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This is an article in the field of ceramics and composites. Methylene blue is a typical pollutant industrial wastewater.It will bring great harm to the water body if it is discharged arbitrarily without treatment. We prepared a kind of attapulgite/nano iron composite (DDBAC/ATP/nZVI), that the attapulgite was roasted, organic modified and then loaded with nano iron (nZVI) by liquid-phase reduction. The optimum preparation process is obtained: attapulgite raw soil is calcined at 300 ℃ for 1.5 h, 20 mmol/100 g benzalkonium chloride(DDBAC)is added, then ultrasonic is used for 20 min, and then nano iron is loaded by liquid-phase reduction method. The ratio of iron to soil is 1:3, KBH4 concentration is 0.25 mol/L and reaction time is 3 h. The XRD, FTRI, SEM, XPS, BET confirm that DDBAC and nano iron are successfully loaded on the surface of attapulgite. The maximum removal of methylene blue by DDBAC/ATP/nZVI is 114.94 mg/g, and the application performance of the DDBAC/ATP/nZVI remains stable within 60 days.

Objective: After being sprayed, nano-particles easily enter the leaves through the plant's stomatal system due to their small dimensions. Moreover, the significant increase in the molecular surface area of nano-materials enhances their reactivity, consequently improving the plant's ability to utilize these compounds. Methods: The present study was implemented as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the research farm of the Central Station of the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Tehran Province. The study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application on the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of the Goldasht safflower cultivar by applying seven treatments. The seven treatments included no spraying (control), spraying with conventional and nano zinc, spraying with conventional and nano iron, spraying with conventional and nano manganese, and seed priming at three levels, including nonpriming (control), osmo-priming, and hydro-priming. Results: The results showed that osmo-priming, followed by spraying with nano zinc and then with nano iron, had the most significant effect on increasing all the investigated traits, including yield components, seed yield, and oil yield and percentage in safflower. Additionally, along with the aforementioned treatment, hydro-priming with nano zinc spraying increased the thousand-seed weight, which is an essential yield component in safflower, to the highest statistical level. Conclusion: Thus, the study suggests that seed priming of safflower together with foliar application of micronutrients, especially nano zinc and iron, can be recommended as a promising method for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of safflower seed and oil in similar weather conditions (semi-arid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources / Kuangchan Zonghe Liyong is the property of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To preserve the environment and to prevent the damage caused by packaging materials, the development of biodegradable, organic, and nano-active films for packaging is progressively being accentuated. As the demand for getting fresh and preservative-free food is increasing, an improved level of clarity and stability for consumers about the packaging is required. Presently, oxygen scavengers are used in the form of films, sachets, powders, or as part of the packaging material itself along with other means of preservation such as the use of chemicals, reduced water activity, pH, multilayer composite material, and or vacuum or modified packaging. Today's current demand increases their incorporation directly into the packaging material rather than being a part of the food itself. The present review, therefore, is based on the availability of types of natural sources of oxygen scavenging systems like antioxidants, and nano iron, and their possible scope of use in the food packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in alternative water desalination technologies have become increasingly common, due in part to expanding water scarcity and the ability to deliver usable water without the high energy cost and advanced infrastructure required of traditional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO). One such emerging technology is iron-based desalination or the use of nano- (or micron-sized) metals (principally iron) to desalinate water. In this study, iron-based desalination was coupled with passive sulfate reduction technology (SRB) to partially treat saline irrigation water similar in composition to that encountered in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Water scarcity, especially in the southwestern United States, is driving an effort to identify and use less expensive but effective desalination methods to allow the use of saline groundwater, seawater, and impounded saline agricultural drainage and runoff for crop growth. The system described here used a synthetic water mimicking a typical saline irrigation water; this was then routed through a sulfate-reducing bioreactor to remove the sulfate prior to entry into an N-ZVM reactor for removal of Na and Cl. Sulfate at high concentrations can inhibit Na and Cl removal in N-ZVM reactors. The results showed that the sulfate was reduced from 2500 mg/L to less than 250 mg/L in the bioreactor, which allowed the N-ZVM to reduce the Na and Cl by 50%. This allowed the conductivity to decrease from 9.2 mS to about 5 mS. Synthetic irrigation water without sulfate removal was only desalinated by about 10%. The observed change in conductivity, sodium, and chloride content allowed the discharged