plant were found in silver nano-particle at 100 ppm and chitosan at 2 mM, respectively. The use of defense inducer compounds results in significantly up-regulated enzymatic activity and reduced spot blotch disease. Therefore, chitosan and silver nano-particle could be used as alternative methods for the management of spot blotch disease.

Typically, nano-emulsions are prepared in batch high-speed homogenization or ultrasound processes and polymerized afterwards in batch reactors. However, fully continuous processes have the potential to decrease production costs and energy consumption compared to batch processes. This research thus focuses on implementing ultrasound into a fully continuous emulsification and nano-emulsion polymerization process to obtain latex nano-particles from butylmethacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The goal of this research is to produce nano-emulsions and nano-particles with the smallest obtainable size and polydispersity in a fully continuous two-stage process. In the first stage or emulsification stage, parameters like flowrate, residence time and acoustic power are varied to influence and determine the optimal energy density. In second stage or reaction stage, residence time and reaction temperature are studied to obtain particles of monodisperse sizes. Samples produced in both stages are analysed with Dynamic Light Scattering to measure the average size and polydispersity (PdI) of the emulsion droplets and particles. Emulsification results indicate that droplet size and PdI decreases at increasing energy densities (J/ml) until 60 J/ml after which a constant droplet size of 150 nm and PdI of 0.230 are reached. Furthermore, a particle size of 50 nm and PdI of 0.080 were achieved in both batch and continuous polymerization reactors after 5 min at 85 °C. By implementing the most optimal process parameters, small emulsion droplets and particles were obtained more energy efficient in a shorter emulsification and reaction time compared to literature ultrasound assisted nano-emulsion polymerization processes.

We present a numerical study of the combustion of single iron particles in an O 2 –N 2 atmosphere. By resolving the full boundary layer, mass and heat transfer are accurately modeled, including Stefan flow. Only the conversion of Fe to FeO is taken into account and evaporation is implemented to investigate the formation of nano-sized iron-oxides products. Temperature- and composition-dependent heat capacity and density are used and phase transitions from solid to liquid (and vice-versa) are accounted for by the apparent heat capacity method. The model is validated by comparing the time to maximum temperature (t max) and the maximum temperature (T max) of a 40 and 50 µm particle in an O 2 –N 2 atmosphere with experiments. The current model, which assumes infinitely fast internal transport, can well estimate the maximum particle temperature and the time to reach this maximum temperature, but it does not capture the particle size effect on the maximum temperature. Even though the particle temperature stays below its boiling temperature, a small but non-negligible amount of mass is lost due to evaporation of the particle. Evaporation of the particle and oxidization of the gaseous Fe-containing species in the boundary layer limit the maximum temperature of the particle when increasing the oxygen concentration. By means of a sectional model, the formation and growth of the iron oxide nano-particles is numerically investigated. It is shown that somewhat further downstream of the particle, the volume fraction of nano-particles attains a maximum. An average nano-particle diameter of 40 nm is found at t / t max = 1 in the wake of a 50 µm iron particle burning at 21% oxygen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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