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1. Outbreak of Invasive Serratia marcescens among Persons Incarcerated in a State Prison, California, USA, March 2020–December 2022

Author

Amanda Kamali, Donna Ferguson, Heather Dowless, Nancy Ortiz, Rituparna Mukhopadhyay, Cassandra Schember, Rawni Lunsford, Justine Hutchinson, Marlena Scherer, John Crandall, Heidi Bauer, Alexander Yu, and Akiko Kimura

Subjects
Serratia marcescens, bacteria, nosocomial infections, persons using injection drugs, infectious diseases, prevention and control, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Serratia marcescens is an environmental gram-negative bacterium that causes invasive disease in rare cases. During 2020–2022, an outbreak of 21 invasive Serratia infections occurred in a prison in California, USA. Most (95%) patients had a history of recent injection drug use (IDU). We performed whole-genome sequencing and found isolates from 8 patients and 2 pieces of IDU equipment were closely related. We also identified social interactions among patients. We recovered S. marcescens from multiple environmental samples throughout the prison, including personal containers storing Cell Block 64 (CB64), a quaternary ammonium disinfectant solution. CB64 preparation and storage conditions were suboptimal for S. marcescens disinfection. The outbreak was likely caused by contaminated CB64 and propagated by shared IDU equipment and social connections. Ensuring appropriate preparation, storage, and availability of disinfectants and enacting interventions to counteract disease spread through IDU can reduce risks for invasive Serratia infections in California prisons.

Published
2024
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2. Comparative Metabolomic Analysis and Antinociceptive Effect of Methanolic Extracts from Salvia cinnabarina, Salvia lavanduloides and Salvia longispicata

Author

Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza, Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva, José A. Guerrero-Analco, Martha J. Martínez-Gordillo, Francisco A. Basurto-Peña, Eva Aguirre-Hernandez, and Marcos Soto-Hernández

Subjects
antinociceptive effect, Salvia, terpenoids, flavonoids, UPLC-MS, Organic chemistry, QD241-441
Abstract

Mexico is considered one of the countries with the greatest diversity of the Salvia genus. A significant percentage of its species are known for their use in traditional medicine, highlighting their use as an analgesic. The objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition of the methanolic extracts of S. cinnabarina, S. lavanduloides and S. longispicata through untargeted metabolomics, as well as the in vivo evaluation of the antinociceptive effect and acute oral toxicity. The chemical profiling was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI+/−-MS-QTOF) system and tentative identifications were performed using a compendium of information on compounds previously isolated from Mexican species of the genus. Pharmacological evaluation was carried out using the formalin test and OECD guidelines. The analysis of the spectrometric features of the mass/charge ratios of the three salvias shows that a low percentage of similarity is shared between them. Likewise, the putative identification allowed the annotation of 46 compounds, mainly of diterpene and phenolic nature, with only four compounds shared between the three species. Additionally, the extracts of the three salvias produced a significant antinociceptive effect at a dose of 300 mg/kg administered orally and did not present an acute oral toxicity effect at the maximum dose tested, indicating a parameter of LD50 > 2000 mg/kg. The exploration of the chemical profile of the three salvias by untargeted metabolomics shows that, despite being species with antinociceptive potential, they have different chemical profiles and therefore different active metabolites.

Published
2024
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3. Study protocol for COVID-19 breakthrough infections and vaccine-induced immune response among a cohort of healthcare workers, Bangladesh.

Author

Md Zakiul Hassan, Ahamed Khairul Basher, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, Fahmida Chowdhury, Md Kamal Hossain, Aninda Rahman, Md Nazmul Islam, Lindsey M Duca, Susan Cornelia Kaydos-Daniels, Benjamin A Dahl, Firdausi Qadri, and Nancy Ortiz

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundTo optimize vaccination strategies, it is useful to detect breakthrough infections and assess vaccine effectiveness in programmatic use. Monitoring emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccine effectiveness against them is also essential to determine the most effective vaccine options. This study aims to monitor SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, and host immune response during the peri-infection period of COVID-19. The study will also assess the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine booster doses, and associated barriers or motivations among healthcare workers (HCWs).MethodsLeveraging an existing HCW cohort in Bangladesh, HCWs will be enrolled from purposively selected health facilities from four different administrative divisions across Bangladesh. We captured cohort data on HCW's demographic information, clinical information, COVID-19 illness, and exposure, and vaccination histories for COVID-19. However, no biological specimens were collected for testing during the first phase of the cohort. In the current study, we plan to follow enrolled HCWs biweekly for suspected COVID-19 illness and capture relevant data including illness outcomes. Respiratory swab samples from symptomatic and a subset of asymptomatic HCWs will be tested for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR and positive samples will undergo Sanger sequencing to identify the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). We will also perform Whole Genome Sequencing on a subset of SARS-CoV-2 positive samples with low CT values (Ct ≤ 30) to identify emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. To examine the antibody response, we will collect blood samples from the participants at 12-week intervals for one year. We will use the EUROIMMUN kit and will also perform in-house ELISA to assess host immune factors with Luminex platform.DiscussionThis proposed study will generate useful data on COVID-19 breakthrough infection and the durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs following vaccination. The findings on booster vaccination intention and uptake will inform government COVID-19 vaccination strategies. Information on circulating and emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine performance against those strains will help understand population-level risks of COVID-19 infection. The study will generate data on facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 booster uptake among HCWs which can inform health communication messaging to improve booster acceptance in this population.

Published
2024
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4. Holistic burden of illness in patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome: A systematic literature review

Author

Gabrielle Page‐Wilson, Bhagyashree Oak, Abigail Silber, Janetricks C. Okeyo, Nancy Ortiz, Matthew O'Hara, Stephen Moloney, and Eliza B. Geer

Subjects
burden of illness, Cushing's syndrome, patient reported outcome measures, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, RC648-665
Abstract

Abstract Objective The objective of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to summarize the latest studies evaluating the burden of illness in endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS), including the impact of CS on overall and domain‐specific health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and the economic burden of CS to provide a holistic understanding of disease and treatment burden. Methods An SLR was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) checklist to identify peer‐reviewed manuscripts and conference abstracts published in English from 2015 to December 4, 2020. Results Forty‐five publications were eligible for inclusion; data were extracted from 37 primary studies while 8 SLRs were included for reference only. Thirty‐one studies reported HRQoL using validated patient reported outcome (PRO) measures in pre‐ or post‐surgery, radiotherapy and pharmacotherapy patients. Overall, this SLR found that patients with CS have worse outcomes relative to healthy populations across specific dimensions, such as depression, despite an improvement in HRQoL post‐treatment. These findings reveal that CS symptoms are not fully resolved by the existing care paradigm. Few studies report on the economic burden of CS and currently available data indicate a high direct healthcare system cost burden. Conclusions Patients with CS experience a significant, complex and multifactorial HRQoL burden. Symptom‐specific burden studies are sparse in the literature and the understanding of long‐term CS symptomatic burden and economic burden is limited. This review intends to provide an updated reference for clinicians, payers and other stakeholders on the burden of CS as reported in published literature and to encourage further research in this area.

Published
2024
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5. CDC’s COVID-19 International Vaccine Implementation and Evaluation Program and Lessons from Earlier Vaccine Introductions

Author

Heidi M. Soeters, Reena H. Doshi, Monica Fleming, Oluwasegun Joel Adegoke, Uzoamaka Ajene, Brooke Noel Aksnes, Sarah Bennett, Erin F. Blau, Julie Garon Carlton, Sara Clements, Laura Conklin, Melissa Dahlke, Lindsey M. Duca, Leora R. Feldstein, Jane F. Gidudu, Gavin Grant, Margaret Hercules, Ledor S. Igboh, Atsuyoshi Ishizumi, Sara Jacenko, Yinka Kerr, Nuadum M. Konne, Shibani Kulkarni, Archana Kumar, Kathryn E. Lafond, Eugene Lam, Ashley T. Longley, Margaret McCarron, Apophia Namageyo-Funa, Nancy Ortiz, Jaymin C. Patel, Robert T. Perry, Dimitri Prybylski, Prianca Reddi, Omar Salman, Courtney N. Sciarratta, Talya Shragai, Akshita Siddula, Ester Sikare, Dieula Delissaint Tchoualeu, Denise Traicoff, Alexandra Tuttle, Kerton R. Victory, Aaron Wallace, Kirsten Ward, Man Kai Alyssa Wong, Weigong Zhou, W. William Schluter, David L. Fitter, Anthony Mounts, Joseph S. Bresee, and Terri B. Hyde

Subjects
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, viruses, respiratory infections, zoonoses, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) supports international partners in introducing vaccines, including those against SARS-CoV-2 virus. CDC contributes to the development of global technical tools, guidance, and policy for COVID-19 vaccination and has established its COVID-19 International Vaccine Implementation and Evaluation (CIVIE) program. CIVIE supports ministries of health and their partner organizations in developing or strengthening their national capacities for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination programs. CIVIE’s 7 priority areas for country-specific technical assistance are vaccine policy development, program planning, vaccine confidence and demand, data management and use, workforce development, vaccine safety, and evaluation. We discuss CDC’s work on global COVID-19 vaccine implementation, including priorities, challenges, opportunities, and applicable lessons learned from prior experiences with Ebola, influenza, and meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine introductions.

Published
2022
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6. Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties of the Subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) in Inflammatory Diseases

Author

Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza, Martha Juana Martínez-Gordillo, Emmanuel Martínez-Ambriz, Francisco Alberto Basurto-Peña, María Eva González-Trujano, and Eva Aguirre-Hernández

Subjects
inflammation, Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae, secondary metabolites, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

Nepetoideae is the most diverse subfamily of Lamiaceae, and some species are well known for their culinary and medicinal uses. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the therapeutic properties of the species of this group regarding inflammatory illnesses. This study aims to collect information on traditional uses through ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and phytochemical information of the subfamily Nepetoideae related to inflammatory diseases. UNAM electronic resources were used to obtain the information. The analysis of the most relevant literature was compiled and organised in tables. From this, about 106 species of the subfamily are traditionally recognised to alleviate chronic pain associated with inflammation. Pharmacological studies have been carried out in vitro and in vivo on approximately 308 species belonging to the genera Salvia, Ocimum, Thymus, Mentha, Origanum, Lavandula, and Melissa. Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluations have been performed and mostly prepared as essential oil or high polarity extracts, whose secondary metabolites are mainly of a phenolic nature. Other interesting and explored metabolites are diterpenes from the abietane, clerodane, and kaurane type; however, they have only been described in some species of the genera Salvia and Isodon. This review reveals that the Nepetoideae subfamily is an important source for therapeutics of the inflammatory process.

Published
2023
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7. Variation in Terpenoid and Flavonoid Content in Different Samples of Salvia semiatrata Collected from Oaxaca, Mexico, and Its Effects on Antinociceptive Activity

Author

Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza, Rubén San Miguel-Chávez, Martha Juana Martínez-Gordillo, Francisco Alberto Basurto-Peña, Mariana Palma-Tenango, and Eva Aguirre-Hernández

Subjects
Lamiaceae, terpenoids, flavonoids, neo-clerodane, variation secondary metabolism, antinociceptive effect, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Salvia semiatrata Zucc. (Lamiaceae) is endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico, and is known for its analgesic properties. Terpenoids and phenolic compounds with antinociceptive potential have been characterised from this species. The aim of this research was to determine the variation in terpenoids and flavonoids in ethyl acetate extracts of S. semiatrata collected from ten different localities, as well as to evaluate the antinociceptive effect between plants with higher and lower contents of these secondary metabolites. Quantification of S. semiatrata compounds was performed via HPLC-DAD, whereas in vivo evaluation of the antinociceptive effect was performed via formalin test. The results showed that the most abundant groups of metabolites are oleanolic acid (89.60–59.20 µg/mg), quercetin (34.81–16.28 µg/mg), catechin (11.30–9.30 µg/mg), and 7-keto-neoclerodan-3,13-dien-18,19:15,16-diolide (7-keto) (8.01–4.76 µg/mg). Principal component and canonical correspondence analysis showed that the most contrasting localities in terms of compound content and climatic variables are Miahuatlán and Santiago Huauclilla. The differences in metabolite content between the two locations did not affect the antinociceptive effects evaluated at a dose of 300 mg/kg, p.o. In conclusion, the results indicate that S. semiatrata is effective in relieving pain, regardless of the site of collection, reinforcing its traditional use as analgesic.

Published
2023
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8. Epidemiologic Findings from Case Investigations and Contact Tracing for First 200 Cases of Coronavirus Disease, Santa Clara County, California, USA

Author

Nancy Ortiz, Elsa Villarino, James T. Lee, Kristina L. Bajema, Jessica N. Ricaldi, Shanon Smith, Wen Lin, Margaret Cortese, Albert E. Barskey, Juliana F. Da Silva, Brandon J. Bonin, Sarah Rudman, George S. Han, Marc Fischer, Shua J. Chai, and Sara H. Cody

Subjects
COVID-19, coronavirus disease, SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, viruses, respiratory infections, Medicine, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

In January 2020, Santa Clara County, California, USA, began identifying laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease among residents. County staff conducted case and contact investigations focused on households and collected detailed case demographic, occupation, exposure, and outcome information. We describe the first 200 test-positive cases during January 31–March 20, 2020, to inform future case and contact investigations. Probable infection sources included community transmission (104 cases), known close contact with a confirmed case-patient (66 cases), and travel (30 cases). Disease patterns across race and ethnicity, occupational, and household factors suggested multiple infection risk factors. Disproportionately high percentages of case-patients from racial and ethnic subgroups worked outside the home (Hispanic [86%] and Filipino [100%]); household transmission was more common among persons from Vietnam (53%). Even with the few initial cases, detailed case and contact investigations of household contacts capturing occupational and disaggregated race and ethnicity data helped identify at-risk groups and focused solutions for disease control.

Published
2021
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9. Improvements of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production in an air-lift reactor using simple production media

Author

Nancy Ortiz-Veizán, Jeanett Daga-Quisbert, Mariel Perez-Zabaleta, Mónica Guevara-Martínez, Gen Larsson, and Jorge Quillaguamán

Subjects
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), Halomonas boliviensis, Air-lift reactor, Halophilic bacterium, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65
Abstract

Abstract Background Halomonas boliviensis is a halophilic microorganism that accumulates poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) using different carbons sources when nitrogen is depleted from the culture medium. This work presents an improved production of PHB using an air-lift reactor (ALR) that was fed with a concentrated solution of a carbon source, and was supplemented with an adequate airflow rate. Results Simple production media were used to study PHB production by H. boliviensis in an ALR. Glucose was first used as the main carbon source and was fed during the exponential phase of cell growth. The maximum CDW and PHB content were 31.7 g/L and 51 wt%, respectively, when the airflow rate entering the reactor varied between 0.5 and 1.2 L/min. Changing the air inflow to 0.5–0.9 L/min resulted in an improvement in PHB accumulation (62 wt%). A cultivation was performed by using the latter range of airflow rate and feeding glucose only when nitrogen was depleted from the medium; a considerable enhancement in PHB content (72 wt%) and CDW (27 g/L) was achieved under these conditions. Moreover, PHB was also produced using molasses as the main carbon source. Residual cell mass was about the same to that achieved with glucose, however the PHB content (52 wt%) was lower. Conclusions PHB production by H. boliviensis in an ALR using a simple medium is possible. CDW and PHB content in H. boliviensis can be improved with respect to batch cultivations previously reported when a carbon source is fed to the reactor. The best strategy for the production of PHB consisted of starting the cultivation in a batch mode while glutamate was present in the medium; glucose should be fed when glutamate is depleted from the medium to keep an excess of the carbon source during the synthesis of PHB.

Published
2020
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10. A Review on the Ethnopharmacology and Phytochemistry of the Neotropical Sages (Salvia Subgenus Calosphace; Lamiaceae) Emphasizing Mexican Species

Author

Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza, Eva Aguirre-Hernández, Itzi Fragoso-Martínez, María Eva González-Trujano, Francisco A. Basurto-Peña, and Martha J. Martínez-Gordillo

Subjects
abietane, bioactive compounds, clerodane, diterpene, mexican traditional medicine, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract

Salvia is the most diverse genus within the mint family (Lamiaceae), many of its species are well-known due to their medicinal and culinary uses. Most of the ethnopharmacological and phytochemical studies on Salvia are centred on species from the European and Asian clades. However, studies about the most diverse clade, the Neotropical sages (Salvia subgenus Calosphace; 587 spp.), are relatively scarce. This review aims to compile the information on the traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological and phytochemistry properties of the Neotropical sages. To do so, we carried out a comprehensive review of the articles available in different online databases published from the past to 2022 (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, among others) and summarized the information in tables. To uncover phylogenetic patterns in the distribution of four different groups of metabolites (mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenes), we generated presence-absence matrices and plotted the tip states over a dated phylogeny of Salvia. We found several studies involving Mexican species of Salvia, but only a few about taxa from other diversity centres. The main traditional uses of the Mexican species of Calosphace are medicinal and ceremonial. In traditional medicine 56 species are used to treat diseases from 17 categories according to the WHO, plus cultural-bound syndromes. Pharmacological studies reveal a wide range of biological properties (e.g., antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic, etc.) found in extracts and isolated compounds of 38 Neotropical sages. From extracts of these species, at least 109 compounds have been isolated, identified and evaluated pharmacologically; 73 of these compounds are clerodanes, 21 abietanes, six flavonoids, five sesquiterpenoids, and four triterpenoids. The most characteristic metabolites found in the Neotropical sages are the diterpenes, particularly clerodanes (e.g., Amarisolide A, Tilifodiolide), that are found almost exclusively in this group. The Neotropical sages are a promising resource in the production of herbal medication, but studies that corroborate the properties that have been attributed to them in traditional medicine are scarce. Research of these metabolites guided by the phylogenies is recommended, since closely related species tend to share the presence of similar compounds and thus similar medicinal properties.