water to be used for irrigation of many field crops and some vegetables. This paper provides reactor development, manufacture, and performance information including recommendations for continued performance increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of dye wastewater has always been an environmental problem of common concern in various countries. Its large amount and difficulty have always been the focus of environmental problems, which was difficult to solve. For the treatment of wastewater, there were usually precipitation method, redox method, biological method, etc. among them, the biological method was characterized with obvious effect and less secondary pollution. The combination of microorganism and nano materials was a new direction of wastewater treatment. In this study, through the comparison of decolorization rate between Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with nano iron and the comprehensive analysis of specific CODcr and infrared spectrum, it was found that nano iron could significantly promote and strengthen the decolorization of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in the treatment of wastewater. The combined system had a good effect on 100 mg/L methyl orange, and the decolorization rate of methyl orange was 90.2% for 140 h, and the concentration of the treated methyl orange solution was 11.2 mg/L. Results found that the optimum treatment effect and the least amount of nano-iron in 24 h was the addition of 90 mg of nano-iron, which greatly saved time, and the decolorization rate was 96.8%, the concentration of methyl orange solution was 4.2 mg/L. Therefore, the synergy between nano materials and microorganisms may be a trend of efficient treatment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new type of phosphorylated chitosan-supported nano iron (CSP/Fe0) composite material. CSP/Fe0 had a high adsorption rate (99.25%) and a maximum adsorption capacity (627.34 mg g−1) when the conditions were pH = 6, 308.15 K and 12 h. CSP/Fe0 had a specific surface area of CSP/Fe0 was 6.02 m2 g−1, and has a mesoporous structure with more active sites (average pore size is 9.67 nm). The primary mechanism may be the complexation of U(VI) with abundant –OH, –NH2, P=O on the surface of the material and the reduction of nanoscale zero-valent iron. Therefore, it is indicated that the material has good potential in remediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was executed with nine treatments viz. nano forms of ferrous sulfide (7, 14, 21, 28 ppm) and macro ferrous sulphate (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 per cent) along with control, and were applied as foliar sprays after 30 days of transplanting on two varieties of calendula namely Fiesta Gitana Mix' and 'Fiesta Yellow' during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Application of 0.8 % FeSO4 recorded maximum number of branches (26.75), plant height (29.73 cm), plant spread (45.17 cm), number of leaves (22.63) and seed test weight (15.63 g) and number of flowers per plant (134.04). However, application of 0.2% macro FeSO4 resulted in early bud appearance (50.50 days) and higher flower diameter (8.09 cm). 'Fiesta Gitana Mix' outperformed over 'Fiesta Yellow' for most of the vegetative and floral characters. The 'Fiesta Yellow' variety with oil content (13.97%) had an edge over 'Fiesta Gitana Mix'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted during the 2021 growing season in a local orchard in the Shatt al-Arab district of the katiban area of Basrah to know the effect of spraying with nano iron fertilizer and tryptophan amino acid at 0, 100, 200 mg l-1 on some the physical and chemical qualities of phoenix dactylifera L. fruits, Barhee cultivar at the age of 8 and during khalal stage, the experiment included nine factorial treatments and a randomized complete block design was used. The results showed that treatments of interaction between nano-fertilizer and tryptophan increased all the physical parameters of the fruits. The treatment of nano-iron 200 mg l-1 with tryptophan 200 mg l-1 increased all the physical parameters of the fruits, including the fruit's weight, weighing the fruit flesh, the length, and the diameter of the fruit. The same treatment increased all the fruits' chemical properties, such as the total soluble solids, total sugars, and soluble protein. As well as, the same treatment increased the iron and nitrogen content of the leaf compared with other treatments. The success of date palm cultivation depends on the economic productivity obtained from foliar spraying treatments, especially the interaction treatment between nano iron and tryptophan acid at high concentrations of 200 mg l-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation was executed with nine treatments viz. nano forms of ferrous sulfide (7, 14, 21, 28 ppm) and macro ferrous sulphate (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 per cent) along with control, and were applied as foliar sprays after 30 days of transplanting on two varieties of calendula namely Fiesta Gitana Mix’ and ‘Fiesta Yellow’ during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Application of 0.8 % FeSO4 recorded maximum number of branches (26.75), plant height (29.73 cm), plant spread (45.17 cm), number of leaves (22.63) and seed test weight (15.63 g) and number of flowers per plant (134.04). However, application of 0.2% macro FeSO4 resulted in early bud appearance (50.50 days) and higher flower diameter (8.09 cm). ‘Fiesta Gitana Mix’ outperformed over ‘Fiesta Yellow’ for most of the vegetative and floral characters. The ‘Fiesta Yellow’ variety with oil content (13.97%) had an edge over ‘Fiesta Gitana Mix’.

