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In this study, biochar-bead, prepared from biochar powder derived from woody biomass, was used for removal cadmiumion in aqueous solution. Various mixing ratios of alginate solution and biochar powder were used for the production ofround shape biochar-bead. An optimum mixing ratio was selected as 1.5% alginate solution and 20 wt% biochar. Theproduced biochar-bead was characterized by SEM, FT-IR, and XRD analyses. The adsorption capacity of Cd(II) bybiochar-bead was found to be 9.72 mg/g which was higher than that by GAC and PAC. According to this study, roundshape biochar-bead is expected to be used as a media for reactive barrier or water filtration. Key words : Adsorption, Biochar, Cadmium, Pyrolysis 1. 서론 산업의 발달과 함께 산업체로부터 발생하는 각종 오염물질의 부적절한 취급 및 처리 등으로 인한 오염이 심각해지고 있으며, 특히 중금속 오염에 대한 사회적인 관심이 증가되고 있다. 중금속 함유 폐수는, 광산, 군 사격장,전기 도금 시설, 건설 현장, 교통 설비 및 전기 산업 시설 등과 같은 광범위한 산업 및 군사 시설에서 발생된후 토양 및 지하수는 물론 하천에 유입됨으로써, 상수원오염과 식수 오염을 일으키게 되고, 먹이 사슬에 의한 연쇄적인 축적 또는, 직접적인 인체 흡수를 통하여 사람에게 치명적인 악영향을 끼칠 수 있게 된다. 따라서 중금속에 의한 오염을 방지하기 위하여 많은 처리기술들이 적용되고 있는데, 그 중에서 실용화되고 있는 방법으로는, 응집침전법, 이온교환법, 흡착법, 산화환원법, 전기분해법, 중화법 및 추출법 등과 같은 물리화학적 처리방법들이다(Aristidis, and Kallirroy-Ioanna., 2010; Ednilton et al,2006; Fbio et al, 2008; Shahryar et al, 2011). 응집침전법은 필요 설비의 설치가 용이하고 유지비용과 에너지소모가 상대적으로 적은 장점을 가지고 있는 반면에, 처리효율이 낮기 때문에 엄격한 규제 조건에 대처하기에 적합하지 못할 뿐 아니라, 처리 부산물로 발생하게 되는 다량

Multicultural policies often deviate from the principle of equal opportunity since it assumes exclusive policy target groups with extra budget and appropriate organization. If this is so, by what rationale can multicultural policies be justified? Why should we accept such unequal treatment as a procedural method to achieve a more equal society as the final goal? This paper examines justifying logic for multicultural policies that inevitably have an arbitrary aspect of state intervention. This paper first differentiates two kinds of logic, namely universal human rights and the benefits of diversity, which provide supporting rationale for the implementation of multicultural policies. We can witness from the US history that the benefits of diversity have increasingly become the main logic justifying affirmative action instead of liberal discussions on social justice and universal human rights of the 1960s. Korea also shows such a shift towards a utilitarian justification which has focused heavily on the bene...

This chapter explores the particular searches for new perspectives that could challenge the prevailing approach, concerning mainly the relationship between ethnic minorities and the state of Vietnam. The cultural traditions of ethnic minorities are displayed in museums, represented in festivals, ceremonial events, and various tourist spots, and have been deemed as possessing a positive value in the national project naming Vietnam a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country. Contradictory images are appearing of the ethnic minorities of Vietnam. Throughout Vietnam narratives can be heard stating that enriched cultural diversity is the pride of the country, moreover, the culture of ethnic minorities has been depicted as the most fundamental factor that comprises this cultural diversity. Vietnam's formal position still claims that the currently used ethnic classification system and nomenclature are based on the three standards of language, material life and culture, and ethnic consciousness.

