Search

What makes teams creative? We investigated how the diversity and agreeableness of team members moderate the relationship between creative self-efficacy (CSE) and innovative performance at the team ...

전기 자동차 시장이 점차 성장하고 있다. 이러한 성장의 중심에는 테슬라가 있다. 신생 기업 테슬라는 오랜 전통과 막대한 자본을 보유한 기존의 자동차 회사와 경쟁하고, 아직까지 제대로 대중화되지 않은 전기 자동차 시장을 개척 해야하는 이중고를 극복해야 했다. 이를 위해 테슬라는 설립 초기부터 하이엔드 스포츠가 세그먼트를 공략하는 파격적인 행보를 보여주었다. 테슬라는 기존의 내연기관 슈퍼카와 비교해도 손색없는 주행 성능을 갖춘 순수 전기차 모델, ‘로드스터’를 통해 시장에서 기술력을 인정받고, 이를 통해 막대한 규모의 투자를 유치할 수 있었다. 대중적인 보급형 자동차를 출시해 본격적인 전기차 시대를 개척하려는 비전을 가진 테슬라는 적극적인 기술 제휴를 통해 빠르게 시장에 진입하고자 하였다. 거대한 자본과 최첨단의 기술력이 요구되는 자동차 산업의 높은 진입 장벽을 뛰어넘기 위해 로터스, 다임러, 도요타 등 기존의 자동차 회사는 물론 파나소닉과 같은 배터리 제조 업체와도 적극적인 협력관계를 구축하였다. 뿐만 아니라 전기 자동차 구매를 주저하게 만드는 주행거리 불안 문제를 해결하기 위해 자체 충전 시설인 ‘슈퍼 차저 스테이션’을 적극적으로 확충하고, 자사가 보유한 전기차 관련 특허를 무료로 공개함으로써 전기자동차 시장의 양적 성장을 유도하는 파격적인 전략을 활용하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 여전히 부족한 전기자동차 충전 인프라, 대량 생산 경험의 부족, 수소 자동차 등 대체 기술의 위협, 기존의 자동차 업계와 중국 전기차 업체와의 경쟁 등 여러 어려움이 산적해 있다. 테슬라는 이러한 어려움을 극복하고 자동차 산업의 진정한 주인공이 될 수 있을까? 본 사례는 전기 자동차 산업의 역사와 특성을 살펴보고, 이러한 배경 속에서 탄생한 테슬라의 전략을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 테슬라의 도전 과제를 제시하였다.

The resource-based view argues that firm performance will be stronger when the resources available to the firm are simultaneously high in revenue enhancing or cost-reducing potential, rareness, and inimitability. However, this central prediction of the resource-based view itself has not been the target of rigorous empirical tests due to inherent methodological challenges. We present a framework to test the central argument by applying the event study method. We discuss the benefits of examining stock price reactions when firms access new resource increments, in particular through international alliances. Empirically, we analyze 225 international codesharing alliance announcements made by 23 international airlines between 1986 and 1998. We show that the market value of a focal firm increases significantly more when the resources available through its international alliance partner are simultaneously high in revenue/cost potential, rare and inimitable, than if the resources are deficient in any of the three characteristics.

We focused on mobile engineers, a distinctive employee group that may have unique reactions to mergers and acquisitions (M&amp, As). Mobile engineers, employees that move from one firm to another, were previously recognized as an undesirable loss by most knowledge-intensive organizations. However, in this study, we show that they may return to their former organizations as effective knowledge creators when their previous and new organizations unite through M&amp, As. We specifically investigated how their mobility direction, relational assets, and intellectual assets affect the amount of knowledge that is jointly created through inter-personal collaborations following the M&amp, A. Using the data of 410 mobile engineers in high-technology M&amp, As during 2000&ndash, 2004 in the United States, we found that the mobility direction from acquiring firms to targets prior to M&amp, A has a positive impact on joint knowledge creation. We also found that such mobility direction positively moderates the relationship between human assets of mobile engineers and their joint knowledge creation.