Published
2022
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11. Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Vineyards: Water and Biotic Stress Under a Climate Change Scenario: New Challenge for Chilean Grapevine Crop

Author

Paula Aguilera, Nancy Ortiz, Ninozhka Becerra, Alessandra Turrini, Felipe Gaínza-Cortés, Patricia Silva-Flores, Ana Aguilar-Paredes, Juan Karlo Romero, Emilio Jorquera-Fontena, María de La Luz Mora, and Fernando Borie

Subjects
grapevine crops, mycorrhiza, biotic stress, water stress, AMF inoculation, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

The crop Vitis vinifera (L.) is of great economic importance as Chile is one of the main wine-producing countries, reaching a vineyard area of 145,000 ha. This vine crop is usually very sensitive to local condition changes and agronomic practices; therefore, strategies to counteract the expected future decrease in water level for agricultural irrigation, temperature increase, extreme water stress (abiotic stress), as well as increase in pathogenic diseases (biotic stress) related to climate change will be of vital importance for this crop. Studies carried out in recent years have suggested that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can provide key ecosystem services to host plants, such as water uptake implementation and enhanced absorption of nutrients such as P and N, which are key factors for improving the nutritional status of the vine. AMF use in viticulture will contribute also to sustainable agronomic management and bioprotection against pathogens. Here we will present (1) the current status of grapevines in Chile, (2) the main problems in grapevines related to water stress and associated with climate change, (3) the importance of AMF to face water stress and pathogens, and (4) the application of AMF as a biotechnological and sustainable tool in vineyards.

Published
2022
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12. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Author

James Paul Mason, Alexandra Werth, Colin G. West, Allison Youngblood, Donald L. Woodraska, Courtney L. Peck, Arvind J. Aradhya, Yijian Cai, David Chaparro, James W. Erikson, Koushik Ganesan, T. R. Geerdts, Thi D Hoang, Thomas M. Horning, Yan Jin, Haixin Liu, Noah Lordi, Zheng Luo, Thanmay S. Menon, Josephine C. Meyer, Emma E Nelson, Kristin A. Oliver, Jorge L Ramirez Ortiz, Andrew Osborne, Alyx Patterson, Nick Pellatz, John Pitten, Nanako Shitara, Daniel Steckhahn, Aseem Visal, Hongda Wang, Chaoran Wang, Evan Wickenden, John Wilson, Mengyu Wu, Nikolay Yegovtsev, Ingrid H Zimmermann, James Holland Aaron, Jumana T. Abdullah, Jonathan M. Abrams, Riley Abrashoff, Andres B. Acevedo, Iker Acha, Daniela M. Meza Acosta, Megan M. Adam, Dante Q. Adams, Kalvyn N Adams, Elena R Adams, Zainab A. Akbar, Ushmi H. Akruwala, Adel Al-Ghazwi, Batool H. Alabbas, Areej A. Alawadhi, Yazeed A. Alharbi, Mohammed S. Alahmed, Mohammed A. Albakr, Yusef J. Albalushi, Jonathan Albaum, Ahmed Aldhamen, Nolan Ales, Mohammad Alesmail, Abdulelah Alhabeeb, Dania Alhamli, Isehaq Alhuseini, Suhail Alkaabi, Tameem Alkhezzi, Mohamed Alkubaisi, Nasser Allanqawi, Martin Allsbrook, Yousef A. Almohsen, Justin Thomas Almquist, Teeb Alnaji, Yousef A Alnasrallah, Nicholas Alonzi, Meshal Alosaimi, Emeen Alqabani, Mohammad Alrubaie, Reema A. Alsinan, Ava L. Altenbern, Abdullah Altokhais, Saleh A. Alyami, Federico Ameijenda, Hamzi Amer, Meggan Amos, Hunter J. Anderson, Carter Andrew, Jesse C Andringa, Abigail Angwin, Gabreece Van Anne, Andrew Aramians, Camila Villamil Arango, Jack. W. Archibald, Brian A. Arias-Robles, Maryam Aryan, Kevin Ash, Justin Astalos, N. S. Atchley-Rivers, Dakota N. Augenstein, Bryce W. Austin, Abhinav Avula, Matthew C. Aycock, Abdulrahman A. Baflah, Sahana Balaji, Brian Balajonda, Leo M Balcer, James O. Baldwin, David J Banda, Titus Bard, Abby Barmore, Grant M. Barnes, Logan D. W. Barnhart, Kevin M. Barone, Jessica L. Bartman, Claire Bassel, Catalina S Bastias, Batchimeg Bat-Ulzii, Jasleen Batra, Lexi Battist, Joshua Bay, Simone Beach, Sara Beard, Quinn I Beato, Ryan Beattie, Thomas Beatty, Tristan De La Beaujardiere, Jacob N. Beauprez, M. G. Beck, Lily Beck, Simone E. Becker, Braden Behr, Timothy A. Behrer, Joshua Beijer, Brennan J. Belei, Annelene L. Belknap, Aislyn Bell, Caden Bence, Evan Benke, Naomi Berhanu, Zachary D. Berriman-Rozen, Chrisanna Bertuccio, Owen A. Berv, Blaine B. Biediger, Samuel J Biehle, Brennen Billig, Jacob Billingsley, Jayce A. Billman, Connor J. Biron, Gabrielle E. Bisacca, Cassidy A. Blake, Guillermo Blandon, Olivia Blevins, Ethan Blouin, Michal Bodzianowski, Taylor A. Boeyink, Matthew Bondar, Lauren Bone, Alberto Espinosa De Los Monteros Bonilla, William T Borelli, Luke R. Borgerding, Troy Bowen, Christine Boyer, Aidan Boyer, Aidan P. Boyle, Tom Boyne, Donovan Branch, Ariana E. Brecl, David J. Brennan, Alexander J Brimhall, Jennifer L. Brockman, Sarah Brookins, Gabriel T. Brown, Cameron L. Brown, Ryan Brown, Jordi Brownlow, Grant Brumage-Heller, Preston J. Brumley, Samuel Bryan, A. Brzostowicz, Maryam Buhamad, Gigi Bullard-Connor, J. R. Ramirez Bunsow, Annemarie C. Burns, John J. Burritt, Nicholas David Burton, Taylor Burton, Celeste Busch, Dylan R. Butler, B. W. Buxton, Malena C. Toups, Carter C. Cabbage, Breonna Cage, Jackson R. Cahn, Andrew J Campbell, Braden P. Canales, Alejandro R. Cancio, Luke Carey, Emma L. Carillion, Michael Andrew Carpender, Emily Carpenter, Shivank Chadda, Paige Chambers, Jasey Chanders, Olivia M. Chandler, Ethan C. Chang, Mitchell G. Chapman, Logan T. Chapman, S. Chavali, Luis Chavez, Kevin Chen, Lily Chen, Sam Chen, Judy Chen, Jenisha Chhetri, Bradyn Chiles, Kayla M. Chizmar, Katherine E Christiansen, Nicholas A. Cisne, Alexis Cisneros, David B. Clark, Evelyn Clarke, Peter C Clarkson, Alexis R. Clausi, Brooke Cochran, Ryan W. Coe, Aislinn Coleman-Plante, Jake R. Colleran, Zachary Colleran, Curran Collier, Nathaniel A. Collins, Sarah Collins, Jack C. Collins, Michael Colozzi, Aurora Colter, Rebecca A. Cone, Thomas C. Conroy, Reese Conti, Charles J. Contizano, Destiny J. Cool, Nicholas M. Cooper, Jessica S Corbitt, Jonas Courtney, Olivia Courtney, Corben L. Cox, Wilmsen B. Craig, Joshua B. Creany, Anastasia Crews, K. A. Crocker, A. J. Croteau, Christian J. Crow, Zoe Cruse, Avril Cruz, Tyler L. Curnow, Hayden Current, Riley T. Curry, Libby Cutler, Aidan St. Cyr, Frederick M. Dabberdt, Johnston Daboub, Olivia Damgaard, Swagatam Das, Emma A. B. Davis, Elyse Debarros, Sean Deel, Megan E. Delasantos, Tianyue Deng, Zachary Derwin, Om Desai, Kai Dewey, John S. Dias, Kenzie A. Dice, R. Dick, Cyrus A. Dicken, Henry Dietrick, Alexis M. Dinser, Alyssa M. Dixon, Thomas J. Dixon, Helen C. Do, Chris H Doan, Connor Doane, Joshua Dodrill, Timothy Doermer, Lizbeth Montoya Dominguez, J. Dominguez, Emerson N. Domke, Caroline R. Doran, Jackson A. Dorr, Philip Dorricott, Danielle C. Dresdner, Michael Driscoll, Kailer H. Driscoll, Sheridan J. Duncan, Christian Dunlap, Gabrielle M. Dunn, Tien Q. Duong, Tomi Oshima Dupeyron, Peter Dvorak, Andrew East, Andrew N. East, Bree Edwards, Lauren Ehrlich, Sara I. Elbashir, Rasce Engelhardt, Jacob Engelstad, Colin England, Andrew Enrich, Abbey Erickson, Benjamin Erickson, Nathan Evans, Calvin A Ewing, Elizabeth A. Eyeson, Ian Faber, Avery M. Fails, John T Fauntleroy, Kevin Fell, Zitian Feng, Logan D. Fenwick, Nikita Feoktistov, Ryann Fife, John Alfred D. Figueirinhas, Jean-Paul Fisch, Emmalee Fischer, Jules Fischer-White, Aidan F. Fitton, Alexander Fix, Lydia Flackett, Fernando Flores, Aidan Floyd, Leonardo Del Foco, Adeduni Folarin, Aidan E. Forbes, Elise Fortino, Benjamin L. Fougere, Alexandra A. Fowler, Margaret Fox, James M. French, Katherine V. French, Florian G. Frick, Calvin R. Fuchs, Bethany E. S. Fuhrman, Sebastian Furney, Moutamen Gabir, Gabriela Galarraga, Skylar Gale, Keala C. Gapin, A. J. Garscadden, Rachel Gasser, Lily Gayou, Emily E. Gearhart, Jane Geisman, Julianne R. Geneser, Sl Genne, Julia G Gentile, Eleanor Gentry, Jacob D. George, Nathaniel James Georgiades, Phillip Gerhardstein, Clint Gersabeck, Bandar Abu Ghaith, Dorsa Ghiassi, B. C. Giebner, Dalton Gilmartin, Connor B. Gilpatrick, Michael Gjini, Olivia Golden, Nathan T. Golding, C. A. Goldsberry, Angel R. Gomez, Angel A. Gomez, Sean Gopalakrishnan, Mariam Gopalani, Nicholas Gotlib, Alaina S. Graham, Michael J Gray, Alannah H. Gregory, Joshua A. Gregory, Kristyn Grell, Justus Griego, Nicholas F. Griffin, Kyle J. Griffin, Matt Guerrero, Nicole Gunderson, Mutian Guo, E. R. Gustavsson, Grace K. Hach, L. N. Haile, Jessica Haines, Jack J. Mc Hale, Ryder Buchanan Hales, Mark S. Haley, Jacqueline L. Hall, Sean R. Hamilton, Soonhee Han, Tyler Hand, Luke C. Hanley, Connor M Hansen, Joshua A. Hansen, Jonathan Hansson, Tony Yunfei Hao, Nicholas Haratsaris, Isabelle Hardie, Dillon F. Hardwick, Cameron T. Hares, Logan Swous Harris, Coyle M. Harris, Omer Hart, Kyle Hashiro, Elsie Hattendorf, Calder Haubrich, Elijah Hawat, Griffin A. Hayrynen, Danielle A. Heintz, Tim Hellweg, Angel Hernandez, Emanuel Herrera, Robert N. Herrington, Tim Herwig, Troy M. Hesse, Quinn Hiatt, Lea Pearl Hibbard, Imari R. Hicks, Andrew J. Hicks, Nigel Highhouse, Annalise K. Hildebrand, Paula Hill, Hallie Hill, Evan Hintsa, Anna E. Hirschmann, Travis Hitt, Ella Ho, Isabelle J. Hoff, Alex Hoffman, Blake A. Hogen, Linda Horne, Timothy J Houck, Noah H. Howell, E. M. Hrudka, J. Hu, Jianyang Huang, Chenqi Huang, Shancheng Huang, Zachary A. Hudson, Nathan C. Hudson, Tyler J. Huebsch, Owen Hull, Samuel C Hunter, Troy Husted, Abigail P. Hutabarat, Leslie Huynh, Antonio E. Samour Ii, Yolande Idoine, Julia A. Ingram, Taro Iovan, Samuel A. Isert, Antonio Salcido-Alcontar Jr, Thomas Jacobsen, Alan A Jaimes, Connor Jameson, J. R. Jarriel, Sam Jarvis, Josh Jenkins, Alexander V. Jensen, Jacob Jeong, Luke A. Jeseritz, Trevor Jesse, Soo Yeun Ji, Yufan Jiang, Owen Johnson, Matthew Johnson, Sawyer Johnson, Julia Johnston, Braedon Y. Johnston, Olivia M. Jones, M. R. Jones, Tara Jourabchi, Tony A. House Jr., Parker Juels, Sabrina J. H. T. Kainz, Emily Kaiser, Nicolas Ian Kallemeyn, Madison H. Kalmus, Etash Kalra, Margaret Kamenetskiy, Jeerakit Kanokthippayakun, Shaun D. Kapla, Brennan J. Karsh, Caden J. Keating, Morgan A. Kelley, Michael P. Kelley, Nicholas Kelly, James Kelly, Teagan Kelly, Christopher M Kelly, Kellen Kennedy, Cayla J. Kennedy, Forrest Kennedy, Abigail Kennedy, Liana Kerr-Layton, Marilyn Ketterer, Ibraheem A. Khan, Usman Khan, Sapriya Khanal, Jack L. Kiechlin, Dominic Killian, Kevin Kim, Brian T. Kim, Matthew M. Kim, Jake Kim, Aspen Kimlicko, Isabel M Kipp, Hunter B. Kirkpatrick, Natalie Kissner, Emily R. Kite, Olivia R. Kleinhaus, Philip Whiting Knott, Will Koch, Greta Koenig, Emily Koke, Thomas Kokes, Yash S. Kothamdi, Zack Krajnak, Zoe M. Kresek, Dylan Kriegman, Jake E. Kritzberg, Davis J. Krueger, Bartlomiej Kubiak, Kirsten Kuehl, Chrisanne Kuester, Nicolas A. Kuiper, Aman Priyadarshi Kumar, Connor Kuybus, Daniel Kwiatkowski, Quintin Y. Lafemina, Kevin Lacjak, Kyle Lahmers, Antonia Lam, Kalin Landrey, Maxwell B. Lantz, Zachary Larter, Benjamin P. Lau, Megan Lauzon, Rian Lawlor, Tyler Learned, E. C. Lee, Junwon Lee, Adrianna J. Lee, Justin Lee, Alexis Ying-Shan Lee, Christian J Lee, Nathaniel F. Lee, Linzhi Leiker, Dylan Lengerich, Cecilia Leoni, Adrienne R. Lezak, David Y. Li, Isaac Li, Ryan Z. Liao, Bridget Linders, Morgan I Linger, Katherine B. Linnane, Sam Lippincott, Barrett Lister, Shelby D Litton, Nianzi Liu, Steven Y. Liu, Timothy W. Logan, Nathan Londres, Mia C. Lonergan, Emily Lookhoff, N. E. Loomis, Christian Lopez, Justin Loring, Jeffrey Lucca, Dax Lukianow, Nathan M. Cheang, William Macdonald, Claire A. Madonna, Kasey O. Madsen, Tiffany E. Maksimuk, Macguire Mallory, Ryan A. Malone, Blake Maly, Xander R. Manzanares, Aimee S. Maravi, Serafima M. Marcus, Nasreen Marikar, Josie A. Marquez, Mathew J. Marquez, Lauren Marsh, Toni Marsh, Logan S. Martin, Alexa M. Martinez, Jose R. Martinez, Hazelia K. Martinez, Cara Martyr, Mirna Masri, Giorgio Matessi, Adam Izz Khan Mohd Reduan Mathavan, Randi M. Mathieson, Kabir P. Mathur, Graham Mauer, Victoria A. Mayer, Liam Mazzotta, Glen S. Mccammon, Rowan Mcconvey, Tyler Mccormick, Andrew Mccoy, Kelleen Mcentee, Meaghan V. Mcgarvey, Riley M. Mcgill, James K. Mcintyre, Finbar K. Mckemey, Zane Mcmorris, Jesse J. Mcmullan, Ella Mcquaid, Caden Mcvey, Kyle Mccurry, Mateo M. Medellin, Melissa Medialdea, Amar Mehidic, Stella Meillon, Jonah B. Meiselman-Ashen, Sarah Mellett, Dominic Menassa, Citlali Mendez, Patricia Mendoza-Anselmi, Riley Menke, Sarah Mesgina, William J. Mewhirter, Ethan Meyer, Aya M. Miften, Ethan J. Miles, Andrew Miller, Joshua B. Miller, Emily B. Millican, Sarah J. Millican, Dylan P. Mills, Josh Minimo, Jay H. Misener, Alexander J. Mitchell, Alexander Z. Mizzi, Luis Molina-Saenz, Tyler S Moll, Hayden Moll, Maximus Montano, Michael Montoya, Eli Monyek, Jacqueline Rodriguez Mora, Gavin Morales, Genaro Morales, Annalise M. Morelock, Cora Morency, Angel J. Moreno, Remy Morgan, Alexander P. Moss, Brandon A. Muckenthaler, Alexander Mueller, Owen T. Mulcahy, Aria T. Mundy, Alexis A. Muniz, Maxwell J. Murphy, Madalyn C. Murphy, Ryan C. Murphy, Tyler Murrel, Andrew J. Musgrave, Michael S. Myer, Kshmya Nandu, Elena R. Napoletano, Abdulaziz Naqi, Anoothi Narayan, Liebe Nasser, Brenna K Neeland, Molly Nehring, Maya Li Nelson, Lena P. Nguyen, Lena Nguyen, Leonardo Nguyen, Valerie A. Nguyen, Khoa D Nguyen, Kelso Norden, Cooper Norris, Dario Nuñez, Rosemary O. Nussbaum, Cian O’Sullivan, Ian O’Neill, S. H. Oakes, Anand Odbayar, Caleb Ogle, Sean Oishi-Holder, Nicholas Olguin, Nathaniel P. Olson, Jason Ong, Elena N. Opp, Dan Orbidan, Ryan Oros, Althea E. Ort, Matthew Osborn, Austin Osogwin, Grant Otto, Jessica Oudakker, Igor Overchuk, Hannah M. Padgette, Jacqueline Padilla, Mallory Palizzi, Madeleine L. Palmgren, Adler Palos, Luke J. Pan, Nathan L. Parker, Sasha R. Parker, Evan J. Parkinson, Anish Parulekar, Paige J. Pastor, Kajal Patel, Akhil Patel, Neil S. Patel, Samuel Patti, Catherine Patton, Genevieve K. Payne, Matthew P. Payne, Harrison M. Pearl, Charles B. Beck Von Peccoz, Alexander J. Pedersen, Lily M. Pelster, Munisettha E. Peou, J. S. Perez, Freddy Perez, Anneliese Pesce, Audrey J. Petersen, B. Peterson, Romeo S. L. Petric, Joshua Pettine, Ethan J. Phalen, Alexander V. Pham, Denise M. Phan, Callie C Pherigo, Lance Phillips, Justin Phillips, Krista Phommatha, Alex Pietras, Tawanchai P. Pine, Sedique Pitsuean-Meier, Andrew M. Pixley, Will Plantz, William C. Plummer, Kaitlyn E. Plutt, Audrey E. Plzak, Kyle Pohle, Hyden Polikoff, Matthew Pollard, Madelyn Polly, Trevor J. Porter, David Price, Nicholas K. Price, Gale H. Prinster, Henry Austin Propper, Josh Quarderer, Megan S. Quinn, Oliver Quinonez, Devon Quispe, Cameron Ragsdale, Anna L. Rahn, M. Rakhmonova, Anoush K Ralapanawe, Nidhi Ramachandra, Nathaniel Ramirez, Ariana C. Ramirez, Sacha Ramirez, Parker Randolph, Anurag Ranjan, Frederick C Rankin, Sarah Grace Rapaport, Nicholas O Ratajczyk, Mia G. V. Ray, Brian D. Reagan, John C. Recchia, Brooklyn J. Reddy, Joseph Reed, Charlie Reed, Justin Reeves, Eileen N. Reh, Ferin J. Von Reich, Andrea B. Reyna, Alexander Reynolds, Hope Reynolds, Matthew Rippel, Guillermo A. Rivas, Anna Linnea Rives, Amanda M. Robert, Samuel M. Robertson, Maeve Rodgers, Stewart Rojec, Andres C. Romero, Ryan Rosasco, Beth Rossman, Michael Rotter, Tyndall Rounsefell, Charlotte Rouse, Allie C. Routledge, Marc G. Roy, Zoe A. Roy, Ryan Ruger, Kendall Ruggles-Delgado, Ian C. Rule, Madigan Rumley, Brenton M. Runyon, Collin Ruprecht, Bowman Russell, Sloan Russell, Diana Ryder, David Saeb, J. Salazar, Violeta Salazar, Maxwell Saldi, Jose A. Salgado, Adam D. Salindeho, Ethan S. Sanchez, Gustavo Sanchez-Sanchez, Darian Sarfaraz, Sucheta Sarkar, Ginn A. Sato, Carl Savage, Marcus T. Schaller, Benjamin T. Scheck, Jared A. W. Schlenker, Matthew J Schofer, Stephanie H. Schubert, Courtney Schultze, Grace K Schumacher, Kasper Seglem, Lauren Serio, Octave Seux, Hannan Shahba, Callie D. Shannahan, Shajesh Sharma, Nathan Shaver, Timothy Shaw, Arlee K. Shelby, Emma Shelby, Grace Shelchuk, Tucker Sheldrake, Daniel P. Sherry, Kyle Z. Shi, Amanda M. Shields, Kyungeun Shin, Michael C. Shockley, Dominick Shoha, Jadon Shortman, Mitchell Shuttleworth, Lisa Sibrell, Molly G. Sickler, Nathan Siles, H. K. Silvester, Conor Simmons, Dylan M. Simone, Anna Simone, Savi Singh, Maya A. Singh, Madeline Sinkovic, Leo Sipowicz, Chris Sjoroos, Ryan Slocum, Colin Slyne, Korben Smart, Alexandra N. Smith, Kelly Smith, Corey Smith, Elena K. Smith, Samantha M. Smith, Percy Smith, Trevor J Smith, G. L. Snyder, Daniel A. Soby, Arman S. Sohail, William J. Solorio, Lincoln Solt, Caitlin Soon, Ava A Spangler, Benjamin C. Spicer, Ashish Srivastava, Emily Stamos, Peter Starbuck, Ethan K. Stark, Travis Starling, Caitlyn Staudenmier, Sheen L. Steinbarth, Christopher H. Steinsberger, Tyler Stepaniak, Ellie N. Steward, Trey Stewart, T. C. Stewart, Cooper N. Stratmeyer, Grant L. Stratton, Jordin L. Stribling, S. A Sulaiman, Brandon J Sullivan, M. E. Sundell, Sohan N. Sur, Rohan Suri, Jason R. Swartz, Joshua D. Sweeney, Konner Syed, Emi Szabo, Philip Szeremeta, Michael-Tan D. Ta, Nolan C. Tanguma, Kyle Taulman, Nicole Taylor, Eleanor Taylor, Liam C. Taylor, K. E. Tayman, Yesica Tellez, Richard Terrile, Corey D Tesdahl, Quinn N. Thielmann, Gerig Thoman, Daniel Thomas, Jeffrey J. Thomas, William N. Thompson, Noah R. Thornally, Darien P. Tobin, Kelly Ton, Nathaniel J. Toon, Kevin Tran, Bryn Tran, Maedee Trank-Greene, Emily D. Trautwein, Robert B. Traxler, Judah Tressler, Tyson R. Trofino, Thomas Troisi, Benjamin L. Trunko, Joshua K. Truong, Julia Tucker, Thomas D Umbricht, C. H. Uphoff, Zachary T. Upthegrove, Shreenija Vadayar, Whitney Valencia, Mia M. Vallery, Eleanor Vanetten, John D. Vann, Ilian Varela, Alexandr Vassilyev, Nicholas J. Vaver, Anjali A. Velamala, Evan Vendetti, Nancy Ortiz Venegas, Aditya V. Vepa, Marcus T. Vess, Jenna S. Veta, Andrew Victory, Jessica Vinson, Connor Maklain Vogel, Michaela Wagoner, Steven P. Wallace, Logan Wallace, Caroline Waller, Jiawei Wang, Keenan Warble, N. R. D. Ward-Chene, James Adam Watson, Robert J. Weber, Aidan B. Wegner, Anthony A Weigand, Amanda M. Weiner, Ayana West, Ethan Benjamin Wexler, Nicola H. Wheeler, Jamison R. White, Zachary White, Oliver S. White, Lloyd C. Whittall, Isaac Wilcove, Blake C. Wilkinson, John S. Willard, Abigail K. Williams, Sajan Williams, Orion K. Wilson, Evan M. Wilson, Timothy R. Wilson, Connor B. Wilson, Briahn Witkoff, Aubrey M. Wolfe, Jackson R. Wolle, Travis M. Wood, Aiden L. Woodard, Katelynn Wootten, Catherine Xiao, Jianing Yang, Zhanchao Yang, Trenton J. Young, Isabel Young, Thomas Zenner, Jiaqi Zhang, Tianwei Zhao, Tiannie Zhao, Noah Y. Zhao, Chongrui Zhou, Josh J Ziebold, Lucas J. Ziegler, James C. Zygmunt, Jinhua Zhang, and H. J. Lewandowski