Recent advances in alternative water desalination technologies have become increasingly common, due in part to expanding water scarcity and the ability to deliver usable water without the high energy cost and advanced infrastructure required of traditional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO). One such emerging technology is iron-based desalination or the use of nano- (or micron-sized) metals (principally iron) to desalinate water. In this study, iron-based desalination was coupled with passive sulfate reduction technology (SRB) to partially treat saline irrigation water similar in composition to that encountered in the San Joaquin Valley, California, USA. Water scarcity, especially in the southwestern United States, is driving an effort to identify and use less expensive but effective desalination methods to allow the use of saline groundwater, seawater, and impounded saline agricultural drainage and runoff for crop growth. The system described here used a synthetic water mimicking a typical saline irrigation water; this was then routed through a sulfate-reducing bioreactor to remove the sulfate prior to entry into an N-ZVM reactor for removal of Na and Cl. Sulfate at high concentrations can inhibit Na and Cl removal in N-ZVM reactors. The results showed that the sulfate was reduced from 2500 mg/L to less than 250 mg/L in the bioreactor, which allowed the N-ZVM to reduce the Na and Cl by 50%. This allowed the conductivity to decrease from 9.2 mS to about 5 mS. Synthetic irrigation water without sulfate removal was only desalinated by about 10%. The observed change in conductivity, sodium, and chloride content allowed the discharged water to be used for irrigation of many field crops and some vegetables. This paper provides reactor development, manufacture, and performance information including recommendations for continued performance increases.

The use of zero-valent iron nanoparticles in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils has received considerable attention. Upon introduction into the soil, zero-valent iron particles corrode into iron oxides, known for their high adsorption capacity for potentially toxic metals. While limited research has directly compared zero-valent iron micro- and nanoparticles, it is important to investigate whether particle size contributes to effective soil remediation. This study focuses on elucidating the comparative kinetics of iron corrosion using iron powder and a nano-iron-biochar composite. In a model experiment, these materials were exposed to a cellulose/biochar mixture and peat for five months. Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy with electron diffraction were used to analyze the corrosion products. The results show a slow corrosion rate in the nano-iron-biochar composite in cellulose due to the protective effect of biochar on the embedded iron nanoparticles. In addition, iron corrosion in peat was inhibited, likely due to the presence of humic substances. Transmission electron microscopy after five months of corrosion revealed round metal particles encased in a graphite capsule with visible channels. Large dissolved organic matter molecules in the peat likely block these channels, inhibiting metallic iron corrosion. Consequently, the nano-iron-biochar composite emerges as a slow-reacting option for immobilizing soil metals in peat. This study highlights the need for further research involving long-term field experiments. • Nanoparticles embedded in biochar have slow reactivity. • Biochar protects iron nanoparticles from corrosion. • Iron corrosion was inhibited in peat. • Humic substances might play a role in iron corrosion inhibition. • Long-term field studies would be essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano fertilization is a precision approach to sustain economically viable and environmentally compatible crop production. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of different sources and rates of iron (Fe) fertilization as an essential micronutrient on the growth, physiological processes, and yield of greenhouse-grown tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Bigdena F1). A factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted using three sources (Conventional, FeCl3.6H2O [Conv-Fe]; Chelated with 6% Fe [Che-Fe]; and Nano Fe2O3 [Nano-Fe], alpha, 99%, 30–50 nm) and rates of Fe (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg soil) during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Averaged across Fe rates, the Nano-Fe significantly increased plant height, leaf number and area, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings. Nano-Fe at 100 mg/kg significantly increased plant height, leaf number and area, fresh and dry weights of shoot and roots, gas exchange parameters i.e., photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) rates, total yield, and yield components of tomatoes in comparison to the other rates. While there were no significant simple and interactions of Fe on plant physiological processes, the Nano-Fe had the highest Pn with an associated