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Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the six most common cancers in the world, and globally more than 50% of head and neck cancers occur in Asia, remarkably in India. Overall, 200,000 cases of head and neck cancers occur each year in India, among which 80,000 are oral cancers. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest a causative role of tobacco use in the evolution of oral potentially malignant and malignant disorders., Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate independently and compare the cytological effects of smoking, tobacco chewing, and smoking in conjunction with tobacco chewing on oral mucosa by cytomorphometric analysis., Materials and Methods: The study included a total of 120 individuals subdivided into four groups, each group with 30 individuals. Group I was tobacco smokers, group II tobacco chewers, and group III both tobacco smokers and chewers. Group IV comprised 30 individuals without tobacco habit. Smears were prepared from buccal mucosa of both the study and control groups using a cytobrush and stained using Papanicolaou staining. The cells were quantified using image analysis software., Results: The results of the study showed alterations in the nuclear and cellular parameters in the study groups when compared with control groups and were statistically significant (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The present study explains the significance of early identification of cellular changes in individuals with tobacco habits who require early intercession even without any visible oral mucosal changes. The study emphasizes that exfoliative cytology and cytomorphometry aid as a valuable tool to evaluate the effect of tobacco on oral mucosa., Clinical Significance: Simple noninvasive techniques like exfoliative cytology can be employed as a chairside technique and in mass screening programs for identification of cellular changes in oral mucosa of individuals with tobacco habits. Thereby, it can be used as an early diagnostic tool for identification of potentially cancerous and cancerous lesions.

Cysticercosis, a helminthic disease commonly seen in India, Latin America, Eastern Europe and Southern Africa, results from extraintestinal encystation of the larval form of Taenia solium. It is a condition in which man acts as intermediate host instead of definitive host. The most frequent sites of cysticercosis are subcutaneous layers, brain, muscles, heart, liver, lungs, and peritoneum. Oral cysticercosis is considered rare and cause cystic swellings or nodules in the mouth and a precise clinical diagnosis is not usually established. Here, we report a case of oral cysticercosis in a 32-year-old female occurring in the mentalis muscle presenting as asymptomatic nodule.

Aim and Objectives: To evaluate oral manifestations in patients with renal diseases and to correlate blood and salivary urea levels in patients undergoing haemodialysis and kidney transplant., Material and Methods: Study group subjects were selected from patients undergoing hemodialysis and patients who had underwent kidney transplant. Adequate history was recorded. All the groups were examined extra orally and intra orally and findings were recorded. SAMPLE COLLECTION: Venous blood was collected from the antecubital fossa in control group. In patients with renal disease undergoing dialysis, blood was collectedjust prior to the dialysis. Renal transplant patients' blood samples were collected during review visit. Unstimulated saliva was collected and submitted to the laboratory immediately for urea examination by an automated analyzer., Results: Extra oral manifestations like swollen face, pale skin, pedal edema, and bruises on the skin, nausea and vomiting in nearly 50% of the patiens, and oral manifestations like uraemic odour, dry mouth, and altered taste sensation were noted. There was a correlation between blood urea and salivary urea concentration in patients under going hemodialysis and kidney transplant., Conclusion: Saliva can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool.