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Background: Tempeh is a fermented soybean containing isoflavones that shows good benefits again obesity. Co-fermentation of tempeh using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG could increase the bioavailability of isoflavones.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of co-fermented tempeh using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (tLGG) on body weight (B.W.), Lee Index, high sensitivity C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), and lipid profile of obese rats. Total flavonoid and genistein were also measured.Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=36, 200-to-215-gram, age eight weeks) were orally administered high fat and high sucrose diet (HFHS diet) for two weeks to induce obesity. After obesity was confirmed by checking Lee Index, rats were divided into six group and administered orally standard diet (normal control), HFHS diet (negative control), HFHS diet and 120 mg/kg B.W./day-orlistat (positive control), HFHS diet and 60 mg/kg B.W./day standard tempeh with Rhizopus oligosporus (tS), HFHS diet and 60 mg/kg B.W./day tLGG, HFHS diet and 120 mg/kg B.W./day tLGG for four weeks. Body weight, Lee Index, hs-CRP, and lipid profile were analyzed. Total flavonoid and genistein were analyzed.Results: 120 mg/kg B.W./day tLGG group exhibited significantly lower body weight gains, Lee Index, hs-CRP, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, and higher HDL compared to negative control and tS group (p

Background : Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism carried out in the liver. Increased level of uric acid in blood is called hyperuricemia, which might cause gout if it is not treated properly. Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) plant is a native plant of Indonesia that contains flavonoids and stilbenoid potential as antihyperuricemia. Aim : This paper aimed to study the effect of melinjo seed extract on uric acid levels. Methods : Thirty-six male wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, consists of healthy control group, hyperuricemic control, Allopurinol control, and treatment groups (3 groups). Hyperuricemia was induced by the administration of block broth and potassium oxonate for 4 weeks. Melinjo seed extract doses of 250, 500, and 2000 mg/kg BW, and allopurinol 90 mg/kg BW was given orally for 2 weeks. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate differences among groups before and after the intervention. Results : Three doses could significantly reduce uric acid levels (p

LATAR BELAKANG : Saat ini, berbagai tanaman asli Indonesia dikembangkan sebagai bahan perawatan luka untuk hasil penyembuhan yang lebih baik. Salah satunya, yaitu Moringa oleifera L., yang merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia serta berpotensi dapat membantu penyembuhan luka melalui regulasi jalur sitokin inflamasi, interleukin (IL)-1 dan IL-10. TUJUAN : Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Moringa oleifera L. terhadap IL-1, IL-10, dan rasio IL-1: IL-10 di jaringan kulit, pada tikus dengan luka insisi. METODE : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain post test only controlled group dengan sampel berupa 15 tikus Wistar yang dilakukan luka insisi. Sampel dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok perlakuan: perawatan luka dengan framycetin sulphate (KP), krim ekstrak Moringa oleifera L. 15% (M), dan krim plasebo (KN). Pengukuran kadar IL-1, IL-10, dan rasio IL-1: IL-10 dilakukan pada hari ke-10 perlakuan melalui pengambilan jaringan. HASIL : Kadar IL-1 pada kelompok perlakuan (M) tidak berbeda bermakna dibanding KN dan KP (33,56±4,68 vs 40,92±27,32 vs 30,23±3,92 pg/mL, p=0,543). Kelompok KP memiliki IL-10 lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok M dan KN (113,95±9,38; 91,75±5,65 dan 94,93±2,39 pg/mL, p

Background: Breast cancer is currently one of the most common types of cancer suffered by women, with the highest prevalence in all countries in the world. Herbal plants are thought to increase the immune system against tumors, one of which is okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) has the potential as an anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of ethanol okra extract on granzyme expression and tumor mass diameter in mammary adenocarcinoma of rats treated with adriamycin-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. Methods: This study is an experimental study using 28 Sprague Dawley Rats. Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 21 to assess differences in granzyme expression and tumor size. Results: The combination of chemotherapy and okra fruit extract (P3) showed optimal potential in increasing granzyme expression and reducing mammary tumor size. Conclusion: The okra fruit extract has potential in the treatment of mammary carcinoma by increasing the expression of granzymes so as to reduce the size of breast carcinoma tumors in vivo.

Background: Breast cancer is cancer in women with the highest incidence. Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide (AC) chemotherapy is a breast cancer therapy with good efficacy, but its effectiveness has not been maximized. The okra fruit extract is known to have anti-cancer effects from lectins, so it can be used as a complementary chemotherapy therapy to increase effectiveness with minimal side effects. Methods: This study is an experimental study using female rats Sprague Dawley strain, aged 4 weeks, were induced by DMBA to form mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Divided into groups; control (K): no treatment, treatment 1 (P1): AC chemotherapy (adriamycin 1.5 mg/time and cyclophosphamide 15 mg/time), treatment 2 (P2): okra extract 150 mg/kgBW/day, and treatment 3 (P3): combination of AC and okra extract. Results: The highest levels of caspase-3 and apoptosis index were found in the P3 group at 39.66±1.78 and 20.93±1.67, respectively. Giving green okra extract to chemotherapy agents can increase the anti-cancer effect by increasing the apoptosis index and caspase-3 levels significantly (p

Background: High-fat diet (HFD) and cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) have been used to induce atherosclerosis in wild-type (WT) rats however, their effectivity remains unclear.Objective: To confirm and compare the effectivity of HFD and CSE on both the histopathology of aorta and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in WT rats.Methods: Thirty-six WT Wistar rats were divided into four main groups (K0, K1, K2, and K3) and four subgroups (K3A, K3B, K3C, and K3D). The negative control group (K0) was fed with regular diet. Group K1 was treated with an intravenous adrenaline followed by high-fat diet (HFD), K2 was fed with regular diet and given CSE, while K3 was treated with a combination of CSE and HFD. The serum and cardiac MDA levels were measured using ELISA. Hematoxylin eosin and oil red O staining of aorta were done for measuring of the intima-media thickness (IMT) ratio and for counting of foam cells, respectively. Results: Both serum and cardiac tissue MDA levels in either K1, K2, or K3 were significant higher (p

