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The development of WWTP in business activities needs to pay attention to getting appropriate WWTP that is more valuable to support sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate two systems of integrated biological WWTP; anaerobic-wetland, and anaerobic-aerobic-wetland, including the effectiveness of pollutant removal, operational and maintenance, and estimation of carbon emissions. The performance of pollutant removal was evaluated by analyzing inlet and outlet samples of WWTP. An operational and maintenance evaluation was carried out by studying the WWTP operating system and maintenance procedures supported by a literature review. Carbon emission estimation was carried out using a formula referring to the IPCC Guidelines (2006). Organic matter removal of anaerobic-aerobic-wetland WWTP in the form of BOD₅ and COD are 92.12% and 91.72%, respectively, higher than anaerobic-wetland WWTP are 88.69% of BOD₅ and 77.62% of COD. Anaerobic-aerobic-wetland WWTP needs more maintenance and operation than anaerobic-wetland WWTP. The highest carbon emission of both WWTP is 41530.91 kgCO₂ eq/year of anaerobic-wetland WWTP from the organic matter removal process and 46485.15 kgCO₂ eq/year of anaerobic-aerobic-wetland WWTP. Electrical energy consumption emits in anaerobic-aerobic-wetland WWTP is 22338 kgCO₂ eq/year higher than anaerobic-wetland WWTP at 4299.70 kgCO₂ eq/year. Total carbon emissions of anaerobic-wetland WWTP is 47404.58 kgCO₂ eq/year and anaerobic-aerobic-wetland WWTP is 68900.23 kgCO₂ eq/year.

Oil spill contamination occurs due to exploration activities in the deep sea and downstream activities such as oil transportation via pipelines, oil-tankers (marine and terrestrial), re-fineries, finished product storage, distribution, and retail distribution setup. Physico-chemical technologies are accessible for oil spill clean-up, but oil bioremediation technologies are proven to be more affordable and environmentally friendly. The aim of this book chapter is to give deeper knowledge about the bioremediation technology of oil spills. This chapter discusses the nature and composition of crude oil, bioremediation agents and strategies, bioremediation on different matrices (water, soil sludge), application strategy, and future prospect of bioremediation technology.

The most problematic issue related to textile wastewater is dyes. The occurrence of toxic and carcinogenic compounds in textile dyes creates aesthetic problems and affects the aquatic ecosystem. Dyestuff removal methods include physical, chemical, and biological-based technology. For a more environmentally friendly process that is low cost, produces less sludge, and needs a lesser amount of chemicals, biological treatment is preferable technology. To get maximum effectiveness and efficiency, integrations/ hybrids consisting of several technologies are commonly used. This chapter is dedicated to exploring the potential of biological technology to remove dyes from wastewater, especially dyes used in textile industries. This chapter briefly discusses dyes' characteristics, their utilization, and toxicity. Deeper reviews about the biodegradation potential of dyes are elaborated, along with a discussion about biodegradation mechanisms and reviews of either lab-scale or full-scale applications of biological-based technology for dyes treatment. Lastly, this chapter also gives future insight into the biological treatment of dyes.&nbsp

Biogas is a renewable energy sources that could replace the role of fossil fuel. Biogas could be produced from biomass or agro-industrial wastewater. Sugarcane vinasse has potential of biogas production due to its high BOD concentration (10–65 g BOD/l). However, the biogas production from sugarcane vinasse has several drawbacks that hinders the maximum biogas yield, such as: acidic pH (pH 3.5 – 5.0), high temperature (80–90°C) and high concentration of sulfuric acid (> 150 mg/L). Theoretically, the methane potential per gram COD is 0.35 L/gr COD, containing of 60% methane. However, up to date, the maximum biogas production from vinasse was less then its theoretical value. To get the full potential of biogas production from vinasse wastewater as well as to reduce the capital cost for full scale application, combination of suitable pre-treatment, selected microorganisms and bioreactor design-configuration are the most important parameters to be considered. This paper aims to explore the potential of sugarcane vinasse to produce biogas, by elaborating the aforementioned key parameters. In this review the basic characteristic and the potency of sugarcane vinasse wastewater will be elaborated. Furthermore, the effect of key parameters such as pH, temperature, and organic load to biogas production will also be discussed. The biogas technology will also be explored. Lastly, conclusion will be determined