Previous literature on M&As and platform firms has not actively investigated how the acquisition strategies of platform firms differ from those of non-platform firms. We argue that there are two fu...

Building on strategic momentum and alliance studies, we theoretically explain and test the non-monotonicity of the alliance momentum of same- or cross-functional-type alliances. We theorize about critical drivers that generate bounded momentum and further argue whether function-specific momentum occurs sequentially or simultaneously. We examine cross-border alliances of 32 international airlines from 1945 to 1994 and find that the inverted U-shaped pattern of alliance momentum holds for same-type but not for cross-type alliances at both the firm and industry levels. These findings imply that alliance momentum with a specific functional focus evolves sequentially rather than simultaneously.

Compared to the significant development of creativity studies, individual creativity research has not reached a meaningful consensus regarding the most valid and reliable method for assessing individual creativity. This study revisited 2 of the most popular methods for assessing individual creativity: subjective and objective methods. This study analyzed 1,500 individuals to investigate whether the methods for assessing individual creativity affect the measurement outcomes of individual creativity. Findings indicated that subjective assessments have a smaller variance a higher mean and a moderate but significant correlation with objective assessment methods. Such differences can be motivated by social desirability, consistency motif, illusory superiority, and leniency biases. Based on these findings, this study highlighted the need to acknowledge how subjective and objective assessment methods may affect individual creativity assessment outcomes.

This case study conducted qualitative research of the air cargo transportation industry, focusing on the case of Korean Air Cargo. The air cargo business was now in its maturity stage and had revenues of $66 billion in 2010. Since the deregulation of the air industry during the expansion stage, the industry had witnessed fierce competition. Radical changes in the business environment and international politics also affected the industry and cargo airlines need to adjust to industry lifecycles and industry circumstances. In 2004, Korean Air Cargo was ranked the world's largest air cargo carrier. This was the result of adaptation to the business environment and meeting the needs of the market. The firm offered a new service, focusing on delivery of IT products and targeted niche markets. However, the double-digit growth rate of the Chinese economy offered huge opportunity for Chinese and Hong Kong airlines, and by 2010, Cathay Pacific surpassed Korean Air Cargo to become the market leader. With the double-dip global recession and the slowdown in the Chinese economy as well as lowered barriers to entry due to international deregulation, the air cargo industry has entered a hyper-competition phase. What should Korean Air Cargo do to proactively address world economic trends and the industry environment in order to capture market leadership again?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between change in organizational identity and knowledge creation of mobile research and development (R&D) workers by combining the literature on human mobility and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Design/methodology/approach – Negative binomial regression was used to test the hypotheses, based on knowledge creation of 410 mobile R&D workers in 75 high-technology M&As. Findings – The findings showed that while a change in organizational identity after M&As decreased the knowledge creation by R&D workers who moved before M&As, a higher degree of human capital in mobile R&D workers could increase knowledge creation after M&As. A moderating effect of the change in organizational identity on the relationship between knowledge creation and human capital of mobile R&D workers was also found. Research limitations/implications – This paper augmented the research opportunity on the organizational change and knowledge creation during an M&A by combining study of individual-level human mobility during firm-level M&As, suggesting change in organizational identity affects knowledge creation of mobile R&D workers. A limitation of this study is the focus of human capital accumulated in the prior company before movement. Practical implications – The study suggests that managers intending to acquire knowledge through human mobility and M&As must implement post-mergers activities such as structural integration with care. Originality/value – Much of the literature on human mobility has focused on knowledge creation after movement, regardless of the changes that may occur in of focal dyadic companies during M&As. The paper might be one of the first studies of knowledge creation of mobile R&D workers within the context of M&As.

We investigate how the second-order learning process moderates the relationship between innovation performance and two types of knowledge seeking behavior, namely exploration and exploitation. We reinvestigate the second-order learning process of the top 100 Korean firms from 1997 to 2007 by capturing CEO turnover, board turnover, and R&D alliances. We argue that the current findings about exploration and exploitation should be reclassified in terms of innovation input and output. We suggest that researchers investigate the organizational learning process to understand the link between innovation inputs and outputs. Our empirical results show that while innovation inputs are not related to exploratory outputs, the second-order learning process reshapes the relationship between both exploration/exploitation type innovation inputs and exploratory innovation outputs, and that the new focus of organizational learning process can refine current innovation literature.