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) showed a progressive decline in left ventricular contractile function. However, no previous study has examined the left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS) parameter that represents LV contractile function. We investigated whether trimetazidine could improve the LV GLS value in patients with HFrEF due to IHD. We performed a double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) including 26 patients with HFrEF due to stable IHD who were given modified-release trimetazidine 35 mg twice per day (n = 13) or placebo (n = 13) for 3 months in addition to standard medication. Left ventricular systolic function including GLS values was assessed at baseline and after 3 months using echocardiography. A total of 25 participants (13 control and 12 trimetazidine groups) were recruited with a baseline average age of 57.1 ± 10 years, and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) value of 34.6% ± 4.4%, and a GLS value of 7.4% ± 2.1%. Baseline clinical characteristics and echocardiogram were similar between the two groups. There was significant GLS improvement in the trimetazidine group (-6.9% ± 2.4% to -8.4% ± 2.6%, p = 0.000), but no significant differences were noted in the control group. The GLS improvement was significantly higher in the trimetazidine group than the control (1.5% + 0.9% vs. -0.7% + 1.7%, p = 0.001). No adverse drug reactions from the administration of trimetazidine in this study. Trimetazidine may improve GLS values in patients with HFrEF due to IHD.

Introduction: Mass testing is essential in the surveillance strategy for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. It allows early detection of suspected cases and subsequently early isolation to mitigate spread. However, the high cost and limited consumables and reagents hinder the mass testing strategy in developing countries such as Indonesia. The specimen pooling strategy is an option to perform mass screening with limited resources. This study aims to determine the positivity rate cut-off and to evaluate the efficiency of pooling strategy for the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. Methodology: Between August 4th, 2020, and November 11th, 2020, a four-sample pooling strategy testing to detect SARS-CoV-2 was carried out at the Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory of Diponegoro National Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. Pools with positive results were subjected to individual specimen retesting. Spearman’s correlation and linear regression analysis were used to determine the best positivity rate cut-off to apply pooling strategy. Results: A total of 15,216 individual specimens were pooled into 3,804 four-sample pools. Among these pools, 1,007 (26.47%) were positive. Five hundred and ten (50.64%) were 1/4 positive. A maximum positivity rate of 22% is needed to save at least 50% extraction and qRT-PCR reactions in a four-sample pooling strategy. CT values between individual specimens and pools showed a good interval agreement. Conclusions: Pooling strategy could reduce personnel workload and reagent cost, and increase laboratory capacity by up to 50% when the positivity rate is less than 22%.

Background: Pharmacological therapy to reduce serum uric acid levels in gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia patients is essential to prevent gout flare and other hyperuricemia-related morbidities. However, only about 50% of gout arthritis patients adhered to their treatment. Knowing the factors influencing adherence to therapy can be used as a reference for health services to improve adherence.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the factors that influenced the patient's adherence to gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia pharmacological therapy.Methods: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. Subjects were the patients in Wuryantoro Community Health Center, Wonogiri Regency, diagnosed with gouty arthritis or hyperuricemia due to a disorder in purine metabolism. Sampling was done by a consecutive sampling method. Questionnaires with the related medical record were used to collect the necessary data. Research variables were knowledge, attitudes and behavior, gender, age, occupation, insurance, distance from residence to health care facilities, and adherence to therapy which was in binary.Results: Sixty-one percent from a total of 41 respondents were found to be non-adherence to pharmacological therapy. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards therapy, educational level, availability of health insurance, and distance to health facilities were significantly correlated to treatment adherence (p < 0.05). Sex, age, and occupation were not correlated to adherence.Conclusion: Factors influencing adherence were knowledge, attitudes and behavior, academic background, insurance, and the distance from residence to health care facilities.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic test antibody (RDT-Ab) was most often used as an early detection tool for COVID-19 at the beginning of pandemic. Whereas the antibody response was formed in the second week after the onset of symptoms.Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of the SARS-CoV-2 RDT-Ab, including sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), and negative likelihood ratio (NLR), in patients at Diponegoro National Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.Methods: Data subjects have been selected retrospectively using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria (patients who had shortness of breath, pneumonia, suspected, possible, or confirmed COVID-19, and data on the results of the SARS-CoV-2 RDT-Ab IgM and/or IgG (Leccurate® SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Rapid Test Kit) with a valid RT-PCR as gold standard) and exclusion criteria (patients who only had one of either SARS-CoV-2 RDT-Ab or RT-PCR). Researchers analyzed the diagnostic value of SARS-CoV-2 RDT-Ab with RT-PCR which gave the possibility of true-positive, false-positive, true-negative, and false-negative results arranged in a 2x2 table. According to WHO, the diagnostic value is said to be good at least having a sensitivity value of 80% and specificity of 97%.Results: The diagnostic value of SARS-CoV-2 RDT-Ab with RT-PCR, which was evaluated from 1142 patients retrospectively, included IgM (Se 65.25%, Sp 89.51%, PPV 46.70%, NPV 94.81%, PLR 6.22, NLR 0.39), IgG (Se 58.16%, Sp 93.01%, PPV 53.95%, NPV 94.04%, PLR 8.32, NLR 0.45), IgM and IgG (Se 53.90%, Sp 94.21%, PPV 56.72%, NPV 93.55%, PLR 9.30, NLR 0.49), IgM and/or IgG (Se 69.50%, Sp 88.31%, PPV 45.58%, NPV 95.36%, PLR 5.95, NLR 0.35).Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 RDT-Ab (Leccurate® SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Rapid Test Kit) is not ideal to be used as a rapid diagnostic test for COVID-19.Keywords: COVID-19, Rapid diagnostic test, RT-PCR, SARS-CoV-2 antibody