Textile wastewater has the potential to contain high ammonia, especially from the printing process. Nitrification-denitrification becomes the focus of treatment for this pollutant so comes the main source of the inability of the WWTP to meet the quality standards. An electrocatalytic reactor consisting of a cylindrical Ti/RuO2 anode and a copper pipe cathode (Cu) has been applied as new alternative technology. The reactor capacity is made of 1 liter with a fixed distance between the electrodes of 2 cm. Potential voltage, salt content, and hydraulic retention time are parameters for variable operation. The reactor had a high performance where ammonia concentration can be reduced by 70% for HRT of 15 minutes and 100% for 30 minutes. The ammonia removal is not only affected by processing time but also by the potential electrode and salt concentration. The removal was obtained at a complete level (100%) in operating conditions where the salt content of 2000 mg/L, a voltage of 7 volts, and an HRT of 30 minutes. The ammonia removal rate follows reaction order 1 with k of 0.1679 dan R2 of 0.9369. The pathway of nitrogen transforming ammonia directly to gas nitrogen was not through other forms (nitrate or nitrite). This method is a high-promise to improve the performance of the textile industry WWTP.

This study aimed to identify the effect of substrate concentration on the performance of A Three chambers Microbial Salinity Cell (a three chambers MSC). In this study, 3 three chambers MSC was made of plexy glass with total volume of 200 ml. Alumunium wrapped with with platinum on vulcan carbon cloth were used as electrodes,with each working area 63 cm2. The results showed that a Three chambers Microbial Salinity Cell was able to generate electricity and at the same time removed salinity. The degree of electricity deneration and salinity removal were influenced by initial substrate concentration in the anode chamber. The higher substrate concentration, the better performance of MSC. The best performance of MSC achieved when COD was 2034 mg/L, resulted in maximum voltage of 0. 44 V, and maximum current density of 0.29 mA/m2. With % CE was 5.4%. The maximum conductivity increase in salinity chamber was from 11.2 µS/cm to 1027 µS/cm (salinity 0.57% ppt).

This research aimed to evaluate the implementation of integrated Upflow Anaerobic Filter (UAF)-Constructed Wetlands (CWs) in real condition of wastewater treatment plant in batik small scale industry. The full scale reactor consisted of equalization chamber with HRT of 2 days; Upflow Anaerobic Filter (UAF) with HRT of 6 days, and Horizontal Subsurface Constructed Wetlands (HSSCWs) with HRT of 1.5 days. The UAF- CWs integrated technology was used to treat batik wastewater with COD inlet of 1339 – 2034 mg/L and pH of 9.0 – 9.4. This study showed that single UAF technology alone was able to reduced 56 – 78%, while the integration UAF –wetland technology improved the performance to 85% and reduced the pH into 7.5 – 7.8.

The methods of microbial cells preservation were already known by liquid drying, freeze-drying, and freezing. Those methods could preserve bacteria cells in a long period of time but its survivability was relatively low and used relatively high energy during preservation. Immobilization was known as entrapping, attaching or encapsulating bacterial cells in a suitable matrix. This research was conducted to know the suitability of zeolite as immobilization carrier and also as preservation matrix of two halophilic archaea Haloferax chudinovii and Haloferax lucentense. Variable of this research was the type of the carrier which was raw zeolite, 110oC and 300oC heat-activated zeolite carrier, parameters measured in this study was physical and chemical of zeolite such as chemical content, Si/Al ratio, surface area and pore volume, and biochemical assay, bacterial cells numbers after immobilization and bacterial cells after preservation as bacterial response to the immobilization and preservation. Heat activation was significantly affecting the chemical composition, carrier surface area, and pore volume. Highest surface area, pore volume, and Si/Al ratio were obtained in 110oC pretreated zeolite followed by 300oC pretreated zeolite. The bacterial cells obtained after immobilization process was 1,8x107 cfu/g, 3,0 x 107 cfu/g, and 2,1x107 for raw zeolite, 110oC pretreated zeolite and 300oC zeolite respectively. After 4 months preservation, the slight reduction of the bacterial cells was observed. Immobilization halophilic archaeae using zeolite as carrier was proven as low cost and effective preservation method due to relatively simple process and unspecific preservation temperature requirements.