다문화 사회의 등장이 복지국가의 앞날에 미치는 영향을 주의 깊게 지켜보는 관심의 이면에는 다양성이 증가하면 복지국가는 쇠퇴한다는 이른바 다양성과 재분배 교환 가설이 자리 잡고 있다. 그 동안의 선행 연구는 이러한 가설을 지지하는 경험자료와 반박하는 경험자료를 모두 보여 준다. 이 글은 이와 같은 교환 가설의 적실성에 대해 또 다른 경험자료를 제시하여 어느 한 입장을 지지하기 보다는 복지국가가 처음 등장했던 1940년대 영국의 현실로 돌아가서 어떤 이론과 논리가 복지국가의 등장을 정당화 했던가를 살펴봄으로써 이 가설의 의미와 한계에 대해 논하고자 한다. 필자는 1940 년대 영국의 복지국가등장을 가능하게 만든 배경이 공화주의적 정신의 고양이었다고 보고 이와 같은 공화주의 적 정신의 내용을 밝히기 위해 베버리지의 사회보장정책, 버틀러의 교육법, 그리고 베반의 국가의료보장체계에 대해 살펴 본다. 또한 1948 년의 영국 국적법과 1958년의 인종폭동,그리고 1962 년 영연방 이민법에 관해 영국의회의 속기록과 당시 신문의 내용을 통해 이사건들을 공화주의적 정신의 고양 또는 쇠퇴라는 맥락에서 분석한다. 이러한 고찰을 통해필자는 전후의 특별한 사회분위기, 국가의 적극적 역할, 시민의 교육을 전제로 유지되는 공화주의적 제도와 정신이 복지국가의 등장과 작동을 가능하게 한 주요 원동력이었다고 보고, 이와 같은 공화주의적 정신의 쇠퇴가 단지 인종적 소수의 증가 여부에 따라 단편적으로 좌우되는 것은 아니라고 주장한다. 물론 문화적 소수의 증가를 정치적으로 이용하는 정치인과 극우집단의 선동이 복지국가의 토대가 되는 공화주의적 정신의 쇠퇴에 영향을 미칠 수는 있다. 그러나 1940 년대 영국의 복지국가 정당화의 논리는 이미 다양한 인종과 문화를 바탕으로 한 인류 공동체를 전제하고 있었으며 당시 영국이 표방한 공화주의적 제도와 가치는 다문화의 차이를 넘어선 포괄적인 개념이었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 우리가 복지국가 쇠퇴의 모든 원인을 인종적 소수에게 돌리면서 교환 가설을 신뢰할 때 그것은 이방인에 대한 공정하지 못한 비방 속에 그들을 낙인 찍음으로써 결국 자신이 원하는 목적을 실현해 가는 자기 충족적 예언이 될 수 있다는 점을 지적한다.

The aim of this paper is to examine the principles that New Labour has employed in its citizenship and multicultural policies in Britain, and to clarify theoretical locations as well as philosophical rationales of those principles. By deliberative multiculturalism, I mean a set of policies and discourses of New Labour about citizenship and multicultural issues, which emphasizes rational dialogue and mutual respect with firmly guaranteed political rights especially for minorities. New Labour tries to go beyond liberal and republican citizenship practice through enhancing deliberation, the origin of which goes back to the British tradition of parliamentary sovereignty. It also attempts to achieve a one-nation out of cultural cleavages, shifting its focus from redistribution with social rights to multicultural deliberation with political rights. I organize my discussion with a focus on the difference between two theoretical concepts: the relationship between cultural rights and individual equality, and the r...

The world has its eyes set on the future direction of the European Union waiting for either a signal of stability and authority which can be the beginning of a new superpower era or expecting to catch any failure or contradiction that can be interpreted as a clear symbol of decline. Why is so much attention paid towards the development of European Union and to its future evolution? The answer can be summarized by the fact that Europe is the contemporary model of a unique and exceptional international player, which has gone through a period of political-military power in the 19th century and then shifted to the new direction of civilian-institutional power in the 21st century. The world wishes to find out whether this strategy will pay back, set an example of a different choice for other nations in the near future to adopt, and become the goal to reach for the world as a whole. There are various opinions sometimes conflicting with one another; this paper takes a look at the major views on the evolution of the EU and touches some of the major challenges for the future of the Union worthy of consideration and deeper reflection.