Background: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients have high risk of cachexia. It is important to notice cachexia parameters in the beginning of their treatment in order to predict and anticipate unexpected outcomes. This study aimed to describe the profile of advanced stage NPC patient receiving first chemotherapy, especially in cachexia parameters and dietary intakes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving advanced stage of NPC patients who would receive their first chemotherapy aged 20-70 years. Subjects with distant metastatic, acute infection, history of past chemotherapy or radiotherapy, were excluded. Parameters of cachexia being studied were inflammation markers (NLR and CRP level), anorexia and fatigue scores, body composition (fat and muscle mass) and hand grip strength (HGS), meanwhile dietary intakes were energy and protein. Frequency distribution, descriptive statistic, and Pearson correlation test were used in data analyses. Results: Forty-three subjects were participated. Average age was48.1±9.8 years old and 63% were males. NLR and CRP level were high, i.e.4.8±5.0 and 13.3±20.6 mg/dL, respectively. Anorexia and fatigue scores were 32.4±9 and 35.9±11.8, respectively, with 70% subjects were anorexic and 30% subjects experienced severe fatigue. Less than 20% were malnourished but 35% subjects had central obesity and 37% subjects classified to have very high fat mass. Most subjects had low muscle mass (77%) and classified to have weak HGS (77%). Energy and protein intakes were 26.7±8.9 kcal/kgBW/d and 1±0.4 g/kg BW/d respectively. Some variables had strong correlation (r≥0.80), i.e. BMI with visceral fat (r=0.94), fat with muscle mass (r=-0.89), energy with protein intakes (r=0.80), and moderate correlation (r=0.60–0.79) between anorexia and fatigue scores. Conclusions: Advanced stage of NPC patients receiving first chemotherapy had high inflammation status, anorexia and fatigue. Many subjects had low muscle mass and weak HGS. BMI with visceral fat, fat with muscle mass, energy with protein intake, were strongly correlated. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 02 April’22 Page : 302-310

Background: Diarrhea is a condition of increased fecal water content of more than 200 grams or 200 ml/24 hours with a liquid or semi-liquid consistency. Complications of diarrhea, dehydration and malnutrition are still world health problems. Lime peel extract contains tannins which have astringent properties. Tannins are indicated as an alternative anti-diarrheal agent by tightening and forming a protective layer on the intestinal mucosa thereby reducing osmolarity. Aim: To examine the consistency, fecal water content, and frequency of defecation of bisacodyl-induced diarrhea in mice that are given lime peel extract. Methods: This research was an experimental with post test only group design. Thirty-six male mice were included and then divided into 5 groups with bisacodyl induction and 1 normal control group (KM) without bisacodyl induction. The negative control group (KN) was given 0.5 ml Tween 80 1%, the positive control group (KP) was given attalpugite 0.4 mg/40gW, treatment group 1 (X1), treatment group 2 (X2), treatment group 3 (X3 ) were given lime peel extract at graded doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/KgW. Consistency, fecal water content, and frequency of defecation were observed every 30 minutes for 4 hours by observing the consistency of feces, weighing wet and dry feces to measure the water content, and measuring the frequency of defecation in each group. Data were analyzed statitiscally using Kruskal Wallis test with Post Hoc Mann Whitney test. Results: There were significant differences between the comparison of defecation frequency in the X3 group and the KM group, for the fecal water content comparison between the X3 group and the KN group, and no significant differences in the following group comparisons. Conclusion: Lime peel extract cannot reduce the frequency of defecation, fecal water content, and increase the consistency of feces significantly. Keywords : Diarrhea, lime peel extract, tannins, astringent, consistency, fecal water content, frequency of defecation.

Background The association between short stature, undernutrition and the risk to cardiovascular disease has been clinically established. Genetic factor, particularly the variants in cytochrome b-245 alpha chain (CYBA) gene, which alter the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase level, might affect arterial function. This study aimed to observe the association between single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of the CYBA gene and the arterial function of short stature children to understand the reason why some people with short stature develop cardiovascular disease. Methods A total of 142 genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples have been collected from short stature children in Brebes, Central Java, Indonesia. Four common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): C242T (rs4673), A640G (rs1049255), -930A>G (rs9932581) and *49A>G (rs7195830) in the CYBA gene were examined using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. The arterial function was measured using transthoracic echocardiography and described as aortic stiffness and distensibility index. Statistical analysis was done to find a significant difference in arterial function between genotypes of each SNV. Results A P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. In rs9932581 (-930A>G) of CYBA gene, the subjects with GG genotype were found to have significantly lower arterial stiffness and higher distensibility compared to AA and AG genotypes. No significant difference was found in the other SNVs. Conclusion The GG genotype in rs9932581 of the CYBA gene might have a protective effect on cardiovascular disease in short stature children.