This research aimed to investigate the influence of operational condition on the performance of halotolerant enriched - activated sludge system for treating high organic wastewater with medium salinity from roasted peanut industry. Roasted peanut wastewater with VLR ranged from 0.268 to 4.7 kg COD/m3.day and Chloride concentration ranged between 1582 - 4392 mg/L was treated continuously for almost 77 days. Two identical reactor with Volume 25 L, namely R1 a conventional Activated Sludge (AS) System and R2, a halotolerant enriched-AS. Both reactors were running with operational condition: HRT (9 h to 46 h) and MLSS (1000-6000 mg/L). Compared to conventional AS system, Halotolerant enriched-Activated sludge system could remove average of 86.7% COD, compared with conventional AS which was 85.7%. Average COD effluent of Halotolerant Enriched-Activated Sludge was also considerably lower, which was 127 mg/L, than conventional AS which was 150 mg/L. Halotolerant enriched-activated sludge also produced less sludge, giving a high F/M ratio (4.9) compared with conventional AS (3.5). In order to make effluent fulfilled stream standard regulation (at central java region COD was

Waste water from textile industry contain pollutant whit in certain concentration. To protect the environment and water bodies, wastewater containing pollutant must be treated before discharging into the environment. Anaerobic biological treatment has been used as a method in treating textile industry waste water. Several factors of conventional anaerobic treatment needs to be repaired in order to improve the performance of treating wastewater. A selected microorganisms as inoculum was expected to increase effectivity of waste water biodegradation. In this study a selected microorganisms was used as inoculum in the form of immobilized and free cells in anaerobic treatment of waste water from textile industry and compared with conventional sludge. Results from this study show that selected-immobilized microorganisms achieved the best performance due to its stability and efficiency in removing pollutant in the waste water. Mean while microorganisms in the form of free cells got the lowest performance in treating waste water, estimated due to its sensitivity of environmental conditions and having low mechanical strength of biomass.Immobilized cells succesfully treated waste water from textile industry, removal of pollutant in suspended solid parameter reached on 93,78% mean while, in oil & grease, BOD5 and COD parameter reached on 99,13%, 81,54% and 64,94% respectively. Pollutant in amonia parameter has not been fully treated in this experiment due to condition of the experiment system was anaerobic instead of aerobic.

One of the kind of mangrove fruits can be used spesifically as source of food rich of carbohydrate is from Bruguiera gumnorrhiza (tancang) spesies. This kind of mangrove fruit can be explored as an alternative food and can be treated to be flour rich of carbohydrate. Therefore this kind of mangrove can be developed as source of food based on local resources, considering Indonesia is an island nation so that this kind of mangrove can be cultivated along the coast line. Extraction reducing tannin conducted by fixed variable that is comparison between solvent volume and mangrove fruit chips 3:1, while the changed variable are solvent temperature 50,60,70,80oC and time of immersion 15, 30, 45, 60 minute. The optimal result extraction tannin of mangrove fruit obtained at 80oC temperature with time of immersion 60 minutes. The resulting mangrove fruit meets the national standard of consumption flour with content of HCN 0,26 ppm and tannin 4,56 ppm.

Conventional biological wastewater treatment is effective in removing organic carbon but has weaknesses in need large area, long hydraulic retention time, produce excess sludge in activated sludge system and need post treatment for removing nutrient in the anaerobic system. Aerobic microbial granules is a biological method in wastewater treatment that potential to overcome the lack of conventional biological treatment. Aerobic granules were developed in SBR made of glass with an effective volume of 10 L. Acetate was used as a source of carbon with COD concentration 900-1200 mg/L. SBR was run in anaerobic and aerobic phase with a hydraulic retention time of 8,3 hours and an exchange ratio of 60%. Granules begin to be formed after 14 days operational period with SVI30 to SVI5 ratio reach on 0,97 and settling velocity 13,8 cm/minute. High performance in degrading organic carbon is shown by aerobic microbial granules system with removal efficiency reaches on 94-97%.