The aim of this article is to examine the rationales that Thatcher’s Britain employed in dealing with immigration and multicultural policies. With a focus on the responsible political elite hypothesis, I trace the role of New Right citizenship discourse as a combined reflection of elite behaviors as well as mass concerns. I analyze various writings and remarks of Enoch Powell as a precursor of the New Right, and those of Margaret Thatcher as an executor of the New Right, discourses of the reconstruction of the British nation and the bringing back of the active citizen as the main campaign of the New Right, and the emergence of two nations and controversies over the cause of this cleavage as a probable policy outcome of the New Right. Through the theoretical account of New Right citizenship as an unstable combination of libertarian individualism and republican conservatism, I offer an interpretation of post-war Britain that can explain the relationship between the shift toward neo-liberalism and shifts in immigration conceptions and multicultural policies.

This paper examines the recent challenges of cultural diversity in the Republic of Korea and predicts possible developments in the future. I explain the current stage of development in the Korean society towards multiculturalism through a three-stage framework: tolerance, legalization of non-discrimination, and multiculturalism. Each stage of development will be analysed through several sub measures. To better understand Korea’s unique situation, I also contrast two different perspectives, namely, state top-down and society bottom-up explanations. I will counter the claim of the state-initiated instrumental multiculturalism thesis that assumes a proactive Korean government’s initiative to control immigration and adopt multicultural policy as a strategy to compensate for a labour shortage. This paper will instead argue from the liberal democracy thesis. Democratization in Korea has confirmed the relevance of liberal democracy thesis, which presupposes two conditions: the increasing demand for cultural rights by minorities and liberal constitutional government’s inevitable acceptance of such demands. Unlike the claim of state-initiated instrumental multiculturalism, strong voices of NGOs in civil society since the mid-1990s have influenced the development of a multiculturalism friendly atmosphere. The Korean government has also been under the pressure of political correctness toward the inevitable acceptance of cultural diversity with the deepening of democratic consolidation as well as globalization.

This paper traces the possibility of East Asian integration through comparison with the early stage of European integration on three different levels: ideas, national interests, and international circumstance. Judging from the European experience, ideas always come first, then national interest contests, and eventually the international circumstance conditions the context. I compare the multilateral approach in Europe with the imperial hegemony competition in East Asia, Adenauer’s regionalization policy in Europe with the Yoshida line of Westernization detouring from Asia, and the US and Russia’s different roles in the two regions as external forces constraining the international order. My conclusion for the future of East Asia is located somewhere between views of procedural divergence and fundamental skepticism. I worry about integration for the sake of integration in which regional integration is presupposed as inherently good. Such discourse will easily be deteriorated and such a blind community simply collapses when circumstances change. For these reasons, there needs to be an adequate discussion regarding for what, by whom, and through which method integration is achieved.

This research outlines a new method for evaluation of shellfish production in Gamak Bay based on the concept of EMERGY. Better understanding of those environmental factors influencing oyster production and the management of oyster stocks requires the ability to assess the real value of environmental sources such as solar energy, river, tide, wave, wind, and other physical mechanisms. In this research, EMERGY flows from environment sources were 76% for shellfish aquaculture in Gamak Bay. EMERGY yield ratio, Environmental Loading Ratio, and Sustainability Index were 4.26, 0.31 and 13.89, respectively. Using the Emergy evaluation data, the predicted maximum shellfish aquaculture production in Gamak Bay and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration, U.S.) designated area in Gamak Bay were 10,845 ton/y and 7,548 ton/yr, respectively. Since the predicted shellfish production was approximately 1.3 times more than produced shellfish production in 2005, the carrying capacity of Gamak Bay is estimated to be 1.3 times more than the present oyster production.