Background: Atherosclerosis is the main cause of ischemic heart disease which leads to death for people aged more than 40 years old. Genistein is an important isoflavone compound which may protect the blood vessels from endothelial injury. This research is to observe the efficacy of genistein rich edamame as a prevention for atherosclerotic abdominal aortic lesions that seen from abdominal aortic thickness and foam cells count. Method: Thirty rats were divided randomly into five groups and treated for 28 days. The negative control group was given food and drink ad libitum. The positive control group was induced for atherosclerosis using adrenaline 0.006 mg / 200 gr BW injected on the first day and then the next day was given egg yolk 5 gr / 200 gr BW on next day for 28 days. All of the treatment groups were induced for atherosclerosis and treated with genistein-rich edamame extract 5 mg / 200 gr BW, edamame extract 38 mg / 200 gr BW and atorvastatin 1.5 mg / 200 grBW. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA - post hoc Bonferroni test, Kruskal Wallis - Mann Whitney test, and Pearson correlation test. Results: There were significant differences (p

Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the flavonoid fraction of chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw) leaves (FFCL) on uric acid (UA) levels, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in hyperuricemia rats. Design/methodology/approach In total, 30 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided randomly into 5 groups. A healthy control group was established. Hyperuricemia was induced by the administration of block broth and potassium oxonate for three weeks. FFCL at dosages of 50 and 100 mg/200 g BW/d or allopurinol at a dosage of 1.8 mg/200 g BW/d was given orally for 2 weeks. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate differences among groups before and after the intervention. Findings Treatment with two different doses FFCL (50 and 100 mg/200 g BW/d) and one dose of allopurinol (1.8 mg/200 g BW/d) for 2 weeks significantly reduced UA from 8.04 ± 0.23 to 3.88 ± 0.10; 8.03 ± 0.18 to 2.87 ± 0.10; 8.23 ± 0.21 to 2.53 ± 0.19 (p p = 0.001) from 9.68 ± 0.28 to 4.06 ± 0.58; 10.01 ± 0.23 to 2.12 ± 0.09; 9.88 ± 0.21 to 2.02 ± 0.17 (p = 0.001). The inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were also reduced from 26.43 ± 0.87 to 12.20 ± 0.32; 27.38 ± 0.53 to 9.60 ± 0.53; 27.55 ± 0.68 to 8.83 ± 0.21 with p = 0.001. The 100 mg/200 g BW/d FFCL decreased UA levels, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers more extensively compared to 50 mg/200 g BW/d FFCL. Research limitations/implications This study includes some limitations that may affect the generalizability of its findings. First, the flavonoid levels of FFCL were not measured. Second, other oxidative stress biomarkers (e.g. superoxide dismutase) and inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. IL-6) were not investigated. Finally, the experiments were conducted on the model animals over a relatively short period of time. Further research is needed to evaluate the effect in humans at chronic use. Practical implications Chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw) leaves are rich in flavonoids, especially apigenin and luteolin, which can improve oxidative stress and inflammation conditions caused by hyperuricemia. Social implications Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases, mostly caused by oxidative stress and inflammation in the body due to high levels of UA, one of the treatment strategies is through diet modification. Originality/value The results of this investigation imply that the administration of the flavonoid fraction of chayote leaves has significant effects on UA and oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Further research is necessary to confirm the results.

Background: Mercury’s a toxic heavy metal that damages the kidney through generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Previous study has established that coriander leaves contained high level of antioxidants. However, there hasn’t been any experiment that examined renoprotective effect of coriander leaf extract toward the kidney of Wistar rat induced with orally administered mercury.Objective: To examine the nephroprotective activity of coriander leaf extract towards Wistar rat’s proximal tubules induced with orally administered mercuryMethods: : Experimental study with post test only control group design using 20 male Wistar rats divided randomly into 4 groups as samples. Group K0 without treatment, Group K(-) was administered 10 mg/ kgBW mercury chloride orally, Group P1 was administered 10 mg/kgBW mercury chloride and 100 mg/kgBW coriander leaf extract orally, and Group P2 was administered 10 mg/kgBW mercury chloride and 200 mg/kgBW coriander leaf extract orally. The study was carried for 14 days after which the kidneys were examined microscopically.Results: The mean values for damaged proximal tubules were as follows: group K0 2,44±1,19; group K(-) 4,76±3,77; group P1 4,52±2,18; group P2 2,60±1,38. Mann-Whitney test showed significant differences between group K(-)>K0 (p=0,009); group P1>K0 (p=0,001); group P2P2 (p=0,001). Insignificant differences were found between group P2> K0 (p=0,936) and group P1

Viral infections that attack the respiratory tract are currently a major problem globally. The spread of viral infection can be one of the risks by passengers of the bus. The government's efforts being developed are the application of biosmart and safety buses designed to prevent the virus with stake holders. One of the health protocols is the use of masks. The purpose of this study was to see the differences in IgA and IL6 levels before and after the use of medical masks and herbal masks. Nasal wash samples were taken and analyzed by ELISA. The results obtained were the level of IgA for the control group before wearing medical masks was 23.46834 pg/ml and after wearing 29.74473 pg/ml. While the IL6 levels before were 1.10544 ng / ml and after -2.04119 ng/ml. The results of the IgA in the experimental group before using the herbal mask 24.00840 pg/ml and after using was 29.74473 pg/ml. Meanwhile, the level of IL6 before was 0.91682 ng/ml and after 0.500157 ng/ml. Based on the results, there was an increase in IgA levels after the use of medical masks and herbal masks while IL6 levels decreased after the use of medical and herbal masks. Keywords: Herbal mask; IgA; IL6, Masker herbal;IgA;IL6 Infeksi virus yang menyerang saluran pernapasan saat ini menjadi masalah utama secara global. Penyebaran agen infeksi virus dapat menjadi salah satu risiko yang dihadapi penumpang moda transportasi Bus. Upaya Pemerintah seperti yang saat ini dikembangkan adalah pengaplikasian biosmart and safety bus yang dirancang guna menghambat persebaran virus dengan stake holder yang tepat. Salah satu penerapan protokol kesehatan adalah penggunaan masker. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melihat perbedaan kadar IgA dan IL6 sebelum dan sesudah pemakaian masker medis dan masker herbal pada penumpang biosmart and safety bus. Pengambilan sampel nasal wash dilakukan dan dianalisis dengan ELISA. Penelitian ini merupakan quasi experimental dengan prepost test randomized control design. Hasil yang didapat adalah kadar IgA untuk kelompok kontrol sebelum pemakaian masker medis 23,46834 pg/ml dan setelah memakai masker medis 29,74473 pg/ml. Sementara kadar IL6 sebelum adalah 1,10544 ng/ml dan setelah -2,04119 ng/ml. Hasil IgA kelompok eksperimen sebelum pemakaian masker herbal 24,00840 pg/ml dan setelah memakai masker herbal 29,74473 pg/ml. Sementara kadar IL6 sebelum adalah 0,91682 ng/ml dan setelah 0,500157 ng/ml. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat peningkatan kadar IgA setelah pemakaian masker medis dan masker herbal sementara kadar IL6 mengalami penurunan setelah pemakaian masker medis dan masker herbal. Keywords: Herbal mask; IgA; IL6, Masker herbal;IgA;IL6