Subjects
Solar physics, Solar flares, Astrostatistics distributions, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counterintuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfvén waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, α = 2 as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed >600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: preflare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that α = 1.63 ± 0.03. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfvén waves are an important driver of coronal heating.

Published
2023
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13. Antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of a neo-clerodane diterpene from Salvia semiatrata aerial parts

Author

Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza, Lizeth M. Zavala-Ocampo, Martha J. Martínez-Gordillo, María Eva González-Trujano, Francisco A. Basurto Peña, Iván J. Bazany-Rodríguez, José Alberto Rivera Chávez, Alejandro Dorazco-González, and Eva Aguirre-Hernández

Subjects
anxiety, lamiaceae, neoclerodanes terpenoids, nociception, salvias, traditional medicine, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract

Context Salvia semiatrata Zucc. (Lamiaceae) is a species used as a tranquilizer and to relieve pain in folk medicine in Santiago Huauclilla, Oaxaca, Mexico. Objective To evaluate the antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of S. semiatrata extracts and identify a bioactive metabolite. Materials and methods The extracts were obtained by maceration of S. semiatrata aerial parts using solvents in increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol). A neo-clerodane diterpene was extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction using open column chromatography. Identification of this metabolite was performed by crystallography, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ATR-IR, ECD, MS and elemental analysis. The antinociceptive activity was explored using the writhing and formalin tests. Whereas, the anxiolytic-like responses were analysed in the open-field, hole-board and plus-maze tests. All the treatments were administered using oral gavage in male CD1 mice and explored 30 min after administration of the individual extracts (300 mg/kg) or the compound 1 (0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg). Results All the extracts produced significant reduction in the nociceptive and anxiety-like behaviour compared to mice treated with the vehicle (0.5% tween 80 in saline solution). The spectroscopic analysis corroborated the presence of the neo-clerodane diterpene 7-keto-neoclerodan-3,13-dien-18,19:15,16-diolide (1), as partial responsible of the antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects, which produced a dose-dependent response in the writhing test with an ED50=4.15 mg/kg. Discussion and conclusions: These results reinforce the medicinal properties of S. semiatrata in folk medicine, where participation of a neo-clerodane diterpene was evidenced in the inhibitory central nervous system activity of this species.

Published
2020
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15. Internal Marketing to face the 'new normal' workplace challenges: Organizational Agility as a booster

Author

Nancy Ortiz and Eva María Guerra Leal

Subjects
General Materials Science
Abstract

The purpose of this research is to identify the new challenges and opportunities that companies had faced due to the radical transformation of work schemes during the COVID-19 contingency. During this environment of uncertainty and change, we look for an understanding of how organizational agility has helped companies to implement key Internal Marketing strategies to cope with such challenges, being able to differentiate between “brilliant improvisation” and a repeatable capability to be prepared for a future crisis or environmental challenging scenarios. This paper presents a proposed model that analyzes two relevant research gaps: 1) The relationship between Internal Marketing and Organizational Agility, and 2) The challenges of Internal Marketing inside an organization derived from an external crisis (COVID-19). Eight semi‐structured long interviews, focused on understanding the employer's perspective, were developed with CEOs of SMEs in various industries in Mexico. The findings suggest five main challenges to enable Internal Marketing strategies through organizational agility: 1) communication 2) emotional well-being, 3) safety, 4) empowerment, and 5) digital tools management.

Published
2022
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16. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Author