This paper endeavors to enrich the existing knowledge acquisition literatures by specifically highlighting downsides of external ties of individuals. We introduce the concept of reverse knowledge diffusion (RKD) through external ties of individuals, and develop theoretical propositions to explain how the risks of RKD vary based on competitive dynamics and status of firms as innovation market leaders or market followers. We develop the construct of RKD to help explain why rivals may pursue contrasting knowledge seeking strategies with regards to leverage external ties of individuals, the timing of establishing these ties, and ex ante control mechanisms designed to regulate these relationships. We also discuss how our propositions advance the theory of knowledge seeking behaviors and generate future research opportunities.

Despite a perception to the contrary, the performances and values of innovative firms can differ. While people are preconditioned to believe that these firms perform well and have high valuations, this is not always the case. In order to explain this phenomenon, we adopt a lens of strategic orientations that influence innovation: market orientation and technology orientation. By using 10-year panel data, and a content analysis examining the relative orientations of our sample firms, we find that the market-oriented and technology-oriented tendencies of innovative firms influence firm performance and value. Relatively market-oriented innovative firms can guarantee instant performance by offering customers new products and services that they want. However, customers may not be loyal to one particular innovative firm. By contrast, relatively technology-oriented innovative firms are not subject to customers' fastidious choices and have higher firm values. Furthermore, environmental uncertainty negatively infl...

This case study looked into Sajo Group's re-entrance into the already-mature canned tuna industry. Commonly, re-establishing brand identity that once disappeared from customers' memories is normally considered harder than launching a new brand. Even still, Sajo ambitiously decided to bring back “Sajo's Canned Tuna”. Sajo faced a management crisis from over-expenditure and failure to expand the market after launching Sajo's Canned Tuna. In order to overcome this, Sajo sold its factory and dissolved its sales organization responsible for direct sales of the product. Although many similar companies exited from the mature fishing and seafood industry when the competition became severe, Sajo remained in the business. The company conducted many M&A transactions focusing on what they knew well and in which they maintained strength. Well-managed M&As enabled Sajo to enhance its business through structural integration, thereby functioning as a new stepping stone for the company's leap back into the market. When Sajo decided to end its sales consignment strategy and resume direct sales of Sajo's Canned Tuna, Sajo secured a supply of high-quality, raw tuna, realizing economies of scale, and re-organized their sales network by merging with Sajohaepyo. Sajo also improved its products' competitive quality by obtaining HACCP certification as well as differentiating its marketing and promotion strategies from those of its competitors. Further, Sajo sought to improve its in-store presence percentage, which had dropped to almost 50%, while trying to persuade shop-owners to rearrange displays that were predominantly taken by Dongwon and Ottogi. Sajo also resumed advertising and sales promotions. As a result, Sajo was able to achieve over 200% increase in market share in two years, thereby elevating the company to the number two spot in the industry. Although Sajo had substantially improved the company's sustainability in both the fishing and seafood industry, its competitors, Dongwon's aggressive marketing strategies and Ottogi's strong sales network are sure to continue to be serious threats. It is time for Sajo to plan additional strategies in order to overcome its competitors' attacks.

Yuhan-Kimberly's core competence is its strategic decision-making process mechanism. During the early 1990s, Yuhan-Kimberly had some serious weaknesses in its major operational divisions. With multinational companies such as P&G coming into the Korean market, the company had to make important decisions. Fortunately, Yuhan-Kimberly was able to make timely strategic decisions at the top management level, successfully dealing with its weaknesses in order to withstand multi-national corporations much bigger than itself. However, if one considers "strategically sound decisions" are all that Yuhan-Kimberly took to accomplish what it has done today, such comment would miss the point. The unique organizational structure, the corporate culture of Yuhan-Kimberly, and the strategic decision-making process are what made the decisions of senior management possible. Only a close inspection of all these factors will reveal the competitive advantage as well as the core competence of Yuhan-Kimberly as a whole.

