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Understanding the psychological antecedents of socioeconomic status (SES) on pro-environmental behavior is crucial for effectively encouraging individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds to address environmental issues. Previous research has separately examined the influence of SES and social observation on pro-environmental behavior. However, little is known about whether social observation moderates the influence of SES on pro-environmental behavior, and the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain uncharacterized. Using event-related potential (ERPs), we adopted the green purchase paradigm and manipulated subjective SES, to examine whether the influence of SES on pro-environmental behavior is moderated by social observation. The behavioral results revealed that individuals of high SES tended to purchase more eco-friendly products under the observable condition than those in the non-observable condition. The ERP results revealed that participants with high SES exhibited more negative N2 and N400 amplitude during environmental decisions in the non-observable condition than in the observable condition, indicating that high SES individuals experience less cognitive conflict during environmental decisions, which may reflect the attenuated cost–benefit trade-off due to reputational incentives in the presence of observers. Additionally, individuals with high SES exhibited greater reputational motivation when observed, as indicated by larger P3 amplitude. However, these differences were not observed among individuals with low SES. These findings suggest that SES is associated with distinct psychological and behavioral differences in pro-environmental behavior, moderated by social observation, evident across both the early and later stages of environmental decisions in the brain.

Understanding the psychological drivers of pro-environmental behavior across different socioeconomic statuses (SESs) is crucial for effectively addressing environmental challenges. To assist businesses and management departments in adequately identifying the psychological characteristics of target consumer groups from different SES backgrounds, our research manipulated subjective SES through three experimental studies to investigate the influence of subjective SES on pro-environmental behavior. Studies 1 and 2 adopted online experiments to examine the influence of subjective SES on pro-environmental behavior within the private sphere and the public sphere. Subsequently, Study 3 further investigated the psychological mechanisms through which subjective SES influences pro-environmental behavior. These results indicated that individuals from high SES backgrounds exhibit a greater propensity for green consumption behavior and contribute more financially to environmental organizations than those from low SES backgrounds. In addition, these studies further elucidated that the sense of control and life history strategy sequentially mediate the relationship. These findings provide empirical evidence for understanding whether and how subjective SES influences pro-environmental behavior, and enriching the theoretical framework of the relationship between subjective SES on pro-environmental behavior.

Recent studies have revealed that people might experience a lessened sense of agency for negative consequences by claiming that they were obeying orders. However, little is known about the cognitive neural mechanism behind the reduced sense of agency when individuals are forced to inflict physical harm on others. This study adopted temporal estimation tasks to investigate the internal mechanism of voluntary action on the sense of agency and the moderating effect of outcome valence as measured by event-related potentials (ERPs). In the temporal estimation task, participants were asked to make trade-offs of monetary gains for themselves against painful electric stimuli experienced by strangers, subjectively estimated the perceptual temporal interval between keypress actions (i.e., free or coercive actions) and consequent outcomes (i.e., positive or negative tones) and rated the feeling of control. The results showed that perceived temporal interval was shorter for positive tones compared with negative tones in the coercive condition, and induced more negative N1 and N300 amplitudes, which indicated that the implicit sense of agency was higher. However, the explicit sense of agency was stronger in the free condition than in the coercive condition, which was not influenced by outcome valence. We discuss the implications of utilizing positive feedback and free choice as significant strategies for those experiencing the abnormal sense of agency.

In order to compare the change trend of fermented garlic broth by different strains in the fermentation process, the chemical and physical index of total phenol, titratable acid, methanol, ethanol, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity during the fermentation process were determined, then the types and content of organic acid was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The taste of fermented garlic broth at different fermentation time was analyzed by electronic tongue. The results showed that the total phenols and titratable acids of fermented garlic broth prepared by different strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum) showed an upward trend during the fermentation process. The content of six organic acids (tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, succinic acid) was measured in fermented garlic broth, among which the content of malic acid and lactic acid was relatively high. The taste response value of fermented garlic broth prepared by Lactobacillus plantarum had a large change in the early stage of fermentation. The value of sourness response rapidly increased to 9.21±0.03 after 4 days of fermentation, and the value of saltiness response rapidly decreased to −21.11±0.01 after 4 days of fermentation. The scavenging capacity hydroxyl radicals and the content of methanol, ethanol showed a trend that firstly increasing and then keeping in a steady state. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability for fermented garlic solution was 99.88%±0.05% after 80 days of fementation by Lactobacillus plantarum. The ethanol content produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation was higher, while the content of methanol produced by fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum was higher. Considering the comprehensive evaluation of the effects of strains on the quality of fermented garlic broth, Lactobacillus plantarum was more suitable for garlic fermentation than Saccharomyces cerevisiae, methanol content was within the safe range. This research would provide a theoretical study for the research and development of garlic fermentation products.

The task of relation classification is an important pre-task in natural language processing tasks. Relation classification can provide a high-quality corpus for tasks such as machine translation, human–computer dialogue, and structured text generation. In the process of the digitalization of standards, identifying the entity relationship in the standard text is an important prerequisite for the formation of subsequent standard knowledge. Only by accurately labeling the relationship between entities can there be higher efficiency and accuracy in the subsequent formation of knowledge bases and knowledge maps. This study proposes a standard text relational classification model based on cascaded word vector attention and feature splicing. The model was compared and ablated on our labeled standard text Chinese dataset. At the same time, in order to prove the performance of the model, the above experiments were carried out on two general English datasets, SemEval-2010 Task 8 and KBP37. On standard text datasets and general datasets, the model proposed in this study achieved excellent results.

Abstract For inequality constrained optimization problem, we first propose a new smoothing method to the lower order exact penalty function, and then show that an approximate global solution of the original problem can be obtained by solving a global solution of a smooth lower order exact penalty problem. We propose an algorithm based on the smoothed lower order exact penalty function. The global convergence of the algorithm is proved under some mild conditions. Some numerical experiments show the efficiency of the proposed method.

The bolted joint is widely used in heavy-duty CNC machine tools, which has huge influence on working precision and overall stiffness of CNC machine. The process parameters of group bolt assembly directly affect the stiffness of the connected parts. The dynamic model of bolted joints is established based on the fractal theory, and the overall stiffness of joint surface is calculated. In order to improve the total stiffness of bolted assembly, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm with combination of time-varying weights and contraction factor is proposed. The input parameters are preloading of bolts, fractal dimension, roughness, and object thickness. The main goal is to maximize the global rigidity. The optimization results show that improved algorithm has better convergence, faster calculation speed, preferable results, and higher optimization performance than standard particle swarm optimization algorithm. Moreover, the global rigidity optimization is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystalline fullerene C60 nanotubes were prepared simply via liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation using the mixture of C60- saturated pyridine and isopropyl alcohol. C60-saturated pyridine solution was exposed to visible light to promote the growth of fullerene C60 nanotubes. The average diameters of the fullerene particles in C60-pyridine colloid solution after irradiation were characterized by dynamic light scattering. After light irradiation, an outer separated layer of pyridine surrounds the fullerene particles because of the charge transfer complexes formation. The mean ratios of inner diameter to outer diameter of fullerene C60 nanotubes fabricated at different irradiation time and wavelength were given in this paper for the first time. On the basis of the relationship between the average diameters of the fullerene particles in C60-pyridine colloid solution and the mean ratio of inner diameter to outer diameter of FNTs fabricated after irradiation, outer separated layer of pyridine surrounding the fullerene particles was supposed to play an important role in the formation process of fullerene C60 nanotubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]