decrease in E and an increase in gs. Nano-Fe, when applied at 100 mg/kg, produced the highest fruit diameter, fruit numbers/plant, total fruit weight/plant, mean fruit weight/plant, total fruit numbers/ha, and total fruit weight/ha, followed by Nano-Fe at 50 mg kg as compared with other Fe sources and rates. In conclusion, Nano-Fe fertilization is more effective than Conv-Fe and Che-Fe fertilizations across growing seasons to improve growth characteristics and metabolic processes of tomato plants, as Fe plays an important role in photosynthates accumulation and translocation. Nano-Fe increased tomato yield by 11% compared to Conv-Fe and Che-Fe fertilizers and will greatly improve farmers' profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Taj Mahal and its complex are iconic symbols of India's cultural heritage, and preserving their appearance and structural integrity is of utmost importance. The discoloration of ancient heritage structures caused by microbial soiling, particularly the action of cyanobacteria, green algae, and lichens, and the role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) secreted by these microorganisms, is an important interdisciplinary study. These microorganisms colonize the surfaces of monuments, leading to aesthetic and structural issues. Various analytical techniques like optical microscopy, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the biofilm and its components. FTIR analysis revealed interactions between EPS and Nano iron oxide in the biofilm, which contributes to surface discoloration. Airborne particulates minerals such as quartz, feldspar, calcite, and hematite are significant source of surface crust on these monuments. This analytical approach has allowed to unravel the complex features of surface discoloration on these historic structures leading to apply appropriate conservation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of foliar application of chelated nano iron and drought stress on physiological changes and grain yield of purslane cultivars, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Ahar Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station during 2015. The experimental factors included drought stress levels, 90 (control), 70, and 50 field capacity, two levels of chelated nano iron, 0 (control) and 1 lit.hr, and two cultivars (Tehran and Kazeron). Results showed that foliar application of nano iron under drought stress had a significant effect on some traits, so that the highest content of chlorophyll b (4.47 mg/g leaf tissue) was recorded under normal irrigation and foliar application of nano iron chelated, the highest sodium concentration (38.87%) was obtained from 50% filed capacity and non foliar application of chelated nano iron, and the highest potassium content (87.68%) was obtained under drought stress conditions of 50% filed capacity and foliar application of chelated nano iron. Considering the significance of interaction effects, the highest amount of proline (1.22 mg/g fresh weight), soluble sugar (96.92 mg/g fresh weight), and iron (1.11%) was obtained from Kazeron cultivar under drought conditions, 50% filed capacity by non foliar application of chelated nano iron. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a (6.99 mg/g of leaf tissue), carotenoids (1.67 mg/100 ml), and anthocyanins (0.017 mg/100 ml) were recorded by foliar application of chelated nano iron in Kazeron cultivar under normal irrigation. Also under stress conditions, the use of chelated nano iron compared to control increased the grain yield by 32.66% and Kazeron cultivar was superior to Tehran cultivar, so that the seed grain yield of Kazeron was 1.31 more than that of Tehran.

The removal of chlorinated pollutants from water by nanoparticles is a hot topic in the field of environmental engineering. In this work, a novel technique that includes the coupling effect of n-Fe/Ni and its transformation products (FeOOH) on the removal of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) and its reduction products, p-chloroaniline (p-CAN) and aniline (AN), were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the nano-iron before and after the reaction. The results show that Fe0 is mainly oxidized into lath-like lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) and needle-like goethite (α-FeOOH) after 8 h of reaction. The coupling removal process and the mechanism are as follows: Fe0 provides electrons to reduce p-CNB to p-CAN and then dechlorinates p-CAN to AN under the catalysis of Ni. Meanwhile, Fe0 is oxidized to FeOOH by the dissolved oxygen and H2O. AN is then adsorbed by FeOOH. Finally, p-CNB, p-CAN, and AN were completely removed from the water. In the pH range between 3 and 7, p-CAN can be completely dechlorinated by n-Fe/Ni within 20 min, while AN can be nearly 100% adsorbed by FeOOH within 36 h. When the temperature ranges from 15 °C to 35 °C, the dechlorination rate of p-CAN and the removal rate of AN are less affected by temperature. This study provides guidance on the thorough remediation of water bodies polluted by chlorinated organics.

