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This case study paper presents results on the application of the HEC-6 model to the main stem of the Kankakee River in Illinois, a distance of about 39.3 km. Modeling was performed to develop comprehensive plans for enhancing the aquatic habitats and also to forecast future sedimentation problems if specific management practices are implemented. The paper concentrates on the modeling aspects of this research. The extent of the model was from the Stateline Bridge to Kankakee Dam in Kankakee. The HEC-6 model, originally developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was adapted for this application. The model was run, calibrated, and verified for both the hydraulic and sediment components. The hydraulic component was calibrated through comparison of measured yearly hydrographs with computed values for three gauging stations on the river. The hydrologic component was verified for the same three gauging stations for two yearly hydrographs for 2 additional water years. The sediment component was calibrated with river cross-sectional data collected by the Illinois State Water Survey in 1980 and 1999. The calibrated and verified hydraulic and calibrated sediment components then were used to predict future changes in water surface elevations and thalweg elevations for a 20-year period beginning in 1999, the last date for which river cross-sectional data are available.

Daryl B. Simons is remembered for his hard work, dedication, and perseverance as an hydraulic engineer. This article describes his life and professional contributions to sediment transport, river engineering, and fluvial systems. It also briefly covers his education, teaching, and research activities; and his contributions to the development of research facilities and to the profession of hydraulic engineering. This Forum article portrays Daryl from the professional interactions with the authors in the past five decades.

Magnesium imbalance implicated in diabetes mellitus both as a cause and a consequence has not yet been investigated in subgroups of subjects with malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus which is prevalent in young patients in tropical developing countries such as Bangladesh. The present study evaluated the serum and urinary magnesium concentrations in groups of young diabetic subjects in Bangladesh. Forty patients newly diagnosed with diabetes [13 with fibrocalculus pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) 13 with protein-deficient diabetes (PDDM) and 14 with type 2 diabetes mellitus] were studied along with 13 healthy control and 13 malnourished control subjects [body mass index (in kg/m2) < 19]. Magnesium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Malnutrition itself was not related to the serum glucose (fasting: 3.68 ± 0.74 and 4.11 ± 0.29 µmol/L; postprandial: 6.30 ± 0.41 and 6.00 ± 0.24 µmol/L for healthy and malnourished control subjects respectively) or serum or urinary magnesium (serum: 0.73 ± 0.03 and 0.75 ± 0.05 µmol/L; urinary: 232 ± 124 and 243 ± 88 µmol Mg/mol creatinine for healthy and malnourished control subjects respectively) concentration. Subjects with FCPD and PDDM had significantly lower serum magnesium concentrations (PDDM: 0.68 ± 0.06 µmol/L FCPD: 0.66 ± 0.07 µmol/L) than those in both control groups. In contrast with 0% of healthy and 7.7% of malnourished control subjects 42.85% of type 2 diabetic subjects 61.54% of those with PDDM and 69.23% of those with FCPD were hypomagnesemic. Subjects with FCPD and PDDM had significantly higher urinary excretion of magnesium than the healthy and malnourished control subjects and the type 2 diabetic subjects. Hypermagnesuria paralleled hypomagnesemia. Malnutrition may not itself give rise to glucose intolerance and serum magnesium deficiency seems to be a consequence rather than a cause of diabetes mellitus. (authors)

The integrated management of a natural resources system such as a river basin requires a through understanding of the system and its people. The development and implementation of such a plan of integrated management are not simple or straightforward. This article shows that such a plan should consist of at least several basic premises. These are; conceptual framework consisting of a vision; an analysis of the state of the environment including various trends; regional quantification; and information needs. Other factors that must be enumerated under these broader headings are; key concepts that must be adhered to; trend analysis of the environment; local partnerships; water rights; and how all these factors and concepts are brought together in the development and implementation of a basin-wide framework to manage a river basin. Two case examples are presented, one on the main stem of the Mississippi River showing that it will be extremely difficult to have a unified management concept that could ...

Turbulent characteristics of flow velocity in a natural river were systematically analyzed in this study. Flow velocities were measured with time at six different lateral locations and at three different vertical elevations on a major navigable waterway in the United States. Analyses of the velocity data include the cross-sectional and vertical distributions of longitudinal and transverse velocity components (u, v), the fluctuating velocity components (u 1, v 1) and their frequency-distribution curves, turbulent intensities (σ x , σ y ), and turbulent shear stress (-ρu 1, v 1). These analyses have shown that the strongest velocity fluctuation occurs near the main channel area above the river bed.

(1994). The Great Mississippi River Flood of 1993: An Impetus Toward Sustainable Floodplain Management in the United States? Water International: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 161-165.

This paper presents the research results of statistical parameters associated with turbulence in a natural river caused by the movement of navigation traffic. Movement of navigation traffic within restricted inland waterways, such as the Illinois, Mississippi, or Ohio Rivers, changes their flow characteristics temporarily in space and time. These spatial and temporal changes must be quantified in order to assess their effects on biologically sensitive areas, and they have seldom been evaluated for natural waterways. Data are collected from the Illinois River to evaluate these changes. The longitudinal and lateral components of fluctuating velocity (u′,v′), Reynolds stress (-ρu′v′¯), turbulent intensities (σx,σy), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and maximum return velocity generated by navigation traffic are analyzed here. Results have shown that significant changes occur in all of these parameters. The largest changes take place in a zone within 10% of the channel width from the shore.