Mason, James Paul, Werth, Alexandra, West, Colin G., Youngblood, Allison A., Woodraska, Donald L., Peck, Courtney, Lacjak, Kevin, Frick, Florian G., Gabir, Moutamen, Alsinan, Reema A., Jacobsen, Thomas, Alrubaie, Mohammad, Chizmar, Kayla M., Lau, Benjamin P., Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya, Price, David, Butler, Dylan R., Biron, Connor J., Feoktistov, Nikita, Dewey, Kai, Loomis, N. E., Bodzianowski, Michal, Kuybus, Connor, Dietrick, Henry, Wolfe, Aubrey M., Guerrero, Matt, Vinson, Jessica, Starbuck, Peter, Litton, Shelby D, Beck, M. G., Fisch, Jean-Paul, West, Ayana, Muniz, Alexis A., Chavez, Luis, Upthegrove, Zachary T., Runyon, Brenton M., Salazar, J., Kritzberg, Jake E., Murrel, Tyler, Ho, Ella, LaFemina, Quintin Y., Elbashir, Sara I., Chang, Ethan C., Hudson, Zachary A., Nussbaum, Rosemary O., Kennedy, Kellen, Kim, Kevin, Arango, Camila Villamil, Albakr, Mohammed A., Rotter, Michael, Garscadden, A. J., Salcido-Alcontar JR, Antonio, Pearl, Harrison M., Stepaniak, Tyler, Marquez, Josie A., Marsh, Lauren, Andringa, Jesse C, Osogwin, Austin, Shields, Amanda M., Brookins, Sarah, Hach, Grace K., Clausi, Alexis R., Millican, Emily B., Jaimes, Alan A, Graham, Alaina S., Burritt, John J., Perez, J. S., Ramirez, Nathaniel, Suri, Rohan, Myer, Michael S., Kresek, Zoe M., Goldsberry, C. A., Payne, Genevieve K., Jourabchi, Tara, Hu, J., Lucca, Jeffrey, Feng, Zitian, Gilpatrick, Connor B., Khan, Ibraheem A., Warble, Keenan, Sweeney, Joshua D., Dorricott, Philip, Meyer, Ethan, Kothamdi, Yash S., Sohail, Arman S., Grell, Kristyn, Floyd, Aidan, Bard, Titus, Mathieson, Randi M., Reed, Joseph, Cisneros, Alexis, Payne, Matthew P., Jarriel, J. R., Mora, Jacqueline Rodriguez, Sundell, M. E., Patel, Kajal, Alesmail, Mohammad, Alnasrallah, Yousef A, Abdullah, Jumana T., Molina-Saenz, Luis, Tayman, K. E., Brown, Gabriel T., Kerr-Layton, Liana, Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D., Hiatt, Quinn, Kalra, Etash, Ong, Jason, Vadayar, Shreenija, Shannahan, Callie D., Benke, Evan, zhang, Jinhua, Geisman, Jane, Martyr, Cara, Ameijenda, Federico, Akruwala, Ushmi H., Nehring, Molly, Kissner, Natalie, Rule, Ian C., Learned, Tyler, Smith, Alexandra N., Mazzotta, Liam, Rounsefell, Tyndall, Eyeson, Elizabeth A., Shelby, Arlee K., Moll, Tyler S, Menke, Riley, Shahba, Hannan, House Jr., Tony A., Clark, David B., Burns, Annemarie C., de La Beaujardiere, Tristan, Trautwein, Emily D., Plantz, Will, Reeves, Justin, Faber, Ian, Buxton, B. W., Highhouse, Nigel, Landrey, Kalin, Hansen, Connor M, Chen, Kevin, Hales, Ryder Buchanan, Borgerding, Luke R., Guo, Mutian, Crow, Christian J., Whittall, Lloyd C., Simmons, Conor, Folarin, Adeduni, Parkinson, Evan J., Rahn, Anna L., Blevins, Olivia, Morelock, Annalise M., Kelly, Nicholas, Parker, Nathan L., Smith, Kelly, Plzak, Audrey E., Saeb, David, Hares, Cameron T., Parker, Sasha R., McCoy, Andrew, Pham, Alexander V., Lauzon, Megan, Kennedy, Cayla J., Reyna, Andrea B., Acosta, Daniela M. Meza, Cool, Destiny J., Steinbarth, Sheen L., Mendoza-Anselmi, Patricia, Plutt, Kaitlyn E., Kipp, Isabel M, Rakhmonova, M., Brown, Cameron L., Van Anne, Gabreece, Moss, Alexander P., Golden, Olivia, Kirkpatrick, Hunter B., Colleran, Jake R., Sullivan, Brandon J, Tran, Kevin, Carpender, Michael Andrew, Mundy, Aria T., Koenig, Greta, Oudakker, Jessica, Engelhardt, Rasce, Ales, Nolan, Wexler, Ethan Benjamin, Beato, Quinn I, Chen, Lily, Cochran, Brooke, Hill, Paula, Hamilton, Sean R., Hashiro, Kyle, Khan, Usman, Martinez, Alexa M., Brockman, Jennifer L., Mallory, Macguire, Reed, Charlie, Terrile, Richard, Singh, Savi, Watson, James Adam, Creany, Joshua B., Price, Nicholas K., Miften, Aya M., Tran, Bryn, Kamenetskiy, Margaret, Martinez, Jose R., Opp, Elena N., Huang, Jianyang, Fails, Avery M., Belei, Brennan J., Slocum, Ryan, Astalos, Justin, East, Andrew, Nguyen, Lena P., Pherigo, Callie C, East, Andrew N., Li, David Y., Nelson, Maya LI, Taylor, Nicole, Odbayar, Anand, Rives, Anna Linnea, Mathur, Kabir P., Billingsley, Jacob, Polikoff, Hyden, Driscoll, Michael, Wilson, Orion K., Lahmers, Kyle, Toon, Nathaniel J., Lippincott, Sam, Musgrave, Andrew J., Gregory, Alannah H., Pitsuean-Meier, Sedique, Jesse, Trevor, Smith, Corey, Miles, Ethan J., Kainz, Sabrina J. H. T., Ji, Soo Yeun, Nguyen, Lena, Aryan, Maryam, Dinser, Alexis M., Shortman, Jadon, Bastias, Catalina S, Umbricht, Thomas D, Cage, Breonna, Randolph, Parker, Pollard, Matthew, Simone, Dylan M., Aramians, Andrew, Brecl, Ariana E., Robert, Amanda M., Zenner, Thomas, Saldi, Maxwell, Morales, Gavin, Mendez, Citlali, Syed, Konner, Vogel, Connor Maklain, Cone, Rebecca A., Berhanu, Naomi, Carpenter, Emily, Leoni, Cecilia, Bryan, Samuel, Ramachandra, Nidhi, Shaw, Timothy, Lee, E. C., Monyek, Eli, Wegner, Aidan B., Sharma, Shajesh, Lister, Barrett, White, Jamison R., Willard, John S., Sulaiman, S. A, Blandon, Guillermo, Narayan, Anoothi, Ruger, Ryan, Kelley, Morgan A., Moreno, Angel J., Balcer, Leo M, Ward-Chene, N. R. D., Shelby, Emma, Reagan, Brian D., Marsh, Toni, Sarkar, Sucheta, Kelley, Michael P., Fell, Kevin, Balaji, Sahana, Hildebrand, Annalise K., Shoha, Dominick, Nandu, Kshmya, Tucker, Julia, Cancio, Alejandro R., Wang, Jiawei, Rapaport, Sarah Grace, Maravi, Aimee S., Mayer, Victoria A., Miller, Andrew, Bence, Caden, Koke, Emily, Fauntleroy, John T, Doermer, Timothy, Al-Ghazwi, Adel, Morgan, Remy, Alahmed, Mohammed S., Mathavan, Adam Izz Khan Mohd Reduan, Silvester, H. K., Weiner, Amanda M., Liu, Nianzi, Iovan, Taro, Jensen, Alexander V., AlHarbi, Yazeed A., Jiang, Yufan, Zhang, Jiaqi, Jones, Olivia M., Huang, Chenqi, Reh, Eileen N., Alhamli, Dania, Pettine, Joshua, Zhou, Chongrui, Kriegman, Dylan, Yang, Jianing, Ash, Kevin, Savage, Carl, Kaiser, Emily, Augenstein, Dakota N., Padilla, Jacqueline, Stark, Ethan K., Hansen, Joshua A., Kokes, Thomas, Huynh, Leslie, Sanchez-Sanchez, Gustavo, Jeseritz, Luke A., Carillion, Emma L., Vepa, Aditya V., Khanal, Sapriya, Behr, Braden, Martin, Logan S., McMullan, Jesse J., Zhao, Tianwei, Williams, Abigail K., Alqabani, Emeen, Prinster, Gale H., Horne, Linda, Ruggles-Delgado, Kendall, Otto, Grant, Gomez, Angel R., Nguyen, Leonardo, Brumley, Preston J., Venegas, Nancy Ortiz, Varela, Ilian, Brownlow, Jordi, Cruz, Avril, Leiker, Linzhi, Batra, Jasleen, Hutabarat, Abigail P., Nunes-Valdes, Dario, Jameson, Connor, Naqi, Abdulaziz, Adams, Dante Q., Biediger, Blaine B., Borelli, William T, Cisne, Nicholas A., Collins, Nathaniel A., Curnow, Tyler L., Gopalakrishnan, Sean, Griffin, Nicholas F., Herrera, Emanuel, McGarvey, Meaghan V., Mellett, Sarah, Overchuk, Igor, Shaver, Nathan, Stratmeyer, Cooper N., Vess, Marcus T., Juels, Parker, Alyami, Saleh A., Gale, Skylar, Wallace, Steven P., Hunter, Samuel C, Lonergan, Mia C., Stewart, Trey, Maksimuk, Tiffany E., Lam, Antonia, Tressler, Judah, Napoletano, Elena R., Miller, Joshua B., Roy, Marc G., Chanders, Jasey, Fischer, Emmalee, Croteau, A. J., Kuiper, Nicolas A., Hoffman, Alex, DeBarros, Elyse, Curry, Riley T., Brzostowicz, A., Courtney, Jonas, Zhao, Tiannie, Szabo, Emi, Ghaith, Bandar Abu, Slyne, Colin, Beck, Lily, Quinonez, Oliver, Collins, Sarah, Madonna, Claire A., Morency, Cora, Palizzi, Mallory, Herwig, Tim, Beauprez, Jacob N., Ghiassi, Dorsa, Doran, Caroline R., Yang, Zhanchao, Padgette, Hannah M., Dicken, Cyrus A., Austin, Bryce W., Phalen, Ethan J., Xiao, Catherine, Palos, Adler, Gerhardstein, Phillip, Altenbern, Ava L., Orbidan, Dan, Dorr, Jackson A., Rivas, Guillermo A., Ewing, Calvin A, Giebner, B. C., McEntee, Kelleen, Kite, Emily R., Crocker, K. A., Haley, Mark S., Lezak, Adrienne R., McQuaid, Ella, Jeong, Jacob, Albaum, Jonathan, Hrudka, E. 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S., Alkubaisi, Mohamed, Engelstad, Jacob, Dodrill, Joshua, Fuchs, Calvin R., Bullard-Connor, Gigi, Alhuseini, Isehaq, Zygmunt, James C., Sipowicz, Leo, Hayrynen, Griffin A., McGill, Riley M., Keating, Caden J., Hart, Omer, Cyr, Aidan St., Steinsberger, Christopher H., Thoman, Gerig, Wood, Travis M., Ingram, Julia A., Dominguez, J., Georgiades, Nathaniel James, Johnson, Matthew, Johnson, Sawyer, Pedersen, Alexander J., Ralapanawe, Anoush K, Thomas, Jeffrey J., Sato, Ginn A., Reynolds, Hope, Nasser, Liebe, Mizzi, Alexander Z., Damgaard, Olivia, Baflah, Abdulrahman A., Liu, Steven Y., Salindeho, Adam D., Norden, Kelso, Gearhart, Emily E., Krajnak, Zack, Szeremeta, Philip, Amos, Meggan, Shin, Kyungeun, Muckenthaler, Brandon A., Medialdea, Melissa, Beach, Simone, Wilson, Connor B., Adams, Elena R, Aldhamen, Ahmed, Harris, Coyle M., Hesse, Troy M., Golding, Nathan T., Larter, Zachary, Hernandez, Angel, Morales, Genaro, Traxler, Robert B., Alosaimi, Meshal, Fitton, Aidan F., Aaron, James Holland, Lee, Nathaniel F., Liao, Ryan Z., Chen, Judy, French, Katherine V., Loring, Justin, Colter, Aurora, McConvey, Rowan, Colozzi, Michael, Vann, John D., Scheck, Benjamin T., Weigand, Anthony A, Alhabeeb, Abdulelah, Idoine, Yolande, Woodard, Aiden L., Medellin, Mateo M., Ratajczyk, Nicholas O, Tobin, Darien P., Collins, Jack C., Horning, Thomas M., Pellatz, Nick, Pitten, John, Lordi, Noah, Patterson, Alyx, Hoang, Thi D, Zimmermann, Ingrid H, Wang, Hongda, Steckhahn, Daniel, Aradhya, Arvind J., Oliver, Kristin A., Cai, Yijian, Wang, Chaoran, Yegovtsev, Nikolay, Wu, Mengyu, Ganesan, Koushik, Osborne, Andrew, Wickenden, Evan, Meyer, Josephine C., Chaparro, David, Visal, Aseem, Liu, Haixin, Menon, Thanmay S., Jin, Yan, Wilson, John, Erikson, James W., Luo, Zheng, Shitara, Nanako, Nelson, Emma E, Geerdts, T. R., Ortiz, Jorge L Ramirez, Lewandowski, H. J., Mason, James Paul, Werth, Alexandra, West, Colin G., Youngblood, Allison A., Woodraska, Donald L., Peck, Courtney, Lacjak, Kevin, Frick, Florian G., Gabir, Moutamen, Alsinan, Reema A., Jacobsen, Thomas, Alrubaie, Mohammad, Chizmar, Kayla M., Lau, Benjamin P., Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya, Price, David, Butler, Dylan R., Biron, Connor J., Feoktistov, Nikita, Dewey, Kai, Loomis, N. E., Bodzianowski, Michal, Kuybus, Connor, Dietrick, Henry, Wolfe, Aubrey M., Guerrero, Matt, Vinson, Jessica, Starbuck, Peter, Litton, Shelby D, Beck, M. G., Fisch, Jean-Paul, West, Ayana, Muniz, Alexis A., Chavez, Luis, Upthegrove, Zachary T., Runyon, Brenton M., Salazar, J., Kritzberg, Jake E., Murrel, Tyler, Ho, Ella, LaFemina, Quintin Y., Elbashir, Sara I., Chang, Ethan C., Hudson, Zachary A., Nussbaum, Rosemary O., Kennedy, Kellen, Kim, Kevin, Arango, Camila Villamil, Albakr, Mohammed A., Rotter, Michael, Garscadden, A. 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H. T., Ji, Soo Yeun, Nguyen, Lena, Aryan, Maryam, Dinser, Alexis M., Shortman, Jadon, Bastias, Catalina S, Umbricht, Thomas D, Cage, Breonna, Randolph, Parker, Pollard, Matthew, Simone, Dylan M., Aramians, Andrew, Brecl, Ariana E., Robert, Amanda M., Zenner, Thomas, Saldi, Maxwell, Morales, Gavin, Mendez, Citlali, Syed, Konner, Vogel, Connor Maklain, Cone, Rebecca A., Berhanu, Naomi, Carpenter, Emily, Leoni, Cecilia, Bryan, Samuel, Ramachandra, Nidhi, Shaw, Timothy, Lee, E. C., Monyek, Eli, Wegner, Aidan B., Sharma, Shajesh, Lister, Barrett, White, Jamison R., Willard, John S., Sulaiman, S. A, Blandon, Guillermo, Narayan, Anoothi, Ruger, Ryan, Kelley, Morgan A., Moreno, Angel J., Balcer, Leo M, Ward-Chene, N. R. D., Shelby, Emma, Reagan, Brian D., Marsh, Toni, Sarkar, Sucheta, Kelley, Michael P., Fell, Kevin, Balaji, Sahana, Hildebrand, Annalise K., Shoha, Dominick, Nandu, Kshmya, Tucker, Julia, Cancio, Alejandro R., Wang, Jiawei, Rapaport, Sarah Grace, Maravi, Aimee S., Mayer, Victoria A., Miller, Andrew, Bence, Caden, Koke, Emily, Fauntleroy, John T, Doermer, Timothy, Al-Ghazwi, Adel, Morgan, Remy, Alahmed, Mohammed S., Mathavan, Adam Izz Khan Mohd Reduan, Silvester, H. K., Weiner, Amanda M., Liu, Nianzi, Iovan, Taro, Jensen, Alexander V., AlHarbi, Yazeed A., Jiang, Yufan, Zhang, Jiaqi, Jones, Olivia M., Huang, Chenqi, Reh, Eileen N., Alhamli, Dania, Pettine, Joshua, Zhou, Chongrui, Kriegman, Dylan, Yang, Jianing, Ash, Kevin, Savage, Carl, Kaiser, Emily, Augenstein, Dakota N., Padilla, Jacqueline, Stark, Ethan K., Hansen, Joshua A., Kokes, Thomas, Huynh, Leslie, Sanchez-Sanchez, Gustavo, Jeseritz, Luke A., Carillion, Emma L., Vepa, Aditya V., Khanal, Sapriya, Behr, Braden, Martin, Logan S., McMullan, Jesse J., Zhao, Tianwei, Williams, Abigail K., Alqabani, Emeen, Prinster, Gale H., Horne, Linda, Ruggles-Delgado, Kendall, Otto, Grant, Gomez, Angel R., Nguyen, Leonardo, Brumley, Preston J., Venegas, Nancy Ortiz, Varela, Ilian, Brownlow, Jordi, Cruz, Avril, Leiker, Linzhi, Batra, Jasleen, Hutabarat, Abigail P., Nunes-Valdes, Dario, Jameson, Connor, Naqi, Abdulaziz, Adams, Dante Q., Biediger, Blaine B., Borelli, William T, Cisne, Nicholas A., Collins, Nathaniel A., Curnow, Tyler L., Gopalakrishnan, Sean, Griffin, Nicholas F., Herrera, Emanuel, McGarvey, Meaghan V., Mellett, Sarah, Overchuk, Igor, Shaver, Nathan, Stratmeyer, Cooper N., Vess, Marcus T., Juels, Parker, Alyami, Saleh A., Gale, Skylar, Wallace, Steven P., Hunter, Samuel C, Lonergan, Mia C., Stewart, Trey, Maksimuk, Tiffany E., Lam, Antonia, Tressler, Judah, Napoletano, Elena R., Miller, Joshua B., Roy, Marc G., Chanders, Jasey, Fischer, Emmalee, Croteau, A. 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L., Gomez, Angel A., Meiselman-Ashen, Jonah B., Carey, Luke, Dias, John S., Fischer-White, Jules, Forbes, Aidan E., Galarraga, Gabriela, Kennedy, Forrest, Lawlor, Rian, Murphy, Maxwell J., Norris, Cooper, Quarderer, Josh, Waller, Caroline, Weber, Robert J., Gunderson, Nicole, Boyne, Tom, Gregory, Joshua A., Propper, Henry Austin, von Peccoz, Charles B. Beck, Branch, Donovan, Clarke, Evelyn, Cutler, Libby, Dabberdt, Frederick M., Das, Swagatam, Figueirinhas, John Alfred D., Fougere, Benjamin L., Roy, Zoe A., Zhao, Noah Y., Cox, Corben L., Barnhart, Logan D. W., Craig, Wilmsen B., Moll, Hayden, Pohle, Kyle, Mueller, Alexander, Smith, Elena K., Spicer, Benjamin C., Aycock, Matthew C., Bat-Ulzii, Batchimeg, Murphy, Madalyn C., Altokhais, Abdullah, Thornally, Noah R., Kleinhaus, Olivia R., Sarfaraz, Darian, Barnes, Grant M., Beard, Sara, Banda, David J, Davis, Emma A. B., Huebsch, Tyler J., Wagoner, Michaela, Griego, Justus, Hale, Jack J. Mc, Porter, Trevor J., Abrashoff, Riley, Phan, Denise M., Smith, Samantha M., Srivastava, Ashish, Schlenker, Jared A. 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R., Ortiz, Jorge L Ramirez, and Lewandowski, H. J.