Background: Atherosclerosis is related to hypercholesterolaemia and inflammation. Edamame is one of the soybeans with high levels of genistein which protects the formation of atherosclerosis. Purpose: This research aimed to evaluate the effects of genistein-rich edamame on LDL, hs-CRP, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and Monocyte-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR) on atherosclerosis-induced mice. Method: This research is a true experimental study with posttest only-controlled group design. Thirty male rats were divided randomly into five groups: negative control group without any intervention, positive control group with atherosclerosis induction, first intervention group with edamame extract supplementation, second intervention group with genistein-rich edamame extract supplementation, and third intervention group treated with atorvastatin. After 28 days, serum LDL, hs-CRP, LDL and MLR were measured. Results: There were significant differences (p

Serum uric acid (UA) is taken up by endothelial cells and reduces the level of nitric oxide (NO) by inhibiting its production and accelerating its degradation. Cytosolic and plasma xanthine oxidase (XO) generates superoxide and also decreases the NO level. Thus, hyperuricemia is associated with impaired endothelial function. Hyperuricemia is often associated with vascular diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It has long been debated whether hyperuricemia is causally related to the development of these diseases. The 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout (ACR2020) does not recommend pharmacological treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with CKD/CVD. In contrast, the Japanese Guideline on Management of Hyperuricemia and Gout (JGMHG), 3rdedition, recommends pharmacological treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with CKD. In a FREED study on Japanese hyperuricemic patients with CVD, an XO inhibitor, febuxostat, improved the primary composite endpoint of cerebro-cardio-renovascular events, providing a rationale for the use of urate-lowering agents (ULAs). Since a CARES study on American gout patients with CVD treated with febuxostat revealed increased mortality, ACR2020 recommends switching to different ULAs. However, there was no difference in the mortality of Japanese patients between the febuxostat-treated group and the placebo or allopurinol-treated groups in either the FEATHER or FREED studies.

Serum uric acid level above 7 mg/dl is defined as hyperuricemia, which gives rise to the monosodium urate (MSU), causing gout and urolithiasis. Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor as well as a marker for hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, and chronic kidney disease. MSU crystals, soluble uric acid (UA), or oxidative stress derived from xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) might be plausible explanations for the association of cardio-renovascular diseases with hyperuricemia. In macrophages, MSU activates the Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasome, and proteolytic processing mediated by caspase-1 with enhanced interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 secretion. Soluble UA accumulates intracellularly through UA transporters (UAT) in vascular and atrial myocytes, causing endothelial dysfunction ad atrial electrical remodeling. XOR generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to cardiovascular diseases. Since it remains unclear whether asymptomatic hyperuricemia could be a risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney diseases, European and American guidelines do not recommend pharmacological treatment for asymptomatic patients with cardio-renovascular diseases. The Japanese guideline, on the contrary, recommends pharmacological treatment for hyperuricemia with CKD to protect renal function, and it attaches importance of the cardio-renal interaction for the treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia patients with hypertension and heart failure.

Background: Monocarboxylate transporter 9 (MCT9), an orphan transporter member of the solute carrier family 16 (SLC16), possibly reabsorbs uric acid in the renal tubule and has been suggested by genome-wide association studies to be involved in the development of hyperuricemia and gout. In this study we investigated the mechanisms regulating the expression of human (h) MCT9, its degradation, and physiological functions. Methods and Results: hMCT9-FLAG was stably expressed in HEK293 cells and its degradation, intracellular localization, and urate uptake activities were assessed by pulse-chase analysis, immunofluorescence, and [14C]-urate uptake experiments, respectively. hMCT9-FLAG was localized on the plasma membrane as well as in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The proteasome inhibitors MG132 and lactacystine increased levels of hMCT9-FLAG protein expression with enhanced ubiquitination, prolonged their half-life, and decreased [14C]-urate uptake. [14C]-urate uptake was increased by both heat shock (HS) and the HS protein inducer geranylgeranylacetone (GGA). Both HS and GGA restored the [14C]-urate uptake impaired by MG132. Conclusions: hMCT9 does transport urate and is degraded by a proteasome, inhibition of which reduces hMCT9 expression on the cell membrane and urate uptake. HS enhanced urate uptake through hMCT9.

Latar Belakang: Luka bakar merupakan masalah klinis dengan komplikasi yang sering menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Omega 3 memiliki efek anti inflamasi dan restriksi kalori memiliki efek anti oksidan yang diduga mampu mempercepat proses penyembuhan pada luka. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kombinasi suplementasi Omega 3 dan restriksi kalori dapat membantu dalam proses penyembuhan luka bakar yang dapat ditinjau dari kadar TNF Alfa dan perbaikan luas luka bakar. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain “Randomized post test with control group” pada tikus yang di intervensi luka bakar pada punggungnya. Random alokasi dilakukan untuk membagi tikus Sprague Dawley dalam 4 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol(K1) dengan diet biasa, kelompok restriksi kalori(P1), kelompok suplementasi omega 3(P2) dan kelompok kombinasi restriksi kalori dengan suplementasi omega 3 (P3). Data dianalisis dan diolah menggunakan uji hipotesis Kruskall Wallis - Post Hoc test Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Penelitian didapatkan perbedaan bermakna yang signifikan kadar TNF Alfa pada kelompok Kontrol dengan kelompok P1, P2, dan P3 dengan p < 0,001. Luas luka bakar didapatkan hasil bermakna signifikan antar kelompok dengan p < 0,001. Post Hoc test kadar TNF alfa dan luas luka bakar menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok P2 dengan P3. Kesimpulan: Kombinasi pemberian suplementasi omega 3 dengan restriksi kalori dapat menurunkan kadar TNF Alfa dan memperkecil ukuran luas luka bakar secara bermakna namun tidak untuk restriksi kalori saja Kata Kunci: penyembuhan luka, Omega 3, Kalori Restriksi, TNF Alfa Background: Burns are clinical problem with complications that often cause morbidity and mortality. Omega 3 has an anti-inflammatory effect and calorie restriction has an anti-oxidant effect which is thougth to accelerate the healing process in wounds. The research aims to determine wheteher the combination of Omega 3 supplementation and calorie restriction is expected to help in the process of healing burns that can be viewed from the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha and large burn healing. Methods: This study an experimental study with design of “randomized post test with control group” in rats given burns to their backs. Random allocation was made to divide Sprague Dawley rats into 4 groups: the control group with a normal diet (K1), the calorie restriction group (P1), the omega 3 supplementation group (P2), and the combination of omega 3 with calorie restriction group (P3). Data were analyzed and processed using the Kruskall Wallis - Post Hoc Mann-Whitney hypothesis test. Results: The study found significant differences in levels of TNF Alpha in the control group with groups P1, P2, and P3 with p

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known neurotoxin of the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroinflammation is one of the main pathways of MeHg-induced CNS impairment. This study aims to investigate the expressions of IL-6, MIP-2, and MCP-5, as biomarkers in relation with MeHg-induced CNS impairment and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) treatment in mice, as well as histopathological changes of brain tissue and clinical symptom such as ataxia. Twenty male Balb/c mice, aged 8–9 weeks, were divided into 4 groups and treated with saline (control), NAC [150 mg/kg body weight (BW) day], MeHg (4 mg Hg/kg BW), or a combination of MeHg and NAC for 17 days. MeHg induced the expression of IL-6, MIP-2, and MCP-5 in the serum, with median values (those in controls) of 55.06 (9.44), 15.94 (9.30), and 458.91 (239.91) mg/dl, respectively, and a statistical significance was observed only in IL-6 expression (p

Deteksi dini merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam penanggulangan pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Keterlambatan deteksi mengakibatkan isolasi dini tidak dapat dilakukan yang pada akhirnya berkontribusi terhadap penyebaran virus yang lebih luas. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk meningkatkan jumlah pemeriksaan molekuler COVID-19 secara merata untuk deteksi dini COVID-19 melalui �Mobile Combat PCR� yang dapat berkeliling ke daerah-daerah di Jawa Tengah dan memberikan hasil yang cepat. Tim Rumah Sakit Nasional Diponegoro/Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro bertugas 6 kali di 5 Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Tengah. Tim pengabdian Mobile Combat PCR telah memeriksa 752 sampel yang terdiri dari 673 pelayan publik, 45 kontak erat, dan 34 suspek/pasien COVID-19. Tiga belas orang (1,9%) pelayan publik teridentifikasi positif SARS-CoV-2 meskipun tidak bergejala. Mereka langsung diminta untuk melakukan isolasi mandiri guna mencegah penyebaran lebih lanjut. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat Mobile Combat PCR ini sangat berperan dalam menjangkau daerah yang tidak memiliki fasilitas pemeriksaan molekuler COVID-19, memberikan hasil pemeriksaan secara cepat, dan mendeteksi dini COVID-19 bahkan pada kasus tanpa gejala.Early detection is a crucial factor in addressing the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Delays in detection might prevent early isolation from being done, which would have led to the virus's greater spread. The purpose of this community service was to increase the number of COVID-19 molecular tests equally across Central Java province using 'Mobile Combat PCR' which can travel to many areas across the province and provide fast results. The Diponegoro National Hospital/Diponegoro University Medical Faculty team has served 6 times in 5 districts/cities in Central Java. The Mobile Combat PCR service team has examined 752 samples originating from 673 public servants, 45 close contacts, and 34 COVID-19 suspects/patients. Thirteen people (1.9%) of the public servants were identified as positive for SARS-CoV-2 even though they were asymptomatic. They were immediately instructed to self-isolate to prevent further spread. This Mobile Combat PCR community service activity plays a very important role in reaching areas that do not have COVID-19 molecular examination facilities, providing rapid examination results, and detecting COVID-19 early even in asymptomatic cases.

Background Intracellular uric acid is known to increase the protein level and channel current of atrial Kv1.5; however, mechanisms of the uric acid-induced enhancement of Kv1.5 expression remain unclear. Methods and Results: The effects of uric acid on mRNA and protein levels of Kv1.5, as well as those of Akt, HSF1 and Hsp70, in HL-1 cardiomyocytes were studied by using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The uptake of uric acid was measured using radio-labeled uric acid. The Kv1.5-mediated channel current was also measured by using patch clamp techniques. Uric acid up-taken by HL-1 cells significantly increased the level of Kv1.5 proteins in a concentration-dependent manner, with this increase abolished by an uric acid transporter inhibitor. Uric acid slowed degradation of Kv1.5 proteins without altering its mRNA level. Uric acid enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and HSF1, and thereby increased both transcription and translation of Hsp70; these effects were abolished by a PI3K inhibitor. Hsp70 knockdown abolished the uric acid-induced increases of Kv1.5 proteins and channel currents. Conclusions Intracellular uric acid could stabilize Kv1.5 proteins through phosphorylation of Akt and HSF1 leading to enhanced expression of Hsp70.