The Illinois River is a major tributary of the Mississippi River draining about 75,000 sq km of land in the States of Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin. Most of the drainage area is contained within the State of Illinois. The river originates near Chicago, Illinois and after traveling about 500 km within the State of Illinois, it joins the Mississippi River near Alton, Illinois upstream of the City of St. Louis. The river has been altered over the years especially in 1939 after a series of Locks and Dams were constructed to facilitate the movement of river traffic. Two detailed attempts were made in the history of the river to document the bank erosion of this river. Both the research was conducted by the author with assistance from a number of colleagues and associates. The present research was completed to identify the erosion sites including their severity, probable causative factors and the development of a classification system. During this research, a team of engineers, geomorphologic experts and field professionals traveled the entire length of the river by boats extending several weeks. During this trip, a number of typical bank erosion sites were identified, bank material samples were collected, data on river cross-sectional profiles were collected, photographs were taken, and a field evaluation of the causative factor or factors were noted. Subsequently, all the field data were evaluated and bank erosion sites were classified. Based on this analysis, all the sites were classified into six separate classifications based on the probable causative factors of bank erosion, bank material composition, and the geometrical features of the banks. Bank erosion of any river occurs as a result of a variety of natural forces and human induced activities. The analysis for the Illinois River has shown that about 74% of the bank erosion sites were subjected to seepage flows. About 28% of the bank sections have shown the evidence of river traffic induced impacts. Other causative factors included eddy currents, disturbed flows due to exposed tree roots, surface drainage, and weathering due to rapid freezing and thawing cycle. This research will guide the future management activities of the Illinois River as far the river bank erosion process is concerned.

The majority of the world’s river basins do not adhere to political, geographical or human-imposed boundaries. Even in a large country such as the United States, where many large rivers cross state boundaries, each state may have different needs and requirements. The degree of uncertainty between expectations of varying interest groups becomes even more pronounced when a river crosses an international boundary. For example, the needs of upstream riparian residents may be completely different than those of downstream residents. In many cases, the countries may work out a reasonable solution to these difficult problems. Overall, it is prudent for all the concerned entities, states, and/or countries to follow some basic concepts and principles to develop a solution that is acceptable to all parties. The present paper outlines several such concepts and principles for management of large rivers such as the Kankakee and Mississippi Rivers in the United States, and the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers in Asia. A procedure also will be outlined to develop a reasonable, acceptable solution for integrated management of large river basins. River managers and engineers should keep in mind several points: each river basin is unique; river management must benefit people in the basin; priorities of various users may be differ; a basinwide institutional framework must be implemented; concepts and ideas must be developed for total river basin management; water in all forms must be shared among people in the basin; human health and environmental needs must be an integral component; and, finally, any and all management options must incorporate monitoring and data collection for use in the ultimate concept of “adaptive management.”

Policy directions and programs for water resources management continue to be revised as new issues and technologies come into play in the fields of water resources, civil engineering and environmental management. Issues such as water law and water use regulation; dam removal and modification; flood plain remapping; and large rivers flood plain management; will be discussed in consideration of competing needs for budgets and staff along the political realities of balancing local needs with statewide responsibilities. Added to this is the uncertainty of climate change which must also be addressed to adequately plan for the management and development of future programs and projects involving limited water resources. The management tools are available if current institutions are willing to direct the necessary long-term commitments to staff and funding. Regional water supply planning will be key area of need in the Midwest which should direct the development of future regional water supply systems and functional regulatory programs. Innovative regional management measures such as the Great Lakes Annex 2001 water management initiative will also shape the future management of water resources in the Midwest.

The Illinois State Water Survey has provided leadership in establishing a scientific and engineering basis for water resources planning and management in Illinois and the nation since 1895. Although primary program areas have changed over time, some core programs remain. Program areas are monitoring, research, and public service, using the hydrologic cycle as the unifying framework. Major strengths of the Survey have been, and continue to be, partnerships with the other Scientific Surveys, the governing Board of Natural Resources and Conservation, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Southern Illinois University, state and local government agencies, private companies, and professional organizations, especially the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Water Survey’s contributions in the field of Civil Engineering are many and varied. These include river hydraulics, sedimentation and sediment transport, navigation impacts, hydraulic geometries of rivers and streams, urban runoff programs, groundwater evaluation analyses and modeling, wetland hydraulics, and water quality evaluations of streams, rivers and lakes. A goal is to make all of the Survey’s major historical and current data sets and reports available via the Internet.

Rivers and streams reflect the impacts and effects of human activities and natural perturbations that take place on the watershed. The response time for the river to react for the changes taking place within its watershed boundaries can vary anywhere from days to decades or longer. Removal of bank vegetation will accelerate the bank erosion, an immediate impact on the river. However, impacts of land use changes on the watershed may or may not be noticeable within the river for many years, if any. This paper will concentrate on a case study of the Kankakee River having a drainage area of 13,377 square km and covering parts of two Midwestern states. The drainage area of the river is split in half between the states of Illinois and Indiana. The river essentially flows on a flat terrain with very little topographical features. Most of the basin is used for agriculture. Some of the geologic, hydrologic, and hydraulic features of the basin that are playing a major role in the formulation and implementation of management decisions will form the basis of this paper.