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO 2) reduction, ideally in an aqueous medium, accounts for the sustainable storage of energy from renewable sources in the form of chemical energy in fuels or value-added chemicals. Herein, we report boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon nanosheets encapsulating iron nanocrystals (Fe/BCNNS) as a low cost, highly efficient and precious-metal-free electrocatalyst for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid. The porous architecture of the boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon nanosheets along with the active Fe–N x , N and B sites synergistically allow better three phase contact to enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the cell. Both half-cell as well as full cell measurements have been performed with this particular catalyst. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) CO 2 conversion cell is tested under a continuous flow of CO 2 gas and is demonstrated to selectively produce a high yield of formic acid due to improved interaction between the catalyst and gas molecules. The maximum yield of formic acid achieved is as high as 94% after 60 min of reaction with Fe/BCNNS as both anode and cathode catalysts. It can be anticipated that such a facile synthesis strategy and excellent electrocatalytic performance of low-cost Fe/BCNNS catalyst can be easily scaled up for industrial applications in electrochemical CO 2 conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two hundred and seventy monosex males Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with an average body weight of 16.65±0.2 g/fish were used to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of inorganic iron by different levels of Fe-NPs on growth performance, body composition and health status of A. hydrophila challenged Nile tilapia fish. Fish maintained on 30% protein level, Six different experimental diets supplemented with 0.0 (T1), 85.0 mg inorganic Fe/kg (T2) and 85.0, 63.75, 42.5 and 21.25mg Fe-NPs/kg (T3-T5) were fed to triplicates groups of fish. It was found that the final body weight, weight gain, SGR, FCR and PER were significantly improved in the fish fed on the iron-supplemented diets compared to those fed on the iron-deficient diet (T1). Blood pictures and serum biochemical were significantly increased before and after A. hydrophila infection in the iron-supplemented groups compared to the iron-deficient diet group. The dietary administration of iron NPs improved the antioxidant enzymatic activities (CAT and TAC) irrespective of the different iron sources in the basal diet. Moreover, it was observed that the diets containing 63.75 and 42.5 mg/kg of Fe-NPs exhibited the best survival rate compared to the other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nano iron (nano-Fe) was successfully synthesized by sodium borohydride reduction of ferric chloride solution to enhance the ultrasonic degradation of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP). The nano-Fe was characterized by scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area determination. Experimental results demonstrated that a combined ultrasonic/nano-Fe/H 2 O 2 system was more effective for PSP removal in combination than they were individually and there was a significant difference between the combined and single processes. The ultrasonic/nano-Fe/H 2 O 2 degradation follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model. The addition of nano-Fe and H 2 O 2 to the ultrasonic reactor greatly accelerated the degradation of PSP (25 mg/L) from 12.5% up to 96.5%. These findings indicated that ultrasonic degradation in the presence of nano-Fe and H 2 O 2 is a promising and efficient technique for the elimination of emerging micropollutants from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of nano iron and solupotass on agronomic and physiological traits of two onion cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in complete randomized block design with 32 treatments and three replications in Joghatai of Khorasan-e- Razavi province, Iran. Treatments consisted of two onion cultivars (red, yellow) and four levels (0, 1, 2, 3 kg per hectare) of nano iron chelat and four levels of solupotass (0, 5, 10, 15 kg per hectare). Results showed that the effect of nano iron and solupotasse on fresh weight, dry weight, pyrovic acid and macro element (N, P, S) contents were significant at %1 levels. Application nano iron, solupotasse to red onion cultivar increased dry weight significantly at the %5 level. Highest onion weight was obtained by using 2 kg nano iron and 15 kg solupotasse (17.3 g). Use of nano iron and solupotasse highly increased the pyruvic acid percentage (1.07 mM). Highest rate of pyruvic acid obtained by application of 3 and 15 kg nano iron and solupotasse respectively. Application of nano iron on the sulfur and nitrogen contents of onion were significant. Use of 2 kg/ha of nano iron exhibited highest increase in these elements. Thus, soil application of 10 kg/ha solupotasse, 3 kg/ha nano iron would highly increase red onion traits mentioned above.