A rapid catalytic process with low energy requirements gives catalytic ozone the potential to treat industrial textile wastewater in a full-scale application. However, until today, this catalytic ozone technology remains energy-consuming and, as a consequence, expensive. Thus, to overcome the bottleneck related to energy needs, this research aims to design a continuous mode reactor design to treat industrial textile wastewater through catalytic ozone, which integrated solar power plants (PLTS). In this work, a constant mode reactor design combined with an integrated sensor is investigated for industrial textile wastewater. Combining the autonomous and continuous removal of the impurities makes this continuous mode reactor excellent for the treated wastewater on the industrial textile scale.

Air limbah industri bakery memiliki karakteristik kandungan organik, lemak, dan surfaktan yang tinggi. Keberadaan surfaktan pada air limbah dapat mengganggu proses degradasi kandungan organik dan lemak pada instalasi pengolahan air limbah khususnya pengolahan secara biologis/lumpur aktif. Studi ini membahas tentang performa integrasi system stripper-lumpur aktif yang diaplikasikan untuk mengolah air limbah industry bakery dalam skala full scale. Proses stripper dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom yang diintegrasikan dengan bak aerasi pada kisaran HRT (waktu tinggal) 24 jam. Proses stripper memberikan efisiensi enurunan COD dan surfaktan tertinggi sebesar 96% dan 80%. Proses lumpur aktif digunakan untuk mengolah keluaran dari proses stripper dengan karakteristik lumpur aktif MLSS 4000-4500 mg/L, FM/ rasio 0,268, sludge age 11 hari dan HRT 24 jam, proses degradasi dengan lumpur aktif ini mampu memberikan efisiensi penurunan COD dan surfaktan sebesar 79% dan 88%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa unit IPAL dengan menggunakan sistem stripper-lumpur aktif memiliki efisiensi penurunan COD, TSS, dan BOD sebesar 98,9%, 87,9%, dan 96,4%, sehingga sistem ini merupakan teknologi yang tepat untuk diterapkan pada pengolahan limbah industri bakery.

Bruguiera gumnorrhiza (“ Tancang ”) is a mangrove species that their fruit can be utilized as an alternative flour rich of carbohydrate. Extraction reducing tannin conducted with two variable that were solvent temperature 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C and soaking time 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min. The optimal result extraction tannin of mangrove fruit obtained at 80 o C temperature with soaking time 60 min. The resulting mangrove fruit meets the criteria of consumption flour with content of HCN 0.26 mg · L –1 and tannin 4.56 mg · L –1 . The maximum content of HCN according to quality requirements in Indonesian National Standards of tapioca is 40 mg · L –1 , whereas tannin according to acceptable daily intake is 560 mg · kg –1 · d –1 .

Pengolahan air limbah secara anaerob merupakan salah satu metode pengolahan biologi yang dapat mengolah limbah tekstil. Mikroorganisme yang mendominasi dalam proses tersebut adalah bakteri fakultatif dan anaerob obligat, dengan produk akhir gas-gas seperti karbondioksida dan metana. Dalam proses degradasi zat organik dalam air limbah industri tekstil secara anaerobik akan melibatkan berbagai jenis bakteri anaerobik baik dalam tahap hidrolisa, tahap asidigenesis maupun tahap metanogenesis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kultur mikroorganisme anaerobik spesifik yang mampu mendegradasi limbah tekstil dan dilakukan dengan cara isolasi kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pengkayaan (enrichment) bakteri dan uji kemampuan mendegradasi bahan cemaran dari air limbah industri tekstil yang mengandung amilum, parafin, selulosa, dan warna. Secara keseluruhan didapatkan 29 (dua puluh sembilan) isolat bakteri. Dari isolat tersebut 12 (dua belas) isolat terbaik yang mampu mendegradasi amilum adalah BDLA 5, BDLA 4, BDLA 6, mendegradasi parafin adalah BDLP 3, BDLP 1, BDLP 2, mendegradasi selulosa adalah BDLC 2, BDLC 5, BDLC 1, dan mendegradasi warna adalah BDLW 3, BDLW 7, BDLW 2.