Why are some co-authorship interactions more successful than others to create novel research outcomes? We endeavor to investigate this research question by exploring how dyadic differences of colla...

This study looked into the process of a firm actively adapting to the environmental shift and generating good performances by acquiring relational capital as well as personal expertise through the board members. The effect of board composition measured, specifically focusing on personnel with political background, accounting specialists, and foreign company related personnel. The results indicate that firms under extreme environmental change actively utilize their network of board of directors, and such efforts substantially affect firm performance. The implication of this study is in that it empirically verified the relationship between board composition and firm performance based on resource.

Classifying the types of networks has been a focus of analysis in the recent, small-world research. A unifying theory has been introduced to provide an integrative perspective on the statistical properties of a variety of real-world networks. This theory postulates that the existence of constraints deters the emergence of a scale-free network. For example, the theory argues that the constraints of airport capacity limit the growth of air traffic, blocking the emergence of a scale-free network. We challenge this argument by reexamining the context of the airline industry. We empirically show that the U. S. airline route network is a scale-free network despite the presence of capacity constraints. We propose a new avenue for future research.

This study examines how the host country experience of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) affects their staffing policies for executive manager positions at foreign affiliates. Hypotheses on executive staffing policies for foreign affiliates are tested using survey data collected from 103 Japanese affiliates in Korea. Findings show that the level of global integration and the degree of centralization of decision-making positively affect an assignment of parent country nationals as executive managers of foreign affiliates. We further find that foreign affiliates’ experience in a host country moderates the effects of both global integration and centralization on staffing decisions for the affiliates.

We treat the sudden technology sector crash as a natural experiment to investigate how dramatic changes in resource availability in the e-commerce sector affect stock market response to interfirm alliances. This environmental jolt demarcated two distinctly different periods of e-commerce resource munificence: pre-crash, characterized by high munificence, and post-crash, characterized by low munificence. Using data on alliances involving 75 e-commerce firms from 1995 to 2001, we find that the stock market responds more favorably to alliances during the less munificent period. Further, stock market response to alliance partner and type is also affected by the change in environmental munificence between the two periods. Our findings demonstrate the importance of environmental conditions and how these affect stock market interpretation of signals inherent in alliance announcements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

While the event study method has made significant contributions to strategic management research, most event study research published in management journals has analyzed the financial implications of corporate announcements in a single country. This study discusses solutions to methodological challenges that emerge when applying the event study method to multiple countries. Specifically, this study develops the world market model, illustrating how to simultaneously assess the financial impact of strategic actions in multiple countries. These challenges and solutions are illustrated by an example of a multi-country event study analyzing 241 international alliance announcements of 23 firms in 16 countries. The findings show that the use of the single country market model in a multi-country event study is likely to overestimate changes in firm value, demonstrating the need for this world market model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study relies on the resource-based view to examine how alliances of e-commerce firms affect firm value in an emerging business sector. Using an event study method, we investigate 272 alliances of 69 e-commerce firms. Our findings show that alliances of e-commerce firms in general have a positive effect on firm value. Unlike previous studies of alliances, we find that marketing alliances generate significantly greater firm value than technology alliances. Our results also show that alliances with other e-commerce partners do not have a significantly different effect on firm value than alliances with bricks-and-mortar partners. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.

This study investigates the effects of the British Airways/USAir alliance on the market value of their rival firms. We find that for a series of events leading to the alliance the value of rival firms responds positively to “discouraging” events that decrease the likelihood of the alliance being consummated, whilst it responds negatively to “promising” events that increase the likelihood of the alliance being consummated. On the other hand, the value of partner firms responds positively to “promising” events but negatively to “discouraging” events. This may suggest a potential channel through which international alliances improve partner firms’ competitiveness and their profitability, which in turn decrease rival firms’ value. Our analysis also indicates that the effects on rival firms do not appear to be moderated by the degree of rivalry between the alliance partners and their rival firms.