Vegetables are essential in our diet to maintain health, partly due to their antioxidant properties. A well-known Javanese salad called “Pecel” is prepared by boiling the vegetables and dressed with seasoned peanut sauce. Cooking can reduce or improve the antioxidant properties of foods; therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of brief water boiling (1 min), steaming (1 min), and water blanching (20 s) of the Javanese Pecel vegetables, with or without the peanut sauce. We assessed the in vitro antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation inhibition of the salad samples prepared using each cooking method. Six vegetables, i.e., Sesbania grandiflora (turi) flower, Amaranthus hybridus L. (spinach), Carica papaya (papaya) leaves, Cosmos caudatus L. (kenikir) leaves, Vigna unguiculata ssp. Sesquipedalis (yard-long beans), and Vigna radiata (mung-bean) sprouts were cooked by boiling or steaming for 1 min or blanching for 20 s. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), the raw material for peanut sauce, was fried in either fresh palm oil or repeatedly used palm oil. Our results revealed that the highest antioxidant capacity (percent inhibition of DPPH radicals) was observed following boiling for 1 min in case of spinach ( 41.94 ± 9.8 %), papaya ( 59.04 ± 5.35 %), kenikir ( 54.93 % ± 6.32 % ), and yard-long beans ( 70.21 ± 8.91 %); steaming for 1 min in case of turi flower ( 60.25 ± 3.63 %); and blanching for 20 s in case of mung-bean sprouts ( 49.27 ± 3.69 %). Peanut sauce prepared by frying peanuts in fresh or repeatedly used palm oil reduces the natural antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition properties. However, seasoning the peanut sauce with fresh garlic and lime leaves can restore the lost antioxidant properties. Our study provides the first and clear evidence of the optimal cooking method for Pecel vegetables and sheds light on the wisdom behind the existing traditional cooking method.

The particulate matter in vehicle emission has been shown to cause an increase in free radical levels which can increase serum MDA levels and leukocyte count. Spirulina platensis is an algae that has antioxidant effects that can scavenge free radicals. In this research, twenty-four of wistar mice are divided into 4 groups. Groups X1 and X2 received vehicle emission smoke exposure treatment and were given oral Spirulina platensis extract at a dose of 500 and 750 mg / kgBW / day for 14 days, the negative control group (C2) was given 0.9% NaCl orally and the normal control group did not get vehicle emission smoke exposure and Spirulina platensis extract. Serum MDA levels were checked by ELISA method and leukocyte count by giemsa staining. Data analysis was performed by using the one-way ANOVA test followed by Post Hoc Bonferroni. The results showed the mean serum MDA levels there was a significant difference between group C2 and group X2. In the mean absolute value of neutrophils and lymphocytes, there were significant differences between the C2 group with the administration of X1 and X2. In the mean absolute value of eosinophils and monocytes, there were significant differences between groups C1 and C2 and group X2 and between groups X1 and C1. Furthermore, the given doses of Spirulina platensis extract at a dose of 750mg / kgBW had an effect on serum MDA levels as well as the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes and the administration of doses of 500 and 750mg / kgBW affected the number of eosinophils and monocytes.

Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) peel, locally name pisang raja, contains a high concentration of pectin which is used as antidiarrheal to absorb irritants and increase stool consistency. However, it’s use to increase the stool consistency has not been studied, yet. The study aimed to investigate the effect banana peel extract (BPE) administration on stool consistency of diarrheal rat model. It was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design. Thirty male Wistar rats were induced diarrhea with castor oil and then randomized into five groups. Group I as positive control group was given attapulgite at dose of 124 mg/kg BW. Group II as negative control was given 0.5 mL of 1% tween 80. Group III, IV and V as treatment group were give BPE at different doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW, respectively.T he stool consistency was measured every hour for 4 h by weighing fresh and dry stool weight and then the water content was calculated. Data analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test. Significantly different in stool consistency between Group III, IV, and V compared to Group II (p

The importance of atrial fibrillation (AF) as a cause of mortality and morbidity has prompted research on its pathogenesis and treatment. Recognition of AF risk factors is essential to prevent it and reduce the risk of death. Hyperuricemia has been widely accepted to be associated with the incidence of paroxysmal or persistent AF, as well as to the risk of AF in post cardiovascular surgery patients. The possible explanations for this association have been based on their relation with either oxidative stress or inflammation. To investigate the link between hyperuricemia and AF, it is necessary to refer to hyperuricemia-induced atrial remodeling. So far, both ionic channel and structural remodeling caused by hyperuricemia might be plausible explanations for the occurrence of AF. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, or the use of antioxidants, along with serum uric acid (SUA) level reduction to prevent inflammation, might be useful. Uric acid transporters (UATs) play a key role in the regulation of intracellular uric acid concentration. Intracellular rather than serum uric acid level is considered more important for the pathogenesis of AF. Identification of UATs expressed in cells is thus important, and targeting UATs might become a potential strategy to reduce the risk of hyperuricemia-induced atrial fibrillation.