The objective of this research is to apply more scientific, quantitative methods and procedures of environmental investigation to the development of the natural environment and the improvement of the human environment during the establishment of a sewage treatment plant and special facilities using environmental accounting. This research was performed to develop a method of strategic environmental assessment on the operation of sewage treatment plant and reuse of shellfish seeding areas through the use of environmental accounting based on EMERGY evaluation. The result was applied to marine environment policy in order to evaluate the real wealth of the regional environment and economy for both the present phase and the proposed developed phase. Using results from the comparison of EMERGY indices between the present situation and future scenarios, cost benefit analysis was performed for three different scenarios: (I) construction of a new sewage treatment plant, (2) relocation and recovery of the shellfish seeding area, and (3) relocation and re-seeding of shellfish area and construction of a new sewage treatment plant. Cost-benefit ratios of the three scenarios are 1.88, 0.94, and 1.38, respectively.

As forest land takes up 65% of the Korean peninsula, there have been continuing conflicts between the development and conservation of forest land. As the income level has changed over time, the usage of forest land in society has changed. There has been increasing demands for forest land for urban development and recreational use. On the other hand, a large proportion of the land is required to be preserved for the forest and the natural ecosystem in it. The existing management system for the forest land has been designed focusing on the management of the trees on the land, and not the land itself. Due to this limitation, the current management system of forest land has failed to protect the forest land from being developed indiscreetly, making it difficult to conserve and develop the forest land in an efficient way. A major question in forest land management is how to integrate economic use activities with the supporting ecosystems to maximize performance of the ecological-economic system. In order to promote sustainable use of forest resources, and to achieve efficient forest land management, it is prerequisite to evaluation on forest resources of natural ecosystems. Quantitative measures are needed that signify how necessary the services and products of forested ecosystems are to human endeavors. In this study, the natural wealth provided by forest land was quantified based on emergy synthesis. Emergy is a universal measure of real wealth of the work of nature and society made on a common basis. Thus, Calculations of emergy provide a basis for making choices about environment and economy following the general public policy to maximize real wealth. The goals of forest land management to achieve balance between the ecology and economy of its integrated system and to foster equity among the diverse outcomes of the forest land were assessed with emergy. Emergy was demonstrated to holistically integrated and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively. Doing so will provide a better understanding of the basis of forest land wealth and the consequences of management decisions.

In magnetic multilayer systems, a large spin-orbit coupling at the interface between heavy metals and ferromagnets can lead to intriguing phenomena such as the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, the spin Hall effect, the Rashba effect, and especially the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (IDM) interaction. This interfacial nature of the IDM interaction has been recently revisited because of its scientific and technological potential. Here we demonstrate an experimental technique to straightforwardly observe the IDM interaction, namely Brillouin light scattering. The non-reciprocal spin wave dispersions, systematically measured by Brillouin light scattering, allow not only the determination of the IDM energy densities beyond the regime of perpendicular magnetization but also the revelation of the inverse proportionality with the thickness of the magnetic layer, which is a clear signature of the interfacial nature. Altogether, our experimental and theoretical approaches involving double time Green's function methods open up possibilities for exploring magnetic hybrid structures for engineering the IDM interaction., Spin-orbit effects at heavy metal/ferromagnet interfaces can give rise to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, promoting chiral magnetization textures applicable in thin film devices. Here, the authors use Brillouin light scattering to study the dependence of this interaction on film thickness.

In this paper, we presents a fuzzy concept based histogram equalization approach. We use Kaufmann's metric of fuzziness concept for histogram equalization. The principal idea of this article is to utilize and evaluate degree of fuzziness. The presented histogram equalization approach is processed to Y component of YUV color space, which is transformed information from RGB image. The improved Y channel information is merged with color information signals I and Q, and re-transformed to generated RGB image. The subjective performance comparison is provided in simulation results section.