This study investigates codesharing alliances to see if they increase market shares of the carriers involved by analyzing a time-series data of 56 airlines over the 1986–1993 period. Our empirical results indicate: (a) codesharing, in fact, increases the carriers' market shares; (b) codesharings between existing airlines increase market shares less than those between relatively new carriers; and (c) the market-share-increasing effect of codesharing alliance is higher in markets with fewer competing carriers.

This study sheds light into the various theoretical drivers of international alliance formation with special attention to the order-of-entry learning effects in increasing the benefits and mitigati...

Building on the literatures on strategic momentum and interfirm cooperation, we develop and test a model of alliance formation that incorporates the distinction between alliances encompassing different corporate functions. We theorize that differences in functional purposes shape the learning and coordination effects that generate type-specific bounded momentum, where in the case of alliances bounded momentum refers to the pattern whereby past alliances encourage new alliance formation up to some point and discourage it beyond that point. We predict that the bounded momentum effects will arise at the firm and industry levels, and that their strength will depend on whether a new alliance involves the same function as previous alliances. Empirically, we examine the successive alliances formed by 32 international airlines through 1994. We find that a firm's past production (marketing) alliances create bounded momentum for its subsequent production (marketing) alliances but not for its subsequent marketing (production) alliances. We also present results about the bounded momentum generated by other firms' alliances. The study sheds light on the dynamics of alliances at multiple levels of analysis, and on firm and industry effects in corporate strategy. We discuss implications for research on other forms of strategic actions too.

Previous studies have been interested in how to maximize both the efficiency and the effectiveness of organizational learning. On the flipside, some studies have investigated the critical barriers ...

This study examines how engineers who moved either from targets to acquirers or vice versa prior to M&As create joint knowledge in the post-acquisition period. We investigate the effect of mobility...

This paper endeavors to enrich the existing knowledge acquisition literature by specifically highlighting downsides of external ties. We introduce the concept of Reverse Knowledge Diffusion (RKD) t...

This study examined whether the acquirer firm’s and target firm’s intra-firm network have an effect on the quantity and speed of first joint-knowledge creation in post-acquisition. This research te...

March(1991)가 제시했던 활용과 탐험은 조직학습 분야에서 실증연구에 기여한 중요한 논문들 중 하나이다. March 이후 많은 연구들에서 활용과 탐험의 개념적 중요성이 강조되었으나, 실증연구는 다소 혼재된 결과를 제시하고 있다. 이와 같은 기존 리뷰연구를 기초로 하여 본 연구는 활용과 탐험을 보다 정교하게 이해하기 위해서는 활용과 탐험을 학습프로세스로 이해해야 하는 필요성을 제기하였다. 따라서 March(1991)가 제시한 활용과 탐험을 조직 내 R&D 활동에 적용하여, 활용과 탐험이라는 서로 다른 학습 모드가 R&D 활동에 투입될 때, 어떠한 결과로 도출되는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 또한 R&D 활동에 재설정을 강조하고 조직 내 존재하는 핵심 근간을 변화시킬 수 있는 Second-order learning이 적용될 경우 전반적인 R&D 프로세스가 어떤 방향으로 변화하는 지를 보고자 하였다. 또한 이머징 시장에서는 많은 기업들이 탐험보다는 활용위주의 R&D 활동을 하는 점을 염두에 두고 1998년 이후의 한국데이터를 바탕으로 선진시장과 다르게 신흥국에서는 어떠한 R&D 활동이 일어나는지를 살펴보았다. KOSPI 200 개 기업 중 연구개발 활동을 수행하는 상위 매출액 100위 기업을 대상으로 연구를 진행한 결과, 활용위주의 연구개발 활동은 탐험적인 산출물 도출에 부정적으로 연결되는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, Second-order learning 이 R&D 투입활동에 영향을 줄 경우, 기존의 활용위주의 활동도 탐험적인 연구개발 산출물을 도출할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 탐험에 대한 투입자체가 동일한 산출물로 연결되지 않을 수 있고, 특정 종류의 이원학습은 조절효과를 발생시킬 수 있음에 대해 이론적 및 실무적인 시사점을 제공한다.