A field experiment was carried out at the Al-Shafeieyah Wheat Research Station of the National Program for Wheat Development in Iraq (NPWD) to study the response of wheat to foliar application of nano- micro nutrient (Iron, zinc and copper) as single (mono) or in combinations. The experiment included application of nano-iron, nano-zinc, nano-copper and traditional sources of (iron + copper + zinc) and without application as control for comparison. Number of plant and yield (quality and quantity) parameters were recorded. Results indicated that significant response was combined nano- (Fe+Cu+Zn) followed by the treatments of di and single spraying compared to control treatment with an increment of the triple foliar of 27.47, 28.53,18.22,141.23, 33.33 and 57.40 % for plant height, length of spike, total chlorophyll SPAD, concentration of Cu, Zn and Fe ,respectively compared to control treatment. The same treatment (tri) had grain yield and protein yield of 5.84 t ha-1 and 830.44 kg ha-1 compared to the treatment of triple of traditional fertilizers and control, Which amounted to (4.55 and 3.60 t ha-1) and (571.48 and 443.88 kg ha-1) ,respectively. Harvest index were 51.05, 46.85, 48.73, 48.84, 40.57, 40.95, 43.71 and 37.89% for tri, di, single, control (Cu + Zn + Fe, Zn + Cu, Zn + Fe, Cu + Fe, Fe, Zn, Cu and control, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano iron supported by bentonite is made by a liquid phase reduction method in this research. Through X-ray techniques (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET, Lorentz-transmission electron microscope (TEM) and other methods, the microstructures and the chemical composition are characterized. And experiments of removing lead ions are also carried out to find a suitable mixture ratio. The results show that most made-up nano iron, with spherical particles of below 70nms, uniformly disperse in bentonite which can increase the specific area of synthetic material so as to solve the nano iron agglomeration and oxidation problems in air. By comparison, nano iron supported by bentonite has a much larger removal rate for lead ions than that of bentonite in the same environment. 30%-40% iron content of bentonite-supported nanometer iron (B-nZVI) has the highest removal rate of lead ions. In an acidic environment, the removal rate of lead ions by bentonite and B-nZVI increases with the increase of pH value. At pH 7 the removal rate of lead ions by B-nZVI is over 95%, while the removal rate of lead ions by bentonite is 81%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soil Sciences & Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Food fortification programs to reduce iron deficiency anemia require bioavailable forms of iron that do not cause adverse organoleptic effects. Rodent studies show that nano-sized ferric phosphate (NP-FePO4) is as bioavailable as ferrous sulfate, but there is controversy over the mechanism of absorption. We undertook in vitro studies to examine this using a Caco-2 cell model and simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion. Supernatant iron concentrations increased inversely with pH, and iron uptake into Caco-2 cells was 2-3 fold higher when NP-FePO4 was digested at pH 1 compared to pH 2. The size and distribution of NP-FePO4 particles during GI digestion was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The d50 of the particle distribution was 413 nm. Using disc centrifugal sedimentation, a high degree of agglomeration in NP-FePO4 following simulated GI digestion was observed, with only 20% of the particles ≤1000 nm. In Caco-2 cells, divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) and endocytosis inhibitors demonstrated that NP-FePO4 was mainly absorbed via DMT1. Small particles may be absorbed by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis. These findings should be considered when assessing the potential of iron nanoparticles for food fortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is currently investigated as a stabilising amendment for contaminated soils. The effect of pH (4–8) and time (48 and 192 h) on the behaviour of nZVI-treated Pb-Zn and As-contaminated soil samples was assessed. Additionally, soil leachates were subsequently used to study the direct interaction between soil solution components and nZVI particles in terms of mineralogical changes and contaminant retention. A typical U-shaped leaching trend as a function of pH was observed for Cd, Pb and Zn, while As was released predominantly under alkaline conditions. Oxidising conditions prevailed, so pH was the key controlling parameter rather than redox conditions. Generally, longer contact time resulted in increased soluble concentrations of metal(loid)s. However, the stabilisation effect of nZVI was only observed after the direct soil leachate-nZVI interactions, showing enhanced redox and sorption processes for the studied metals. A significant decrease of dissolved As concentrations was observed for both experimental soils, but with different efficiencies depending on neutralisation capacity, organic matter content or solid fractionation of As related to the origin of the soils. Scorodite (FeAsO 4 ·2H 2 O) was predicted as a potential solubility-controlling mineral phase for As. Sorption of metal(loid)s onto secondary Fe- and Al-(oxyhydr)oxides (predicted to precipitate at pH > 5) represents an important scavenger mechanism. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy confirmed the retention of Zn and Pb under near-neutral and alkaline conditions by newly formed Fe oxides or aluminosilicates. This study shows that the efficiency of nZVI application strongly depends not only on soil pH-Eh conditions and contaminant type, but also on the presence of organic matter and other compounds such as Al/Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides and clay minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To preserve the environment and to prevent the damage caused by packaging materials, the development of biodegradable, organic, and nano-active films for packaging is progressively being accentuated. As the demand for getting fresh and preservative-free food is increasing, an improved level of clarity and stability for consumers about the packaging is required. Presently, oxygen scavengers are used in the form of films, sachets, powders, or as part of the packaging material itself along with other means of preservation such as the use of chemicals, reduced water activity, pH, multilayer composite material, and or vacuum or modified packaging. Today's current demand increases their incorporation directly into the packaging material rather than being a part of the food itself. The present review, therefore, is based on the availability of types of natural sources of oxygen scavenging systems like antioxidants, and nano iron, and their possible scope of use in the food packaging industry., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe study holds no conflict of interest., (© Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Food fortification programs to reduce iron deficiency anemia require bioavailable forms of iron that do not cause adverse organoleptic effects. Rodent studies show that nano-sized ferric phosphate (NP-FePO4) is as bioavailable as ferrous sulfate, but there is controversy over the mechanism of absorption. We undertook in vitro studies to examine this using a Caco-2 cell model and simulated gastrointestinal (GI) digestion. Supernatant iron concentrations increased inversely with pH, and iron uptake into Caco-2 cells was 2–3 fold higher when NP-FePO4 was digested at pH 1 compared to pH 2. The size and distribution of NP-FePO4 particles during GI digestion was examined using transmission electron microscopy. The d50 of the particle distribution was 413 nm. Using disc centrifugal sedimentation, a high degree of agglomeration in NP-FePO4 following simulated GI digestion was observed, with only 20% of the particles ≤1000 nm. In Caco-2 cells, divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) and endocytosis inhibitors demonstrated that NP-FePO4 was mainly absorbed via DMT1. Small particles may be absorbed by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis. These findings should be considered when assessing the potential of iron nanoparticles for food fortification.

The removal of chlorinated pollutants from water by nanoparticles is a hot topic in the field of environmental engineering. In this work, a novel technique that includes the coupling effect of n-Fe/Ni and its transformation products (FeOOH) on the removal of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) and its reduction products, p-chloroaniline (p-CAN) and aniline (AN), were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the nano-iron before and after the reaction. The results show that Fe0 is mainly oxidized into lath-like lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) and needle-like goethite (α-FeOOH) after 8 h of reaction. The coupling removal process and the mechanism are as follows: Fe0 provides electrons to reduce p-CNB to p-CAN and then dechlorinates p-CAN to AN under the catalysis of Ni. Meanwhile, Fe0 is oxidized to FeOOH by the dissolved oxygen and H2O. AN is then adsorbed by FeOOH. Finally, p-CNB, p-CAN, and AN were completely removed from the water. In the pH range between 3 and 7, p-CAN can be completely dechlorinated by n-Fe/Ni within 20 min, while AN can be nearly 100% adsorbed by FeOOH within 36 h. When the temperature ranges from 15 °C to 35 °C, the dechlorination rate of p-CAN and the removal rate of AN are less affected by temperature. This study provides guidance on the thorough remediation of water bodies polluted by chlorinated organics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We present a comparative study of the mechanical properties of body-centered cubic nanocrystalline iron (nano-Fe) and microcrystalline iron (micro-Fe) by in situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction under triaxial compression. For nano-Fe with a starting high dislocation density of 1016 m−2, the peak broadening is almost reversible upon unloading from 8.6GPa to atmospheric pressure, indicating that no additional dislocations are built up during compressive deformation inside grains, at grain boundaries or twin boundaries. Furthermore, an orientation-dependent surface strain is found to be stored in the surface layer of the bcc nano-Fe, which is in agreement with the core–shell model of the nanocrystals. For micro-Fe, a significant and continuous peak sharpening and the associated work softening were observed after the sample is yielded at pressures above 2.0GPa, which can be presumably attributed to a pressure-induced dislocation annihilation. This finding/interpretation supports the hypothesis that the annihilation of dislocations is one of the dominant mechanisms underlying the plastic energy dissipation. The determined yield strength of 2.0GPa for nano-Fe is more than 15 times higher than that for micro-Fe (0.13GPa), indicating that the nanoscale grain-size reduction is a substantially more effective strengthening mechanism than conventional carbon infusion in iron. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A magnetic composite of nano-iron wrapped by graphitic carbon in the carbonaceous matrix with hierarchical pores is an efficient, regenerative, and versatile adsorbent to remove antibiotics from water. [Display omitted] • The magnetic composite of nano-iron wrapped by graphitic carbon in the carbonaceous matrix with hierarchical pores (Fe in /C-700) was synthesized through one-step thermolysis of Fe in /Zn-MOF. • Excellent chlortetracycline adsorption performances maintained with respect to various coexisting ions and actual water. • Fe in /C-700 exhibited highly effective adsorption capacities for chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole in the mixed antibiotic system. • Fe in /C-700 showed perfect reusability via magnetic recovery. The stability, versatility, and reusability of an adsorbent are of great significance to its practicability to remove antibiotics from water due to their universal residual. Herein, a magnetic composite of nano-iron wrapped by graphitic carbon in the carbonaceous matrix with hierarchical pores (Fe in /C-700) was constructed by one-step pyrolysis using Fe in /Zn-MOF as a precursor. Fe in /C-700 exhibited a core–shell structure and superparamagnetism behavior, which showed excellent chlortetracycline (CTC) adsorption with the maximum adsorption capacity of 546.5 mg/g. The adsorption process matched well with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir model, indicating chemisorption was likely contributed to the CTC adsorption. Electrostatic interaction, surface complexation, hydrogen bond, and π-π EDA interaction were the dominant driving forces. Cl- and SO 4 2- significantly enhanced the CTC adsorption due to the electrostatic attraction or hydrogen bond formed among Fe in /C-700, anions, and CTC. Fe in /C-700 maintained high adsorption capacities in the mixed antibiotic system (255.1, 143.3, and 169.6 mg/g for CTC, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole), in actual water (372.9, 383.3, 390.6, and 366.7 mg/g for CTC in Pearl River water, lake water, tap water, and ultrapure water), and regeneration (366.7, 354.2, 360.4, 314.6, and 301.0 mg/g for CTC in five runs), indicating a promising reusable adsorbent for the remediation of antibiotics in water. These findings provide a feasible and straightforward strategy to synthesize high stable magnetic nanoparticles derived from MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PS activation with BC-nZVI performed better in the remediation of petroleum polluted soil than nZVI. • Chemical oxidation facilitated the following bioremediation with providing low molecular TPHs. • BC addition increased pH value and total organic carbon concentration of soil. • BC addition protected microbial abundance and metabolic activities after chemical oxidation. • TPHs-degrading bacterium increased with time in the BC-nZVI activation treatment. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHs) has been posing a threat to soil health as its increasing production and application. For the better remediation and reclamation of TPHs polluted soil, the combined remediation by persulfate (PS) with biochar supported nano iron (BC-nZVI) was proposed and verified. In this study, the activators (BC-nVZI and nZVI) were synthesized through ferrous reducing by sodium borohydride under nitrogen with or without BC addition. The optimal concentration of 15% PS (w/w) was selected and applied to treat the TPHs polluted soil over 60 days. The TPHs degradation underwent two different stages, including chemical degradation (0th–6th day) and biodegradation (6th–60th day). To clarify the degradation process during remediation, the carbon chain transformation was tested. During the whole remediation period (0th–60th day), the long chain TPHs constantly degraded and transformed into short chain molecules in the BC-nZVI/PS groups. Furthermore, comparing with nZVI/PS groups, the BC-nZVI/PS groups could increase the soil microbial metabolic activities during the remediation period. Microbial analysis showed that the PS activation groups could significantly affect microbial abundance and structure. In BC-nZVI/PS groups, the microbial abundance recovered and TPHs-degradation bacterium increased over 60 days. This study gives an innovative technology for the TPHs polluted soil remediation which could achieve the goal for soil bioremediation after PS oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]