Kv1.5 confers ultra-rapid delayed-rectifier potassium channel current (IKur) which contributes to repolarization of the atrial action potential. Kv1.5 proteins, degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, decreased in some atrial fibrillation patients. Carboxyl-terminus heat shock cognate 70-interacting protein (CHIP), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is known to ubiquitinate short-lived proteins. Here, we investigated the roles of CHIP in Kv1.5 degradation to provide insights into the mechanisms of Kv1.5 decreases and treatments targeting Kv1.5 for atrial fibrillation. Coexpression of CHIP with Kv1.5 in HEK293 cells increased Kv1.5 protein ubiquitination and decreased the protein level. Immunofluorescence revealed decreases of Kv1.5 proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and on the cell membrane. A siRNA against CHIP suppressed Kv1.5 protein ubiquitination and increased its protein level. CHIP mutants, lacking either the N-terminal tetratricopeptide region domain or the C-terminal U-box domain, failed to exert these effects on Kv1.5 proteins. Immunoprecipitation showed that CHIP formed complexes with Kv1.5 proteins and heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70). Effects of Hsc70 on Kv1.5 were similar to CHIP by altering interaction of CHIP with Kv1.5 protein. Coexpression of CHIP and Hsc70 with Kv1.5 additionally enhanced Kv1.5 ubiquitination. Kv1.5 currents were decreased by overexpression of CHIP or Hsc70 but were increased by knockdown of CHIP or Hsc70 in HEK 293 cells stably expressing Kv1.5. These effects of CHIP and Hsc70 were also observed on endogenous Kv1.5 in HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes, decreasing IKur and prolonging action potential duration. These results indicate that CHIP decreases the Kv1.5 protein level and functional channel by facilitating its degradation in concert with chaperone Hsc70.

BACKGROUND Uric acid (UA) serves as an antioxidant in vascular endothelial cells. UA transporter 1 (URAT1) encoded by SLC22A12 is expressed in the kidney and vessels and its loss of function causes hypouricemia. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is any endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypouricemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-six patients with hypouricemia (

Background Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation, increasing cardiovascular morbidities. It also raises the incidence of atrial fibrillation; however, underlying mechanisms are unknown. Methods and results The effects of urate on expression of Kv1.5 in cultured mouse atrial myocytes (HL-1 cells) using reverse transcriptase-PCR, immunoblots, flow cytometry and patch-clamp experiments were studied. Treatment with urate at 7 mg/dl for 24 h increased the Kv1.5 protein level, enhanced ultra-rapid delayed-rectifier K(+)channel currents and shortened action potential duration in HL-1 cells. HL-1 cells expressed the influx uric acid transporter (UAT), URATv1, and the efflux UATs, ABCG2 and MRP4. An inhibitor against URATv1, benzbromarone, abolished the urate effects, whereas an inhibitor against ABCG2, KO143, augmented them. Flow cytometry showed that urate induced an increase in reactive oxygen species, which was abolished by the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor, apocynin. Both NAC and apocynin abolished the enhancing effects of urate on Kv1.5 expression. A urate-induced increase in the Kv1.5 proteins was accompanied by phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and was abolished by an ERK inhibitor, PD98059. NAC abolished phosphorylation of ERK by urate. Conclusions Intracellular urate taken up by UATs enhanced Kv1.5 protein expression and function in HL-1 atrial myocytes, which could be attributable to ERK phosphorylation and oxidative stress derived from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase.

Background : MFS is characterized by variable clinical manifestations mainly in cardiovascular, ocular, and skeletal systems. The major encoding gene of structural constituent of extracellular microfibrils is Fibrillin-1 (FBN1). Approximately 90% of MFS cases are caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene (15q21.1) and the other second is TGFBR2 (3p22) gene. Methods : The UMD database, Ensemble database and VUmc DNA Laboratory database of FBN1 mutations and polymorphisms were used to evaluate the DNA variations. For paternity testing, the PowerPlex system (Promega Corp. USA) was used. A 30-years old was being admitted to the hospital. CKMB and Troponin C serial. A CT angiography was performed and revealed a long type 1 aortic dissection until proximal of bifurcation, the arm span-height ratio is 1.10, high myopia, arachnodactily, positive thumb signs and wrist signs, joint laxity articulation genu, and history of spontaneous pneumothorax. Identified, his mother, two sisters and one brother are clinically MFS. Results : Genetic testing of FBN1 showed a substation at exon 15 of FBN1, c.1924G>T. Discussion: In missense mutations substituting or creating cysteine, the probability of ectopia lentis is significantly higher compared to other missense mutations. The EGF domains are interrupted by seven transforming growth factor (TGF)-binding protein domains characterized by 8 cysteine residues involved in intra-domain disulfide bonds. Conclusion : Untreated, life expectancy of patients with MFS is considerably reduced. Clinical care is complicated by variable age at onset and the wide range of severity of aortic features. Early recognition of affected status hopefully will lead to early prevention of complications that may follow.

Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in UMOD that encodes uromodulin. Topiroxostat, a novel non-purine analog, selectively inhibits xanthine oxidase and reduces the serum uric acid levels and the urinary albuminuria.Genomic DNA of a patient was extracted from peripheral white blood. Exons and flanking sequences of UMOD were amplified by PCR with primers. Mutation analysis was performed by direct sequencing of the PCR products. The wild-type and mutant uromodulin were expressed in HEK293 cells and analyzed by western blotting, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry.We identified an FJHN patient who carried a novel UMOD mutation G335A (C112Y). The levels of both cytosolic and secreted C112Y protein were significantly decreased compared with the wild-type, whereas the level of ubiquitination was higher in C112Y than that in the wild type. The half-life of C112Y was shortened and it was restored by a proteasome inhibitor MG132. Immunofluorescence revealed decreased levels of C112Y in the Golgi apparatus and on the plasma membrane. Expression of C112Y induced cellular apoptosis as revealed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis induced by C112Y was suppressed by topiroxostat.C112Y causes its protein instability resulting cellular apoptosis which could be suppressed with topiroxostat.