Abstract

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating., Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 71

Published
2023
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17. Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Author

Mason, James Paul, primary, Werth, Alexandra, additional, West, Colin G., additional, Youngblood, Allison, additional, Woodraska, Donald L., additional, Peck, Courtney L., additional, Aradhya, Arvind J., additional, Cai, Yijian, additional, Chaparro, David, additional, Erikson, James W., additional, Ganesan, Koushik, additional, Geerdts, T. R., additional, Hoang, Thi D, additional, Horning, Thomas M., additional, Jin, Yan, additional, Liu, Haixin, additional, Lordi, Noah, additional, Luo, Zheng, additional, Menon, Thanmay S., additional, Meyer, Josephine C., additional, Nelson, Emma E, additional, Oliver, Kristin A., additional, Ramirez Ortiz, Jorge L, additional, Osborne, Andrew, additional, Patterson, Alyx, additional, Pellatz, Nick, additional, Pitten, John, additional, Shitara, Nanako, additional, Steckhahn, Daniel, additional, Visal, Aseem, additional, Wang, Hongda, additional, Wang, Chaoran, additional, Wickenden, Evan, additional, Wilson, John, additional, Wu, Mengyu, additional, Yegovtsev, Nikolay, additional, Zimmermann, Ingrid H, additional, Aaron, James Holland, additional, Abdullah, Jumana T., additional, Abrams, Jonathan M., additional, Abrashoff, Riley, additional, Acevedo, Andres B., additional, Acha, Iker, additional, Meza Acosta, Daniela M., additional, Adam, Megan M., additional, Adams, Dante Q., additional, Adams, Kalvyn N, additional, Adams, Elena R, additional, Akbar, Zainab A., additional, Akruwala, Ushmi H., additional, Al-Ghazwi, Adel, additional, Alabbas, Batool H., additional, Alawadhi, Areej A., additional, Alharbi, Yazeed A., additional, Alahmed, Mohammed S., additional, Albakr, Mohammed A., additional, Albalushi, Yusef J., additional, Albaum, Jonathan, additional, Aldhamen, Ahmed, additional, Ales, Nolan, additional, Alesmail, Mohammad, additional, Alhabeeb, Abdulelah, additional, Alhamli, Dania, additional, Alhuseini, Isehaq, additional, Alkaabi, Suhail, additional, Alkhezzi, Tameem, additional, Alkubaisi, Mohamed, additional, Allanqawi, Nasser, additional, Allsbrook, Martin, additional, Almohsen, Yousef A., additional, Almquist, Justin Thomas, additional, Alnaji, Teeb, additional, Alnasrallah, Yousef A, additional, Alonzi, Nicholas, additional, Alosaimi, Meshal, additional, Alqabani, Emeen, additional, Alrubaie, Mohammad, additional, Alsinan, Reema A., additional, Altenbern, Ava L., additional, Altokhais, Abdullah, additional, Alyami, Saleh A., additional, Ameijenda, Federico, additional, Amer, Hamzi, additional, Amos, Meggan, additional, Anderson, Hunter J., additional, Andrew, Carter, additional, Andringa, Jesse C, additional, Angwin, Abigail, additional, Van Anne, Gabreece, additional, Aramians, Andrew, additional, Arango, Camila Villamil, additional, Archibald, Jack. W., additional, Arias-Robles, Brian A., additional, Aryan, Maryam, additional, Ash, Kevin, additional, Astalos, Justin, additional, Atchley-Rivers, N. S., additional, Augenstein, Dakota N., additional, Austin, Bryce W., additional, Avula, Abhinav, additional, Aycock, Matthew C., additional, Baflah, Abdulrahman A., additional, Balaji, Sahana, additional, Balajonda, Brian, additional, Balcer, Leo M, additional, Baldwin, James O., additional, Banda, David J, additional, Bard, Titus, additional, Barmore, Abby, additional, Barnes, Grant M., additional, Barnhart, Logan D. W., additional, Barone, Kevin M., additional, Bartman, Jessica L., additional, Bassel, Claire, additional, Bastias, Catalina S, additional, Bat-Ulzii, Batchimeg, additional, Batra, Jasleen, additional, Battist, Lexi, additional, Bay, Joshua, additional, Beach, Simone, additional, Beard, Sara, additional, Beato, Quinn I, additional, Beattie, Ryan, additional, Beatty, Thomas, additional, De La Beaujardiere, Tristan, additional, Beauprez, Jacob N., additional, Beck, M. G., additional, Beck, Lily, additional, Becker, Simone E., additional, Behr, Braden, additional, Behrer, Timothy A., additional, Beijer, Joshua, additional, Belei, Brennan J., additional, Belknap, Annelene L., additional, Bell, Aislyn, additional, Bence, Caden, additional, Benke, Evan, additional, Berhanu, Naomi, additional, Berriman-Rozen, Zachary D., additional, Bertuccio, Chrisanna, additional, Berv, Owen A., additional, Biediger, Blaine B., additional, Biehle, Samuel J, additional, Billig, Brennen, additional, Billingsley, Jacob, additional, Billman, Jayce A., additional, Biron, Connor J., additional, Bisacca, Gabrielle E., additional, Blake, Cassidy A., additional, Blandon, Guillermo, additional, Blevins, Olivia, additional, Blouin, Ethan, additional, Bodzianowski, Michal, additional, Boeyink, Taylor A., additional, Bondar, Matthew, additional, Bone, Lauren, additional, De Los Monteros Bonilla, Alberto Espinosa, additional, Borelli, William T, additional, Borgerding, Luke R., additional, Bowen, Troy, additional, Boyer, Christine, additional, Boyer, Aidan, additional, Boyle, Aidan P., additional, Boyne, Tom, additional, Branch, Donovan, additional, Brecl, Ariana E., additional, Brennan, David J., additional, Brimhall, Alexander J, additional, Brockman, Jennifer L., additional, Brookins, Sarah, additional, Brown, Gabriel T., additional, Brown, Cameron L., additional, Brown, Ryan, additional, Brownlow, Jordi, additional, Brumage-Heller, Grant, additional, Brumley, Preston J., additional, Bryan, Samuel, additional, Brzostowicz, A., additional, Buhamad, Maryam, additional, Bullard-Connor, Gigi, additional, Bunsow, J. R. Ramirez, additional, Burns, Annemarie C., additional, Burritt, John J., additional, Burton, Nicholas David, additional, Burton, Taylor, additional, Busch, Celeste, additional, Butler, Dylan R., additional, Buxton, B. W., additional, C. Toups, Malena, additional, Cabbage, Carter C., additional, Cage, Breonna, additional, Cahn, Jackson R., additional, Campbell, Andrew J, additional, Canales, Braden P., additional, Cancio, Alejandro R., additional, Carey, Luke, additional, Carillion, Emma L., additional, Carpender, Michael Andrew, additional, Carpenter, Emily, additional, Chadda, Shivank, additional, Chambers, Paige, additional, Chanders, Jasey, additional, Chandler, Olivia M., additional, Chang, Ethan C., additional, Chapman, Mitchell G., additional, Chapman, Logan T., additional, Chavali, S., additional, Chavez, Luis, additional, Chen, Kevin, additional, Chen, Lily, additional, Chen, Sam, additional, Chen, Judy, additional, Chhetri, Jenisha, additional, Chiles, Bradyn, additional, Chizmar, Kayla M., additional, Christiansen, Katherine E, additional, Cisne, Nicholas A., additional, Cisneros, Alexis, additional, Clark, David B., additional, Clarke, Evelyn, additional, Clarkson, Peter C, additional, Clausi, Alexis R., additional, Cochran, Brooke, additional, Coe, Ryan W., additional, Coleman-Plante, Aislinn, additional, Colleran, Jake R., additional, Colleran, Zachary, additional, Collier, Curran, additional, Collins, Nathaniel A., additional, Collins, Sarah, additional, Collins, Jack C., additional, Colozzi, Michael, additional, Colter, Aurora, additional, Cone, Rebecca A., additional, Conroy, Thomas C., additional, Conti, Reese, additional, Contizano, Charles J., additional, Cool, Destiny J., additional, Cooper, Nicholas M., additional, Corbitt, Jessica S, additional, Courtney, Jonas, additional, Courtney, Olivia, additional, Cox, Corben L., additional, Craig, Wilmsen B., additional, Creany, Joshua B., additional, Crews, Anastasia, additional, Crocker, K. A., additional, Croteau, A. J., additional, Crow, Christian J., additional, Cruse, Zoe, additional, Cruz, Avril, additional, Curnow, Tyler L., additional, Current, Hayden, additional, Curry, Riley T., additional, Cutler, Libby, additional, Cyr, Aidan St., additional, Dabberdt, Frederick M., additional, Daboub, Johnston, additional, Damgaard, Olivia, additional, Das, Swagatam, additional, Davis, Emma A. B., additional, Debarros, Elyse, additional, Deel, Sean, additional, Delasantos, Megan E., additional, Deng, Tianyue, additional, Derwin, Zachary, additional, Desai, Om, additional, Dewey, Kai, additional, Dias, John S., additional, Dice, Kenzie A., additional, Dick, R., additional, Dicken, Cyrus A., additional, Dietrick, Henry, additional, Dinser, Alexis M., additional, Dixon, Alyssa M., additional, Dixon, Thomas J., additional, Do, Helen C., additional, Doan, Chris H, additional, Doane, Connor, additional, Dodrill, Joshua, additional, Doermer, Timothy, additional, Dominguez, Lizbeth Montoya, additional, Dominguez, J., additional, Domke, Emerson N., additional, Doran, Caroline R., additional, Dorr, Jackson A., additional, Dorricott, Philip, additional, Dresdner, Danielle C., additional, Driscoll, Michael, additional, Driscoll, Kailer H., additional, Duncan, Sheridan J., additional, Dunlap, Christian, additional, Dunn, Gabrielle M., additional, Duong, Tien Q., additional, Dupeyron, Tomi Oshima, additional, Dvorak, Peter, additional, East, Andrew, additional, East, Andrew N., additional, Edwards, Bree, additional, Ehrlich, Lauren, additional, Elbashir, Sara I., additional, Engelhardt, Rasce, additional, Engelstad, Jacob, additional, England, Colin, additional, Enrich, Andrew, additional, Erickson, Abbey, additional, Erickson, Benjamin, additional, Evans, Nathan, additional, Ewing, Calvin A, additional, Eyeson, Elizabeth A., additional, Faber, Ian, additional, Fails, Avery M., additional, Fauntleroy, John T, additional, Fell, Kevin, additional, Feng, Zitian, additional, Fenwick, Logan D., additional, Feoktistov, Nikita, additional, Fife, Ryann, additional, D. Figueirinhas, John Alfred, additional, Fisch, Jean-Paul, additional, Fischer, Emmalee, additional, Fischer-White, Jules, additional, Fitton, Aidan F., additional, Fix, Alexander, additional, Flackett, Lydia, additional, Flores, Fernando, additional, Floyd, Aidan, additional, Del Foco, Leonardo, additional, Folarin, Adeduni, additional, Forbes, Aidan E., additional, Fortino, Elise, additional, Fougere, Benjamin L., additional, Fowler, Alexandra A., additional, Fox, Margaret, additional, French, James M., additional, French, Katherine V., additional, Frick, Florian G., additional, Fuchs, Calvin R., additional, Fuhrman, Bethany E. S., additional, Furney, Sebastian, additional, Gabir, Moutamen, additional, Galarraga, Gabriela, additional, Gale, Skylar, additional, Gapin, Keala C., additional, Garscadden, A. J., additional, Gasser, Rachel, additional, Gayou, Lily, additional, Gearhart, Emily E., additional, Geisman, Jane, additional, Geneser, Julianne R., additional, Genne, Sl, additional, Gentile, Julia G, additional, Gentry, Eleanor, additional, George, Jacob D., additional, Georgiades, Nathaniel James, additional, Gerhardstein, Phillip, additional, Gersabeck, Clint, additional, Ghaith, Bandar Abu, additional, Ghiassi, Dorsa, additional, Giebner, B. C., additional, Gilmartin, Dalton, additional, Gilpatrick, Connor B., additional, Gjini, Michael, additional, Golden, Olivia, additional, Golding, Nathan T., additional, Goldsberry, C. A., additional, Gomez, Angel R., additional, Gomez, Angel A., additional, Gopalakrishnan, Sean, additional, Gopalani, Mariam, additional, Gotlib, Nicholas, additional, Graham, Alaina S., additional, Gray, Michael J, additional, Gregory, Alannah H., additional, Gregory, Joshua A., additional, Grell, Kristyn, additional, Griego, Justus, additional, Griffin, Nicholas F., additional, Griffin, Kyle J., additional, Guerrero, Matt, additional, Gunderson, Nicole, additional, Guo, Mutian, additional, Gustavsson, E. R., additional, Hach, Grace K., additional, Haile, L. N., additional, Haines, Jessica, additional, Mc Hale, Jack J., additional, Hales, Ryder Buchanan, additional, Haley, Mark S., additional, Hall, Jacqueline L., additional, Hamilton, Sean R., additional, Han, Soonhee, additional, Hand, Tyler, additional, Hanley, Luke C., additional, Hansen, Connor M, additional, Hansen, Joshua A., additional, Hansson, Jonathan, additional, Hao, Tony Yunfei, additional, Haratsaris, Nicholas, additional, Hardie, Isabelle, additional, Hardwick, Dillon F., additional, Hares, Cameron T., additional, Harris, Logan Swous, additional, Harris, Coyle M., additional, Hart, Omer, additional, Hashiro, Kyle, additional, Hattendorf, Elsie, additional, Haubrich, Calder, additional, Hawat, Elijah, additional, Hayrynen, Griffin A., additional, Heintz, Danielle A., additional, Hellweg, Tim, additional, Hernandez, Angel, additional, Herrera, Emanuel, additional, Herrington, Robert N., additional, Herwig, Tim, additional, Hesse, Troy M., additional, Hiatt, Quinn, additional, Hibbard, Lea Pearl, additional, Hicks, Imari R., additional, Hicks, Andrew J., additional, Highhouse, Nigel, additional, Hildebrand, Annalise K., additional, Hill, Paula, additional, Hill, Hallie, additional, Hintsa, Evan, additional, Hirschmann, Anna E., additional, Hitt, Travis, additional, Ho, Ella, additional, Hoff, Isabelle J., additional, Hoffman, Alex, additional, Hogen, Blake A., additional, Horne, Linda, additional, Houck, Timothy J, additional, Howell, Noah H., additional, Hrudka, E. M., additional, Hu, J., additional, Huang, Jianyang, additional, Huang, Chenqi, additional, Huang, Shancheng, additional, Hudson, Zachary A., additional, Hudson, Nathan C., additional, Huebsch, Tyler J., additional, Hull, Owen, additional, Hunter, Samuel C, additional, Husted, Troy, additional, Hutabarat, Abigail P., additional, Huynh, Leslie, additional, Samour Ii, Antonio E., additional, Idoine, Yolande, additional, Ingram, Julia A., additional, Iovan, Taro, additional, Isert, Samuel A., additional, Salcido-Alcontar, Antonio, additional, Jacobsen, Thomas, additional, Jaimes, Alan A, additional, Jameson, Connor, additional, Jarriel, J. R., additional, Jarvis, Sam, additional, Jenkins, Josh, additional, Jensen, Alexander V., additional, Jeong, Jacob, additional, Jeseritz, Luke A., additional, Jesse, Trevor, additional, Ji, Soo Yeun, additional, Jiang, Yufan, additional, Johnson, Owen, additional, Johnson, Matthew, additional, Johnson, Sawyer, additional, Johnston, Julia, additional, Johnston, Braedon Y., additional, Jones, Olivia M., additional, Jones, M. R., additional, Jourabchi, Tara, additional, House, Tony A., additional, Juels, Parker, additional, T. Kainz, Sabrina J. H., additional, Kaiser, Emily, additional, Kallemeyn, Nicolas Ian, additional, Kalmus, Madison H., additional, Kalra, Etash, additional, Kamenetskiy, Margaret, additional, Kanokthippayakun, Jeerakit, additional, Kapla, Shaun D., additional, Karsh, Brennan J., additional, Keating, Caden J., additional, Kelley, Morgan A., additional, Kelley, Michael P., additional, Kelly, Nicholas, additional, Kelly, James, additional, Kelly, Teagan, additional, Kelly, Christopher M, additional, Kennedy, Kellen, additional, Kennedy, Cayla J., additional, Kennedy, Forrest, additional, Kennedy, Abigail, additional, Kerr-Layton, Liana, additional, Ketterer, Marilyn, additional, Khan, Ibraheem A., additional, Khan, Usman, additional, Khanal, Sapriya, additional, Kiechlin, Jack L., additional, Killian, Dominic, additional, Kim, Kevin, additional, Kim, Brian T., additional, Kim, Matthew M., additional, Kim, Jake, additional, Kimlicko, Aspen, additional, Kipp, Isabel M, additional, Kirkpatrick, Hunter B., additional, Kissner, Natalie, additional, Kite, Emily R., additional, Kleinhaus, Olivia R., additional, Knott, Philip Whiting, additional, Koch, Will, additional, Koenig, Greta, additional, Koke, Emily, additional, Kokes, Thomas, additional, Kothamdi, Yash S., additional, Krajnak, Zack, additional, Kresek, Zoe M., additional, Kriegman, Dylan, additional, Kritzberg, Jake E., additional, Krueger, Davis J., additional, Kubiak, Bartlomiej, additional, Kuehl, Kirsten, additional, Kuester, Chrisanne, additional, Kuiper, Nicolas A., additional, Kumar, Aman Priyadarshi, additional, Kuybus, Connor, additional, Kwiatkowski, Daniel, additional, Lafemina, Quintin Y., additional, Lacjak, Kevin, additional, Lahmers, Kyle, additional, Lam, Antonia, additional, Landrey, Kalin, additional, Lantz, Maxwell B., additional, Larter, Zachary, additional, Lau, Benjamin P., additional, Lauzon, Megan, additional, Lawlor, Rian, additional, Learned, Tyler, additional, Lee, E. C., additional, Lee, Junwon, additional, Lee, Adrianna J., additional, Lee, Justin, additional, Lee, Alexis Ying-Shan, additional, Lee, Christian J, additional, Lee, Nathaniel F., additional, Leiker, Linzhi, additional, Lengerich, Dylan, additional, Leoni, Cecilia, additional, Lezak, Adrienne R., additional, Li, David Y., additional, Li, Isaac, additional, Liao, Ryan Z., additional, Linders, Bridget, additional, Linger, Morgan I, additional, Linnane, Katherine B., additional, Lippincott, Sam, additional, Lister, Barrett, additional, Litton, Shelby D, additional, Liu, Nianzi, additional, Liu, Steven Y., additional, Logan, Timothy W., additional, Londres, Nathan, additional, Lonergan, Mia C., additional, Lookhoff, Emily, additional, Loomis, N. E., additional, Lopez, Christian, additional, Loring, Justin, additional, Lucca, Jeffrey, additional, Lukianow, Dax, additional, M. Cheang, Nathan, additional, Macdonald, William, additional, Madonna, Claire A., additional, Madsen, Kasey O., additional, Maksimuk, Tiffany E., additional, Mallory, Macguire, additional, Malone, Ryan A., additional, Maly, Blake, additional, Manzanares, Xander R., additional, Maravi, Aimee S., additional, Marcus, Serafima M., additional, Marikar, Nasreen, additional, Marquez, Josie A., additional, Marquez, Mathew J., additional, Marsh, Lauren, additional, Marsh, Toni, additional, Martin, Logan S., additional, Martinez, Alexa M., additional, Martinez, Jose R., additional, Martinez, Hazelia K., additional, Martyr, Cara, additional, Masri, Mirna, additional, Matessi, Giorgio, additional, Khan Mohd Reduan Mathavan, Adam Izz, additional, Mathieson, Randi M., additional, Mathur, Kabir P., additional, Mauer, Graham, additional, Mayer, Victoria A., additional, Mazzotta, Liam, additional, Mccammon, Glen S., additional, Mcconvey, Rowan, additional, Mccormick, Tyler, additional, Mccoy, Andrew, additional, Mcentee, Kelleen, additional, Mcgarvey, Meaghan V., additional, Mcgill, Riley M., additional, Mcintyre, James K., additional, Mckemey, Finbar K., additional, Mcmorris, Zane, additional, Mcmullan, Jesse J., additional, Mcquaid, Ella, additional, Mcvey, Caden, additional, Mccurry, Kyle, additional, Medellin, Mateo M., additional, Medialdea, Melissa, additional, Mehidic, Amar, additional, Meillon, Stella, additional, Meiselman-Ashen, Jonah B., additional, Mellett, Sarah, additional, Menassa, Dominic, additional, Mendez, Citlali, additional, Mendoza-Anselmi, Patricia, additional, Menke, Riley, additional, Mesgina, Sarah, additional, Mewhirter, William J., additional, Meyer, Ethan, additional, Miften, Aya M., additional, Miles, Ethan J., additional, Miller, Andrew, additional, Miller, Joshua B., additional, Millican, Emily B., additional, Millican, Sarah J., additional, Mills, Dylan P., additional, Minimo, Josh, additional, Misener, Jay H., additional, Mitchell, Alexander J., additional, Mizzi, Alexander Z., additional, Molina-Saenz, Luis, additional, Moll, Tyler S, additional, Moll, Hayden, additional, Montano, Maximus, additional, Montoya, Michael, additional, Monyek, Eli, additional, Mora, Jacqueline Rodriguez, additional, Morales, Gavin, additional, Morales, Genaro, additional, Morelock, Annalise M., additional, Morency, Cora, additional, Moreno, Angel J., additional, Morgan, Remy, additional, Moss, Alexander P., additional, Muckenthaler, Brandon A., additional, Mueller, Alexander, additional, Mulcahy, Owen T., additional, Mundy, Aria T., additional, Muniz, Alexis A., additional, Murphy, Maxwell J., additional, Murphy, Madalyn C., additional, Murphy, Ryan C., additional, Murrel, Tyler, additional, Musgrave, Andrew J., additional, Myer, Michael S., additional, Nandu, Kshmya, additional, Napoletano, Elena R., additional, Naqi, Abdulaziz, additional, Narayan, Anoothi, additional, Nasser, Liebe, additional, Neeland, Brenna K, additional, Nehring, Molly, additional, Nelson, Maya Li, additional, Nguyen, Lena P., additional, Nguyen, Lena, additional, Nguyen, Leonardo, additional, Nguyen, Valerie A., additional, Nguyen, Khoa D, additional, Norden, Kelso, additional, Norris, Cooper, additional, Nunes-Valdes, Dario, additional, Nussbaum, Rosemary O., additional, O’Sullivan, Cian, additional, O’Neill, Ian, additional, Oakes, S. H., additional, Odbayar, Anand, additional, Ogle, Caleb, additional, Oishi-Holder, Sean, additional, Olguin, Nicholas, additional, Olson, Nathaniel P., additional, Ong, Jason, additional, Opp, Elena N., additional, Orbidan, Dan, additional, Oros, Ryan, additional, Ort, Althea E., additional, Osborn, Matthew, additional, Osogwin, Austin, additional, Otto, Grant, additional, Oudakker, Jessica, additional, Overchuk, Igor, additional, Padgette, Hannah M., additional, Padilla, Jacqueline, additional, Palizzi, Mallory, additional, Palmgren, Madeleine L., additional, Palos, Adler, additional, Pan, Luke J., additional, Parker, Nathan L., additional, Parker, Sasha R., additional, Parkinson, Evan J., additional, Parulekar, Anish, additional, Pastor, Paige J., additional, Patel, Kajal, additional, Patel, Akhil, additional, Patel, Neil S., additional, Patti, Samuel, additional, Patton, Catherine, additional, Payne, Genevieve K., additional, Payne, Matthew P., additional, Pearl, Harrison M., additional, Beck Von Peccoz, Charles B., additional, Pedersen, Alexander J., additional, Pelster, Lily M., additional, Peou, Munisettha E., additional, Perez, J. S., additional, Perez, Freddy, additional, Pesce, Anneliese, additional, Petersen, Audrey J., additional, Peterson, B., additional, Petric, Romeo S. L., additional, Pettine, Joshua, additional, Phalen, Ethan J., additional, Pham, Alexander V., additional, Phan, Denise M., additional, Pherigo, Callie C, additional, Phillips, Lance, additional, Phillips, Justin, additional, Phommatha, Krista, additional, Pietras, Alex, additional, Pine, Tawanchai P., additional, Pitsuean-Meier, Sedique, additional, Pixley, Andrew M., additional, Plantz, Will, additional, Plummer, William C., additional, Plutt, Kaitlyn E., additional, Plzak, Audrey E., additional, Pohle, Kyle, additional, Polikoff, Hyden, additional, Pollard, Matthew, additional, Polly, Madelyn, additional, Porter, Trevor J., additional, Price, David, additional, Price, Nicholas K., additional, Prinster, Gale H., additional, Propper, Henry Austin, additional, Quarderer, Josh, additional, Quinn, Megan S., additional, Quinonez, Oliver, additional, Quispe, Devon, additional, Ragsdale, Cameron, additional, Rahn, Anna L., additional, Rakhmonova, M., additional, Ralapanawe, Anoush K, additional, Ramachandra, Nidhi, additional, Ramirez, Nathaniel, additional, Ramirez, Ariana C., additional, Ramirez, Sacha, additional, Randolph, Parker, additional, Ranjan, Anurag, additional, Rankin, Frederick C, additional, Rapaport, Sarah Grace, additional, Ratajczyk, Nicholas O, additional, Ray, Mia G. V., additional, Reagan, Brian D., additional, Recchia, John C., additional, Reddy, Brooklyn J., additional, Reed, Joseph, additional, Reed, Charlie, additional, Reeves, Justin, additional, Reh, Eileen N., additional, Von Reich, Ferin J., additional, Reyna, Andrea B., additional, Reynolds, Alexander, additional, Reynolds, Hope, additional, Rippel, Matthew, additional, Rivas, Guillermo A., additional, Rives, Anna Linnea, additional, Robert, Amanda M., additional, Robertson, Samuel M., additional, Rodgers, Maeve, additional, Rojec, Stewart, additional, Romero, Andres C., additional, Rosasco, Ryan, additional, Rossman, Beth, additional, Rotter, Michael, additional, Rounsefell, Tyndall, additional, Rouse, Charlotte, additional, Routledge, Allie C., additional, Roy, Marc G., additional, Roy, Zoe A., additional, Ruger, Ryan, additional, Ruggles-Delgado, Kendall, additional, Rule, Ian C., additional, Rumley, Madigan, additional, Runyon, Brenton M., additional, Ruprecht, Collin, additional, Russell, Bowman, additional, Russell, Sloan, additional, Ryder, Diana, additional, Saeb, David, additional, Salazar, J., additional, Salazar, Violeta, additional, Saldi, Maxwell, additional, Salgado, Jose A., additional, Salindeho, Adam D., additional, Sanchez, Ethan S., additional, Sanchez-Sanchez, Gustavo, additional, Sarfaraz, Darian, additional, Sarkar, Sucheta, additional, Sato, Ginn A., additional, Savage, Carl, additional, Schaller, Marcus T., additional, Scheck, Benjamin T., additional, Schlenker, Jared A. W., additional, Schofer, Matthew J, additional, Schubert, Stephanie H., additional, Schultze, Courtney, additional, Schumacher, Grace K, additional, Seglem, Kasper, additional, Serio, Lauren, additional, Seux, Octave, additional, Shahba, Hannan, additional, Shannahan, Callie D., additional, Sharma, Shajesh, additional, Shaver, Nathan, additional, Shaw, Timothy, additional, Shelby, Arlee K., additional, Shelby, Emma, additional, Shelchuk, Grace, additional, Sheldrake, Tucker, additional, Sherry, Daniel P., additional, Shi, Kyle Z., additional, Shields, Amanda M., additional, Shin, Kyungeun, additional, Shockley, Michael C., additional, Shoha, Dominick, additional, Shortman, Jadon, additional, Shuttleworth, Mitchell, additional, Sibrell, Lisa, additional, Sickler, Molly G., additional, Siles, Nathan, additional, Silvester, H. K., additional, Simmons, Conor, additional, Simone, Dylan M., additional, Simone, Anna, additional, Singh, Savi, additional, Singh, Maya A., additional, Sinkovic, Madeline, additional, Sipowicz, Leo, additional, Sjoroos, Chris, additional, Slocum, Ryan, additional, Slyne, Colin, additional, Smart, Korben, additional, Smith, Alexandra N., additional, Smith, Kelly, additional, Smith, Corey, additional, Smith, Elena K., additional, Smith, Samantha M., additional, Smith, Percy, additional, Smith, Trevor J, additional, Snyder, G. L., additional, Soby, Daniel A., additional, Sohail, Arman S., additional, Solorio, William J., additional, Solt, Lincoln, additional, Soon, Caitlin, additional, Spangler, Ava A, additional, Spicer, Benjamin C., additional, Srivastava, Ashish, additional, Stamos, Emily, additional, Starbuck, Peter, additional, Stark, Ethan K., additional, Starling, Travis, additional, Staudenmier, Caitlyn, additional, Steinbarth, Sheen L., additional, Steinsberger, Christopher H., additional, Stepaniak, Tyler, additional, Steward, Ellie N., additional, Stewart, Trey, additional, Stewart, T. C., additional, Stratmeyer, Cooper N., additional, Stratton, Grant L., additional, Stribling, Jordin L., additional, Sulaiman, S. A, additional, Sullivan, Brandon J, additional, Sundell, M. E., additional, Sur, Sohan N., additional, Suri, Rohan, additional, Swartz, Jason R., additional, Sweeney, Joshua D., additional, Syed, Konner, additional, Szabo, Emi, additional, Szeremeta, Philip, additional, Ta, Michael-Tan D., additional, Tanguma, Nolan C., additional, Taulman, Kyle, additional, Taylor, Nicole, additional, Taylor, Eleanor, additional, Taylor, Liam C., additional, Tayman, K. E., additional, Tellez, Yesica, additional, Terrile, Richard, additional, Tesdahl, Corey D, additional, Thielmann, Quinn N., additional, Thoman, Gerig, additional, Thomas, Daniel, additional, Thomas, Jeffrey J., additional, Thompson, William N., additional, Thornally, Noah R., additional, Tobin, Darien P., additional, Ton, Kelly, additional, Toon, Nathaniel J., additional, Tran, Kevin, additional, Tran, Bryn, additional, Trank-Greene, Maedee, additional, Trautwein, Emily D., additional, Traxler, Robert B., additional, Tressler, Judah, additional, Trofino, Tyson R., additional, Troisi, Thomas, additional, Trunko, Benjamin L., additional, Truong, Joshua K., additional, Tucker, Julia, additional, Umbricht, Thomas D, additional, Uphoff, C. H., additional, Upthegrove, Zachary T., additional, Vadayar, Shreenija, additional, Valencia, Whitney, additional, Vallery, Mia M., additional, Vanetten, Eleanor, additional, Vann, John D., additional, Varela, Ilian, additional, Vassilyev, Alexandr, additional, Vaver, Nicholas J., additional, Velamala, Anjali A., additional, Vendetti, Evan, additional, Venegas, Nancy Ortiz, additional, Vepa, Aditya V., additional, Vess, Marcus T., additional, Veta, Jenna S., additional, Victory, Andrew, additional, Vinson, Jessica, additional, Vogel, Connor Maklain, additional, Wagoner, Michaela, additional, Wallace, Steven P., additional, Wallace, Logan, additional, Waller, Caroline, additional, Wang, Jiawei, additional, Warble, Keenan, additional, Ward-Chene, N. R. D., additional, Watson, James Adam, additional, Weber, Robert J., additional, Wegner, Aidan B., additional, Weigand, Anthony A, additional, Weiner, Amanda M., additional, West, Ayana, additional, Wexler, Ethan Benjamin, additional, Wheeler, Nicola H., additional, White, Jamison R., additional, White, Zachary, additional, White, Oliver S., additional, Whittall, Lloyd C., additional, Wilcove, Isaac, additional, Wilkinson, Blake C., additional, Willard, John S., additional, Williams, Abigail K., additional, Williams, Sajan, additional, Wilson, Orion K., additional, Wilson, Evan M., additional, Wilson, Timothy R., additional, Wilson, Connor B., additional, Witkoff, Briahn, additional, Wolfe, Aubrey M., additional, Wolle, Jackson R., additional, Wood, Travis M., additional, Woodard, Aiden L., additional, Wootten, Katelynn, additional, Xiao, Catherine, additional, Yang, Jianing, additional, Yang, Zhanchao, additional, Young, Trenton J., additional, Young, Isabel, additional, Zenner, Thomas, additional, Zhang, Jiaqi, additional, Zhao, Tianwei, additional, Zhao, Tiannie, additional, Zhao, Noah Y., additional, Zhou, Chongrui, additional, Ziebold, Josh J, additional, Ziegler, Lucas J., additional, Zygmunt, James C., additional, Zhang, Jinhua, additional, and Lewandowski, H. J., additional