Batik industry is one of textile industries in Indonesia generally in small and medium scale and has not good management of by-products in the form of wastewater. Wastewater from batik industry consist of complex and toxic pollutants hence need to be treated in order to support the development of environmentally friendly sustainable industry. Some researches have treated batik wastewater using conventional biological treatment such as anaerobic and activated sludge but optimal results have not been obtained. This research aims to develop a compact aerobic microbial granule with good endurance, which also rich in carbon and nutrient oxidizer bacteria to treat batik wastewater. Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with volume of 8 L fed with Acetate (COD = 900-1000mg/L), then aerated for 180 minutes. Settling time variation was from 20 to 3 minutes, with 50% liquid withdrawal. In the 4 weeks operation there is increasing of MLVSS reached on 4760 mg/L with COD removal reach on 91,94%. The depletion of dissolved oxygen take effect on decreasing of MLVSS and COD removal.

Air limbah perebusan dari industri kacang garing masih menjadi permasalahan karena mengandung garam yang tinggi. Pada kegiatan penelitian ini dilakukan pengolahan air limbah tersebut dengan sistem lumpur aktif dengan memanfaatkan mikroba yang sudah teradaptasi dengan kadar garam tinggi berasal dari bak equalisasi air limbah tersebut. Percobaan penelitian pengolahan limbah dilakukan dengan dua kondisi yaitu kadar MLVSS (Mixed Liquour Volatile Suspended Solid) awal 1000 mg/L dan 2000 mg/L, pengamatan sampel dilakukan setiap 24 jam selama lima hari. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan nilai BOD dan permanganat pada sampel air limbah namun tidak terjadi penurunan untuk parameter nilai klorida. Penurunan nilai BOD adalah sebesar 89,89% dengan perlakuan MLVSS 1000 mg/L dan 91,01 % untuk perlakuan MLVSS 2000 mg/L. Kondisi optimal pada sistem lumpur aktif belum tercapai yang ditunjukkan dari nilai sludge volume masih kurang dari 30%. Sampel hasil pengolahan belum dapat memenuhi baku mutu yang dipersyaratkan dengan nilai BOD 352,2 mg/L, permanganat 213,4 mg/L dan klorida 8347 mg/L.

Industri pemindangan ikan dalam proses pengolahannya menghasilkan limbah cair. Limbah tersebut langsung dibuang ke sungai, hal ini dapat menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan terutama bau akibat dari pembusukan protein.Kapasitasnya 150 m3 per-hari untuk 1 industri. Limbah cair rebusan ikan pindang mengandung beban cemaran yang cukup tinggi, dengan nilai permanganat 15.073 ppm dan BOD 5.380 ppm.Pengolahan limbah cair dalam penelitian ini menggunakan sistem batch dan kontinyu yang diamati setiap hari selama 8 hari (hari ke 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dan 7). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penurunan nilai permanganat paling optimal terjadi pada hari ke 6 sebesar 4.266 ppm atau penurunannya sebesar 2.401 ppm , atau 36,01 persen untuk sistem batch. Sistem kontinyu penurunan optimal pada hari ke-3 yaitu 5.906 ppm turun 13,47 persen.Jadi sistem batch lebih efektif daripada sistem kontinyu pada pengolahan limbah pindang dengan bakteri halofilik. Nilai BOD terjadi penurunan yang signifikan, untuk pengolahan dengan sistem batch secara keseluruhan nilai BOD sistem batch lebih rendah daripada sistem kontinyu. Penurunan yang optimal pada hari ke-6menjadi 496 ppm terjadi penurunan sebesar 1.203 ppm atau 70,81 persen, sedangkan sistem kontinyu nilai BOD tidak terjadi penurunan .