Published
2023
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18. Evaluating the burden of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome using a web-based questionnaire and validated patient-reported outcome measures

Author

Gabrielle Page-Wilson, Bhagyashree Oak, Abigail Silber, Janetricks Okeyo, Nancy Ortiz, Matthew O’Hara, Stephen Moloney, and Eliza B. Geer

Subjects
Endocrinology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Abstract

Introduction Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a rare endocrine condition caused by chronic oversecretion of cortisol, resulting in a diverse constellation of symptoms. This study examined the ongoing burden of illness (BOI), from the first appearance of symptoms through treatment, which is currently not well evaluated. Methods A quantitative, cross-sectional, web-enabled survey including 5 validated patient reported outcomes (PRO) measures was conducted in patients with CS who had been diagnosed ≥ 6 months prior and who had received ≥ 1 treatment for their endogenous CS at the time of the survey. Results Fifty-five patients participated in this study; 85% were women. The mean age was 43.4 ± 12.3 years (± standard deviation, SD). On average, respondents reported a 10-year gap between the first occurrence of symptoms and diagnosis; 80% underwent surgical treatment for CS. Respondents experienced symptoms on 16 days in a typical month, and their health-related quality of life was moderately impacted based on the CushingQoL score. Weight gain, muscle fatigue, and weakness were the most common symptoms and 69% percent of patients reported moderate or severe fatigue using the Brief Fatigue Inventory. Following treatment, the occurrence of most symptoms declined over time, although anxiety and pain did not significantly decrease. Overall, 38% of participants reported an annual average of 25 missed workdays due to CS symptoms. Conclusions These results demonstrate a BOI in CS despite ongoing treatment and illustrate the need for interventions to address persistent symptoms, particularly weight gain, pain, and anxiety.

Published
2023
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20. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from acidic soils favors production of tomatoes and lycopene concentration

Author

Nancy Ortiz, María de la Luz Mora, Alessandra Turrini, Marysol Alvear, Concepción Azcón-Aguilar, Alex Seguel, Mariajosé Massri, Fernando Borie, Juan Romero, Miguel López-Gómez, Paula Aguilera, Ninozhka Becerra, and Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile)

Subjects
Root system, Biology, Soil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Lycopene, Nutraceutical, Solanum lycopersicum, Functional food, Mycorrhizae, Soil pH, Mycelium, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, fungi, Fungi, Fruit nutrition, food and beverages, Plants, Pesticide, Horticulture, chemistry, Agriculture, Lycopene concentration, business, Mycorrhizal tomatoes, Agronomy and Crop Science, Bioinoculants, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract

BACKGROUND Tomato is widely consumed throughout the world for its flavor and nutritional value. This functional food largely depends on the implementation of new strategies to maintain the nutraceutical value, e.g. lycopene concentration, and overcome the challenges of sustainable production and food security. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-based biostimulants represents one of the most promising tools for sustainable management of agricultural soils, being fundamental for organic food production, reducing fertilizers and pesticides use, and decreasing environmental damage. This study aimed at elucidating whether native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could positively affect tomato yield and lycopene concentration. RESULTS Native AMF inoculum consisted of two inoculum types: the single species Claroideoglomus claroideum, and a mix of Scutellospora calospora, Acaulospora laevis, Claroideoglomus claroideum, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum. At the end of the study up to 78% of the root system was colonized by single inoculum. Tomato diameters in single and mix mycorrhizal plants showed increases of 80% and 35% respectively. Fresh weights were 84% and 38% higher with single and mix inocula compared with the controls, respectively. The lycopene concentration in tomato fruits of plants with single and mix inoculum was higher than controls. The lycopene concentration was 124.5% and 113.9% greater in single and mix than non-inoculated plants. CONCLUSION Tomato diameters, fresh weight and lycopene concentration was significantly higher in plants colonized by AMF compared with uninoculated plants. Results suggest that the role of single species Claroideoglomus claroideum could generate better plant performance due to its high production of extraradical mycelium. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Published
2021
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22. Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Vineyards: Water and Biotic Stress Under a Climate Change Scenario: New Challenge for Chilean Grapevine Crop

Author

Paula Aguilera, Nancy Ortiz, Ninozhka Becerra, Alessandra Turrini, Felipe Gaínza-Cortés, Patricia Silva-Flores, Ana Aguilar-Paredes, Juan Karlo Romero, Emilio Jorquera-Fontena, María de La Luz Mora, and Fernando Borie

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), water stress, biotic stress, AMF inoculation, grapevine crops, mycorrhiza, Microbiology
Abstract

The cropVitis vinifera(L.) is of great economic importance as Chile is one of the main wine-producing countries, reaching a vineyard area of 145,000 ha. This vine crop is usually very sensitive to local condition changes and agronomic practices; therefore, strategies to counteract the expected future decrease in water level for agricultural irrigation, temperature increase, extreme water stress (abiotic stress), as well as increase in pathogenic diseases (biotic stress) related to climate change will be of vital importance for this crop. Studies carried out in recent years have suggested that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can provide key ecosystem services to host plants, such as water uptake implementation and enhanced absorption of nutrients such as P and N, which are key factors for improving the nutritional status of the vine. AMF use in viticulture will contribute also to sustainable agronomic management and bioprotection against pathogens. Here we will present (1) the current status of grapevines in Chile, (2) the main problems in grapevines related to water stress and associated with climate change, (3) the importance of AMF to face water stress and pathogens, and (4) the application of AMF as a biotechnological and sustainable tool in vineyards.

Published
2021

23. Investigating the Feasibility of a Restaurant Delivery Service to Improve Food Security among College Students Experiencing Marginal Food Security, a Head-to-Head Trial with Grocery Store Gift Cards

Author

Darice Ingram, Lana Mariko Wood, Joshua Kier Adrian Santillan, Alina Engelman, Juleen Lam, Nancy Ortiz, Maria M. Pritchard, Michael T. Schmeltz, Sarah Taylor, Adianez Ampil, Ryan J Gamba, Kate Cheyne, and Esteban S. Rivera

Subjects
Restaurants, Grocery store, Cash and cash equivalents, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Article, Proxy (climate), Food Supply, restaurant delivery service, food insecurity, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Humans, Supermarkets, Marketing, Students, Poverty, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Gift card, Service (business), Food security, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, college students, InformationSystems_DATABASEMANAGEMENT, Popularity, food assistance intervention, food aid preferences, Food Security, marginal food security, Feasibility Studies, Medicine, Food Assistance, Business, supplemental nutrition assistance program
Abstract

Restaurant delivery services have gained in popularity among college students, however, students participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are not allowed to redeem their benefits via restaurant delivery services. This mixed-methods head-to-head crossover trial assessed whether college students experiencing marginal food security prefer benefits via a grocery store gift card (as a proxy for traditional SNAP benefits) or via a restaurant delivery service gift card of equivalent value, and which type of benefit is more effective at improving food security status. Thirty college students experiencing marginal food security were recruited to receive $80 in cash equivalent benefits to spend over a two-month period in the form of grocery store gift cards and restaurant delivery service gift cards. Participants completed surveys and interviews to measure their food security status and share their experiences with each benefit type. After four months of benefits, 48.3% of participants improved their food security status. However, neither type of benefit was statistically better at improving food security status. Most participants preferred grocery store benefits (89.7%) over restaurant delivery service benefits (10.3%). However, more research is needed to explore whether allowing SNAP recipients to redeem their benefits with restaurant delivery services is a viable mechanism to address food challenges among college students experiencing marginal food security.

Published
2021
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24. Antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of a neo-clerodane diterpene from Salvia semiatrata aerial parts

Author

Iván J. Bazany Rodríguez, José Alberto Rivera Chávez, Nancy Ortiz-Mendoza, Francisco Basurto Peña, María Eva González-Trujano, Lizeth M Zavala-Ocampo, Alejandro Dorazco-González, Eva Aguirre-Hernández, and Martha Martínez-Gordillo

Subjects
Male, medicine.drug_class, Pharmaceutical Science, Pain, RM1-950, traditional medicine, 030226 pharmacology & pharmacy, 01 natural sciences, Anxiolytic like, Diterpenes, Clerodane, lamiaceae, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Tranquilizer, Drug Discovery, medicine, Clerodane diterpene, Animals, Salvia, nociception, Maze Learning, Pain Measurement, Pharmacology, Folk medicine, Analgesics, Traditional medicine, biology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Plant Extracts, General Medicine, Plant Components, Aerial, biology.organism_classification, anxiety, Salvia semiatrata, 0104 chemical sciences, neoclerodanes terpenoids, 010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry, Nociception, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, Anti-Anxiety Agents, salvias, Molecular Medicine, Lamiaceae, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Research Article
Abstract

Salvia semiatrata Zucc. (Lamiaceae) is a species used as a tranquilizer and to relieve pain in folk medicine in Santiago Huauclilla, Oaxaca, Mexico. To evaluate the antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects of S. semiatrata extracts and identify a bioactive metabolite. The extracts were obtained by maceration of S. semiatrata aerial parts using solvents in increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol). A neo-clerodane diterpene was extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction using open column chromatography. Identification of this metabolite was performed by crystallography, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ATR-IR, ECD, MS and elemental analysis. The antinociceptive activity was explored using the writhing and formalin tests. Whereas, the anxiolytic-like responses were analysed in the open-field, hole-board and plus-maze tests. All the treatments were administered using oral gavage in male CD1 mice and explored 30 min after administration of the individual extracts (300 mg/kg) or the compound 1 (0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg). All the extracts produced significant reduction in the nociceptive and anxiety-like behaviour compared to mice treated with the vehicle (0.5% tween 80 in saline solution). The spectroscopic analysis corroborated the presence of the neo-clerodane diterpene 7-keto-neoclerodan-3,13-dien-18,19:15,16-diolide (1), as partial responsible of the antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects, which produced a dose-dependent response in the writhing test with an ED50=4.15 mg/kg. Discussion and conclusions: These results reinforce the medicinal properties of S. semiatrata in folk medicine, where participation of a neo-clerodane diterpene was evidenced in the inhibitory central nervous system activity of this species.

Published
2020

26. 'Spending all this time stressing and worrying and calculating': marginal food security and student life at a Diverse Urban University

Author

Darice Ingram, Ryan J Gamba, Maria M. Pritchard, Sarah Taylor, Adianez Ampil, Michael T. Schmeltz, Joshua Kier Adrian Santillan, Alina Engelman, Nancy Ortiz, Kate Cheyne, Esteban S. Rivera, Juleen Lam, and Lana Mariko Wood

Subjects
Nutrition and Dietetics, Food security, Student life, Universities, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine (miscellaneous), Context (language use), Anxiety, Purchasing, Food Supply, Food Security, Coursework, Public university, medicine, Humans, Marketing, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Students, Qualitative research, Research Paper
Abstract

Objective:Food security status is a continuum ranging from high to very low food security. While marginal food security falls next to high food security on the spectrum, new quantitative research indicates marginal food security status is associated with negative health outcomes and poor academic performance among college students. Qualitative research focusing on college students experiencing marginal food security has not been conducted. The current study aims to qualitatively explore experiences of college students with marginal food security and to identify themes to better understand and provide context regarding how marginal food security impacts students.Design:Students were recruited for semi-structured interviews with questions designed to study the challenges associated with students’ food situations. All interviews were recorded and transcribed with themes identified via an inductive approach.Setting:A large public university on the US west coast.Participants:Thirty college students.Results:Key themes that emerged: purchasing cheap unhealthy foods, insufficient time to prepare and eat meals on a regular basis, stress and anxiety around the inability to eat healthy food and future health issues, self-perception of health when eating poorly along with physical symptoms and low academic motivation by not fully participating in their courses due to few healthy food options or missing meals.Conclusion:Marginal food security can potentially diminish students’ health and their capacity to learn and succeed in their coursework. The results emphasise that students experiencing marginal food security should not be grouped with students experiencing high food security.

Published
2021

28. Por una ética de la existencia en la escritura del profesor universitario

Author

María Nancy Ortiz Naranjo

Subjects
lcsh:Social Sciences, lcsh:H, lcsh:H1-99, lcsh:Social sciences (General)
Abstract

El artículo parte de constatar que los criterios de publicación en las humanidades dependen de una academia vinculada con el dispositiv o tecnocientíico. Así, la tecnología del desarrollo plantea al profesor universitario como un empresario de sí que se capitaliza a sí mismo y a su corporación por medio de la publicación de artículos, desde una perspectiva competitiva. Con- cluye que la narración emerge como una de las formas discursivas de resistencia posible a este funcionamiento, a partir de la cual los textos dejan de constituirse como artefactos de datos para adquirir la condición de cuerpos vivos, tensionados por una ética de la existencia.

Published
2017

29. Monitoring Ligand-Mediated Growth and Aggregation of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanodendrites by In Situ Synchrotron Scattering Techniques

Author

Sara E. Skrabalak, Soshan Cheong, Nancy Ortiz, and Joshua A. Hammons

Subjects
In situ, chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Nanostructure, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Ligand, Dispersity, Nucleation, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Nanoparticle, Coordination complex, Nanomaterials, Biomaterials, Crystallography, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Materials Chemistry
Abstract

In situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) were used to study the growth of Pd nanodendrites and quasi-spherical Pd nanoparticles. The metal–ligand environments of both the precursors and growing nanoparticles contribute to nanostructure formation. Specifically, the use of Pd(hfac)2 (hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate) as a precursor facilitated nanostructure formation more facilely compared to Pd(acac)2 (acac=acetylacetonate), as quantified by in situ WAXS. This enhanced rate is attributed to the better leaving group properties of the hfac− ligands, and this result demonstrates that fundamental principles from coordination chemistry can guide the selection of precursors in nanomaterial syntheses. This in situ approach also revealed concomitant nucleation, coalescence, and growth processes during the synthesis of monodisperse Pd nanoparticles. Significantly, this finding identifies self-limited growth mediated by the local ligand environment of the particles as the central means of size distribution control and contradicts the typically cited mechanism (LaMer-like growth) for such chemical systems. These observations highlight the importance of applying in situ approaches to study nanostructure formation as intertwined processes can be revealed.

Published
2015
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30. Persistent Environmental Contamination with USA300 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Other Pathogenic Strain Types in Households with S. aureus Skin Infections

Author

Samantha J. Eells, Michael Z. David, Alexis Taylor, Nancy Ortiz, Neha Kumar, Julia Sieth, Susan Boyle-Vavra, Robert S. Daum, and Loren G. Miller

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology
Abstract

Objective.To understand the genotypic spectrum of environmental contamination ofStaphylococcus aureusin households and its persistenceDesign.Prospective longitudinal cohort investigation.Setting.Index participants identified at 2 academic medical centers.Participants.Adults and children withS. aureusskin infections and their household contacts in Los Angeles and Chicago.Methods.Household fomites were surveyed for contamination at baseline and 3 months. All isolates underwent genetic typing.Results.We enrolled 346 households, 88% of which completed the 3-month follow-up visit.S. aureusenvironmental contamination was 49% at baseline and 51% at 3 months. Among households with a USA300 methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) body infection isolate, environmental contamination with an indistinguishable MRSA strain was 58% at baseline and 63% at 3 months. Baseline factors associated with environmental contamination by the index subject’s infection isolate were body colonization by any household member with the index subject’s infection isolate at baseline (odds ratio [OR], 10.93 [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.75–20.79]), higher housing density (OR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.10–1.96]), and more frequent household fomite cleaning (OR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.16–2.27]). Household environmental contamination with the index subject’s infection strain at 3 months was associated with USA300 MRSA and a synergistic interaction between baseline environmental contamination and body colonization by any household member with the index subject’s infection strain.Conclusions.We found that infectingS. aureusisolates frequently persisted environmentally in households 3 months after skin infection. Presence of pathogenicS. aureusstrain type in the environment in a household may represent a persistent reservoir that places household members at risk of future infection.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2014;35(11):1373–1382

Published
2014
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31. Controlling the Growth Kinetics of Nanocrystals via Galvanic Replacement: Synthesis of Au Tetrapods and Star-Shaped Decahedra

Author

Sara E. Skrabalak and Nancy Ortiz

Subjects
Materials science, Kinetics, Nanotechnology, General Chemistry, Cubic crystal system, Condensed Matter Physics, Branching (polymer chemistry), Crystallographic defect, Redox, Nanocrystal, Chemical engineering, Microscopy, Galvanic cell, General Materials Science
Abstract

By controlling the kinetics of nanocrystal growth via a galvanic replacement process, branched Au nanocrystals, including Au tetrapods and star-shaped decahedra, have been synthesized in high yield. Such control is achieved by the establishment of a Pt(II)/Pt redox couple during nanocrystal formation, which provides locally high concentrations of Au adatoms via galvanic replacement. These remarkable structures have been extensively characterized by microscopy techniques, which illustrate that the internal twin features of the nanocrystals provide a break in the symmetry of the face centered cubic lattice of the Au particles and account for the specific branching patterns observed. Significantly, this study validates a new class of redox couples for use in nanosyntheses and will enable the preparation of other nanocrystals as kinetic products.

Published
2011
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32. 687. Modeling the Impact of Introduction of Influenza Vaccination on ILI Cumulative Case Count in Cameroon

Author

Cyrille F. Djoko, Matt LeBreton, Karen Saylors, Viviane Meguia, Richard Njouom, Ubald Tamoufe, and Nancy Ortiz

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Pulse (signal processing), virus diseases, Vaccination, Abstracts, Infectious Diseases, B. Poster Abstracts, Oncology, Vaccination coverage, Emergency medicine, Medicine, business, Flu-like illness
Abstract

Background Influenza illness can range from mild to severe, with serious outcomes occurring in children and the elderly. Flu has been studied extensively in geographies where vaccine is often plentiful. The burden of influenza is not well known in tropical regions where vaccine coverage is scant. Our study examines the impact of introducing flu vaccination on cumulative incidence in a Cameroonian population with Methods The data consists of 1 year of flu surveillance from patients presenting with influenza-like-illness at clinics in Cameroon. Samples underwent RT-PCR influenza screening. Analysis was performed in Berkeley Madonna. We developed ordinary differential equations (ODE)s under the SEIR compartmental model and calculated R0. We estimated the proportion of cases the clinics observed to make inferences to the catchment population of these health facilities. We developed another set of ODEs to introduce vaccination using a pulse function with a 50% efficacy and 45% vaccination coverage. Results We observed 82.9% reduction in flu cases by introducing vaccination at 45% coverage (US average). Cameroon would likely achieve reduced coverage. Therefore, we examined introducing vaccination with 10% coverage, and observed that flu cases were cut by over one third. Conclusion This analysis demonstrates that introducing vaccination in Cameroon clinics would reduce influenza cases substantially even with only a small proportion of the population vaccinated. Flu vaccination campaigns should be strongly considered as they can reduce case count which may reduce the likelihood of transmitting flu to those who are at risk the most severe outcomes. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Published
2018
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33. 140. A novel pre-eclampsia model induced by renal artery clipping

Author

Milene S Ormanji, Nancy Ortiz, Daniel J. L. L. Pinheiro, Jean Faber, Cássia T. Bergamaschi, Laís D. Rodrigues, Esper A. Cavalheiro, Mirian A. Boim, Selvin Reyes, E.E. Nishi, and Leandro F. Oliveira

Subjects
Coma, Fetus, Eclampsia, business.industry, Obstetrics and Gynecology, medicine.disease, Preeclampsia, Blood pressure, medicine.artery, Anesthesia, Internal Medicine, medicine, Gestation, medicine.symptom, Pentylenetetrazol, Renal artery, business, reproductive and urinary physiology, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background Pre-eclampsia affects approximately 2–8% of pregnant women, causing proteinuria and blood pressure above 140 × 90 mmHg after the 20th week of gestation. If left untreated, PE can lead to the occurrence of self-sustained seizures (Eclampsia) that could eventually evolve to coma, and death of the mother and fetus. In the present study, an experimental model of hypertension was induced in pregnant rats that, later, received a seizure-trigger injection of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) aiming to mimetize the eclampsia clinical picture. Methods Wistar rats were divided into four groups: non-pregnant (NP), pregnant (P), hypertensive (H) and pregnant hypertensive (HP). Hypertension (H and HP) was induced via clipping of the left renal artery. Subsequently, all animals were injected with PTZ and behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were recorded. Results In opposition to control animals (NP and P), those from the H and HP groups presented a steady increase in BP that was first noticed two weeks after the renal artery clipping. PTZ injection at pregnancy days 18, 19 and 20 was able to induce behavioral and electrographic seizures in all groups although the number and the duration of each fit were higher in HP animals when compared to other groups. Besides, EEG analysis revealed that signal power and amplitude during the seizure events were significantly higher in the HP group. Conclusion Renal artery clipping in pregnant female rats was able to induce signs similar to those observed in preeclampsia. Besides, PTZ administration was able to induce behavioral and electrographic seizures significantly more intense in the HP group than those observed in the control groups (NP, P, H).

Published
2018
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34. Ligand-controlled Co-reduction versus electroless Co-deposition: synthesis of nanodendrites with spatially defined bimetallic distributions

Author

Rebecca G. Weiner, Nancy Ortiz, and Sara E. Skrabalak

Subjects
Nanostructure, Materials science, Ligand, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials, chemistry, General Materials Science, Reactivity (chemistry), Platinum, Bimetallic strip, Palladium
Abstract

The predictable synthesis of bimetallic nanostructures via co-reduction of two metal precursors is challenging due to our limited understanding of precursor ligand effects. Here, the influence of different metal–ligand environments is systematically examined in the synthesis of Pd–Pt nanostructures as a model bimetallic system. Nanodendrites with different spatially defined Pd–Pt compositions are achieved, where the local ligand environments of metal precursors dictate if temporally separated co-reduction dominates to achieve core–shell nanostructures or whether electroless co-deposition proceeds to facilitate alloyed nanostructure formation. As the properties of bimetallic nanomaterials depend on crystal ordering and composition, chemical routes to structurally defined bimetallic nanomaterials are critically needed. The approaches reported here should be applicable to other bimetallic compositions given the established reactivity of coordination complexes available for use as precursors.

Published
2014

35. Staphylococcus aureus skin infection recurrences among household members: an examination of host, behavioral, and pathogen-level predictors

Author

Alexis R. Taylor, Neha Kumar, Robert S. Daum, Samantha J. Eells, Michael Z. David, Susan Boyle-Vavra, Denise Cruz, Loren G. Miller, and Nancy Ortiz

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Adult, Male, Staphylococcus aureus, Adolescent, medicine.drug_class, Antibiotics, Skin infection, medicine.disease_cause, Young Adult, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Arginine catabolic mobile element, medicine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Child, Pathogen, Articles and Commentaries, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chicago, Family Characteristics, business.industry, Outbreak, Infant, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Los Angeles, Infectious Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Child, Preschool, Fomites, Immunology, Female, Staphylococcal Skin Infections, business
Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infections in community-dwelling persons, especially among those who have contact with the healthcare system and hospitalized patients [1, 2]. Recurrent infections are commonly reported after initial S. aureus skin infection [3–5]. In the United States, the predominant community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clone, USA300 MRSA, has been associated with an upswing in community-associated skin infections and recurrent infections [1, 6]. Recurrence rates have exceeded 50% in some populations [3, 7]. Additionally, community-associated MRSA infections have high attack rates among household contacts of affected persons [8–10]. The reasons for recurrent infection are poorly understood. Nasal S. aureus colonization has been associated with subsequent infections in some populations, especially hospitalized patients [2, 11]. However, the relationship in community-dwelling patients is not strong. Many patients with community-associated S. aureus infection lack antecedent colonization, suggesting that transmission from other persons may predate infection [6]. Acquisition of S. aureus from household fomites is another plausible mechanism that can explain recurrent infections, as it is known that S. aureus contamination of fomites can be found in many households [12–14] and that S. aureus can persist on fomites for months under experimental conditions [15]. In outbreak situations, poor hygienic practices such as sharing towels or inadequate bathing have been associated with a higher risk of S. aureus infection [16, 17]. However, the role of hygiene in recurrent infections is poorly understood. Finally, there are data suggesting that the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), which is usually carried by USA300 MRSA, is important in spread and virulence [18]. Transcription and translation of genes located on this element could facilitate recurrent infection. Because data on predictors of recurrent S. aureus infections are limited to certain populations such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [5], we examined predictors of recurrent S. aureus infection among patients with skin infections and their household members in 2 large US cities.

Published
2014

36. Persistent environmental contamination with USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic strain types in households with S. aureus skin infections

Author

Julia Sieth, Neha Kumar, Nancy Ortiz, Robert S. Daum, Michael Z. David, Samantha J. Eells, Susan Boyle-Vavra, Loren G. Miller, and Alexis R. Taylor

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), DNA, Bacterial, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Veterinary medicine, Time Factors, Genotype, Epidemiology, 030106 microbiology, Bacterial Toxins, Exotoxins, Skin infection, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Leukocidins, Risk Factors, Environmental Microbiology, Medicine, Humans, Colonization, 030212 general & internal medicine, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Chicago, Family Characteristics, business.industry, Contamination, medicine.disease, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Los Angeles, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Infectious Diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, Fomites, Housing, Multilocus sequence typing, Staphylococcal Skin Infections, business, Multilocus Sequence Typing
Abstract

Objective.To understand the genotypic spectrum of environmental contamination ofStaphylococcus aureusin households and its persistenceDesign.Prospective longitudinal cohort investigation.Setting.Index participants identified at 2 academic medical centers.Participants.Adults and children withS. aureusskin infections and their household contacts in Los Angeles and Chicago.Methods.Household fomites were surveyed for contamination at baseline and 3 months. All isolates underwent genetic typing.Results.We enrolled 346 households, 88% of which completed the 3-month follow-up visit.S. aureusenvironmental contamination was 49% at baseline and 51% at 3 months. Among households with a USA300 methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) body infection isolate, environmental contamination with an indistinguishable MRSA strain was 58% at baseline and 63% at 3 months. Baseline factors associated with environmental contamination by the index subject’s infection isolate were body colonization by any household member with the index subject’s infection isolate at baseline (odds ratio [OR], 10.93 [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.75–20.79]), higher housing density (OR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.10–1.96]), and more frequent household fomite cleaning (OR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.16–2.27]). Household environmental contamination with the index subject’s infection strain at 3 months was associated with USA300 MRSA and a synergistic interaction between baseline environmental contamination and body colonization by any household member with the index subject’s infection strain.Conclusions.We found that infectingS. aureusisolates frequently persisted environmentally in households 3 months after skin infection. Presence of pathogenicS. aureusstrain type in the environment in a household may represent a persistent reservoir that places household members at risk of future infection.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2014;35(11):1373–1382

Published
2014

37. Electronic Epidemiologic Biosurveillance in the Cameroon Military

Author

Aboudem Bavou Clement Martial, Matthew LeBreton, Christopher Perdue, Nancy Ortiz, Ubald Tamoufe, Karen Saylors, and Essisima Foe

Subjects
Disease surveillance, medicine.medical_specialty, electronic surveillance, evaluation, Operations research, resource-limited settings, Electronic surveillance, business.industry, Public health, Central africa, ISDS 2013 Conference Abstracts, medicine.disease, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Medicine, Medical emergency, Disease management (health), Biosurveillance, business, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Electronic epi-biosurveillance presents an opportunity to provide real-time disease surveillance alerts from remote areas to central disease management units, to rapidly decrease reporting times for reportable diseases, and to enable appropriate response scenarios to be put in place in a timely manner. Piloting the SAGES system in Cameroon, a resource-limited country in central Africa, has benefits and challenges in developing systems of public health engagement.

Published
2014

38. On the dual roles of ligands in the synthesis of colloidal metal nanostructures

Author

Sara E. Skrabalak and Nancy Ortiz

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Chemistry, Ligand, Reducing agent, Nanoparticle, Nanotechnology, Surfaces and Interfaces, Condensed Matter Physics, Nanomaterials, Coordination complex, Colloid, Electrochemistry, Molecule, General Materials Science, Coalescence (chemistry), Spectroscopy
Abstract

Eloquent routes to colloidal metal nanostructures have emerged in recent years, and a central component to any successful nanosynthesis is the initial selection of metal complexes with an appropriate ligand environment. This local ligand environment may be predetermined by the coordination complex selected as the metal precursor; however, recent studies reveal that the ligand environment of coordination complexes can be modified through exchange with other components for the synthesis that include solvent molecules, capping agents, anions, and even reducing agents. Importantly, ligands can often play multiple roles in a synthesis and direct the outcome by manipulating the rates of precursor reduction and particle coalescence, providing colloidal and facet stabilization and even serving as reducing agents themselves. This Feature Article highlights examples in which the ligand environments of metal precursors and nanoparticles contribute to product formation in multiple ways. Acknowledgment of the dual roles of ligands in nanomaterial synthesis will enable new strategies for nanostructures by decoupling the often contradictory roles of ligands.

Published
2014

40. Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Among Household Contacts of Patients With Skin Infections: Risk Factors, Strain Discordance, and Complex Ecology

Author

Alexis R. Taylor, Neha Kumar, Susan Boyle-Vavra, Samantha J. Eells, Robert S. Daum, Diana L. Zychowski, Michael Z. David, Denise Cruz, Nancy Ortiz, and Loren G. Miller

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Adult, Male, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Adolescent, Population, Oropharynx, Skin infection, Nose, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Risk Factors, Medicine, Humans, Colonization, education, Child, Articles and Commentaries, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Chicago, Family Health, education.field_of_study, Family Characteristics, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Infant, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, bacterial infections and mycoses, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Los Angeles, Molecular Typing, Infectious Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Staphylococcus aureus, Child, Preschool, Carrier State, Female, Staphylococcal Skin Infections, business, Asymptomatic carrier
Abstract

The emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections in the late 1990s [1] has resulted in a dramatic shift in the epidemiology of S. aureus infections. In the United States, the predominant CA-MRSA clone, USA300 MRSA, has become the most common cause of community-associated skin infection [2] and an endemic pathogen in many hospitals [3–5]. Data suggest that CA-MRSA infections have high attack rates in household contacts after an initial CA-MRSA infection occurs [6, 7]. In contrast to healthcare-associated (HA)–MRSA strain types, which have circulated in the healthcare setting for more than 40 years and rarely spread outside the hospital [8–10], there is evidence that CA-MRSA strain types frequently spread from person to person in households [11–14]. Although transmission of HA-MRSA may occur in part via asymptomatic carriers [8], less is known about MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) dissemination in community settings. Previous investigations of MRSA spread in households have been limited by relatively small sample size [15–21], lack of geographic diversity [16, 19–22], focus on HA-MRSA [23, 24], nares-only surveillance [17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26], or lack of distinction among S. aureus genetic backgrounds at the molecular level [23]. Recent investigations suggest nares-only screening may underestimate S. aureus colonization prevalence because S. aureus has been found to colonize oropharyngeal [27–29] and inguinal areas [30–32] in persons irrespective of nasal colonization. Additionally, although USA300 MRSA is the most common genetic background causing CA–S. aureus skin infection [2], MRSA nasal colonization remains uncommon in the general population (

Published
2012

41. Failure to detect simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a large Cameroonian cohort with high non-human primate exposure

Author

Matthew LeBreton, Wilfred Fon Mbacham, Florian Liegeois, Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole, Brian L. Pike, Jean K. Carr, Nathan D. Wolfe, Avelin F. Aghokeng, Eric Delaporte, Nancy Ortiz, Joseph N. Fair, Bradley S. Schneider, Martine Peeters, Donald S. Burke, Anne W. Rimoin, Ubald Tamoufe, and Cyrille F. Djoko

Subjects
Primates, Meat, viruses, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Population, Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Simian foamy virus, Biology, Simian, medicine.disease_cause, Virus, Cohort Studies, Zoonoses, medicine, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Animals, Humans, Cameroon, Bushmeat, education, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Zoonosis, virus diseases, Simian immunodeficiency virus, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Animal ecology, Immunology, Food Microbiology, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Abstract

Hunting and butchering of wildlife in Central Africa are known risk factors for a variety of human diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Due to the high incidence of human exposure to body fluids of non-human primates, the significant prevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in non-human primates, and hunting/butchering associated cross-species transmission of other retroviruses in Central Africa, it is possible that SIV is actively transmitted to humans from primate species other than mangabeys, chimpanzees, and/or gorillas. We evaluated SIV transmission to humans by screening 2,436 individuals that hunt and butcher non-human primates, a population in which simian foamy virus and simian T-lymphotropic virus were previously detected. We identified 23 individuals with high seroreactivity to SIV. Nucleic acid sequences of SIV genes could not be detected, suggesting that SIV infection in humans could occur at a lower frequency than infections with other retroviruses, including simian foamy virus and simian T-lymphotropic virus. Additional studies on human populations at risk for non-human primate zoonosis are necessary to determine whether these results are due to viral/host characteristics or are indicative of low SIV prevalence in primate species consumed as bushmeat as compared to other retroviruses in Cameroon.

Published
2011

42. Patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: twenty-first century lepers

Author

Nancy Ortiz, Loren G. Miller, and Kristin L. Mozzillo

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Adult, Male, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, medicine.medical_specialty, Meticillin, Social stigma, Adolescent, Drug resistance, medicine.disease_cause, Staphylococcal infections, Article, medicine, Humans, Intensive care medicine, Stereotyping, business.industry, Public health, Twenty-First Century, Infant, General Medicine, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Middle Aged, Staphylococcal Infections, medicine.disease, bacterial infections and mycoses, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Surgery, Community-Acquired Infections, Infectious Diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, Female, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

summary In the recent past, there has been a rapid increase in the incidence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, especially community-associated (CA)-MRSA. Many media descriptions of MRSA are sensational and focus on its potential for severe disease and contagiousness. Our objective is to describe psychological and social morbidity associated with MRSA infection via a case series of five patients with CA-MRSA infection. We also analyse the resulting stigmatisation associated with being diagnosed with MRSA infection. We learned that patients describe a variety of stigmatisation related to their diagnosis of MRSA, including being shunned at home and in the workplace. Patients describe being asked by family, colleagues, and clients to take extraordinary measures to prevent MRSA transmission. Consequences of MRSA diagnoses have included erosion or termination of key personal and business relationships. In conclusion, stigmatisation resulting from the diagnosis of MRSA can have profound personal and social morbidity. Media and public health awareness of MRSA infection needs to be balanced with information about how MRSA transmission is usually preventable with simple hygienic measures.

Published
2009

43. [Measles outbreaks in Colombia, February-March 2002]

Author

Orlando, Castillo, Gloria, Rey, Desirée, Pastor, Juliana, Quintero, Luis, Suárez, Elsy, Eguis, Elsa, Eslait, Marco, Donado, Xiomara, Carreño, Nancy, Ortiz, Priscilla, Hernández, Bernarda, Sanabria, Sixta, Peñaloza, Elvira, Pretelt, Matilde, Cutha, Neguit, Pérez, Marina, Cabas, Horacio, Oliveros, Hilda, Pertuz, and Leslie, Bruzón

Subjects
Adult, Male, Travel, Adolescent, Infant, Transportation, Colombia, Venezuela, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Female, Child, Disease Notification, Measles
Published
2002

44. 680Predictors of Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection After Treatment: Host, Behavioral, and Pathogen Level Factors

Author

Samantha J. Eells, Susan Boyle-Vavra, Robert S. Daum, Nancy Ortiz, Michael Z. David, and Loren G. Miller

Subjects
business.industry, Host (biology), Skin infection, medicine.disease_cause, medicine.disease, Microbiology, IDWeek 2014 Abstracts, Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Staphylococcus aureus, Poster Abstracts, Immunology, Medicine, business, Pathogen, After treatment
Published
2014
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46. INCIDENCIAS DEL DISPOSITIVO TECNOCIENTÍFICO EN LA ESCRITURA DE LAS HUMANIDADES EN COLOMBIA

Author

María Nancy Ortiz Naranjo

Subjects
Social Sciences, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

El presente texto aporta a la discusión sobre los discursos que sustentan las políticas de ciencia y tecnología, y su incidencia en las prácticas de escritura y publicación académica en las humanidades, por medio de una reflexión sobre el régimen de verdad que los nuclea en la actualidad. Lo anterior, especialmente, en la Política Colombiana de Fomento a la Investigación y la Innovación, la Ley de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, y algunas disposiciones que plantean la producción del conocimiento en función del “desarrollo” y, en esta vía, la subordinan a los intereses de la sociedad de mercado.

Published
2015

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