We designed and fabricated a compact multi-mode interference (MMI) wavelength demultiplexer using the concept of `Improved Quasi-State` modes. The output power and extinction ratio were improved by utilizing modal phase error which is specially occurred in low-index contrast. For a designed demultiplexer, the mode propagation analysis with effective index approximation shows significant improvement of extinction ratio to -25 dB for both wavelength region and the split-length was reduced about 1/5 of other MMI devices. The fabricated device shows successful characteristics for both 1.31 and wavelengths. These results demonstrate the potential of low-index materials system and the embossing process for photonic integrated circuits.會ĀĀﶖ⨀⁄鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀ僎ﶖ⨀顅鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀ꣎ﶖ⨀ႎ鶴Ā᐀會Ā᐀Iﶖ⨀䂔鶴Ā᐀會Ā᐀壏ﶖ⨀⡢鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀ냏ﶖ⨀쁢鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀ࣐ﶖ⨀遉鶴Ā會Ā惐ﶖ⨀큼鶴Ā搀會Ā搀룐ﶖ⨀お鶴Ā저會Ā저ბﶖ⨀졊鶴Āࠀ會Āࠀ棑ﶖ⨀桋鶴Ā저會Ā저샑ﶖ⨀ࡌ鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀᣒﶖ⨀針돐邰ﶖ⨀���⨀���⨀ﶖ⨀䄄돐თﶖ⨀쁖잖⨀ᣗﶖ⨀ᤄ덐Uﶖ⨀᠄紀棜ﶖ⨀

This paper examines how Britain tries to defend its national sovereignty against European challenges in the area of human rights policies and how the British approach to human rights has evolved after adjusting complicated demands from Europe. I explore the three British Acts of human rights and immigration policies: the Human rights Act of 1998, the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act, and the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000. I assess the British case in the context of two competing views: one, human rights as a constitutive principle of, not an external imposition on, liberal nation states. The other, human rights as a universalized discourse of entitlement that rendered national citizenship inventively irrelevant. I argue that the British case basically confirms the priority of national sovereignty in the evolution of human rights regime, but shows a transition to the concept of human rights as a universalized entitlement beyond the nation state.

Received April 27, 2011 Revised June 27, 2011 Accepted July 1, 2011 Address for correspondence Byung Chul Park, MD Department of OtolayngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Kwangju Christian Hospital, 37 Yangnim-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 503-715, Korea Tel +82-62-650-5095 Fax +82-62-650-5090 E-mail 19961416@hanmail.net Background and ObjectivesZZThe study aimed to evaluate the long term efficacy of microdebrider assisted inferior turbinoplasty (MAIT) compared to coblation assisted inferior turbinoplasty (CAIT) for hypertrophic inferior turbinates. Subjects and MethodZZFrom January 2008 to December 2008 inclusively, 96 patients with persistent hypertrophic inferior turbinates mucosa refractory to medical therapy were enrolled into this study. All patients were suffering from nasal obstruction and related symptoms. Overall, 56 patients were treated with microdebrider assisted inferior turbinoplasty (MAIT group) and 40 patients were treated with coblation assisted inferior turbinoplasty (CAIT group). Postoperative changes in degree of nasal obstruction, sneezing, rhinorrhea, minimal cross sectional area (MCA), and nasal volume from the nostril to 7 cm posteriorly (V7), operation time, duration of crust formation, intraoperative bleeding and delayed bleeding were compared between the two surgical methods prospectively in the 1st and 6 months, and in the 1st and 2nd years after the procedure. Also patient’s satisfaction with procedure was evaluated. ResultsZZThe nasal obstruction and related nasal symptoms improved significantly in MAIT group and persisted within the periods of 2 years after surgery, while in CAIT group the significant improvements took place in the 1st and 6th months after surgery but no significant improvements from 1 to 2 years after were noted. Nasal patency (MCA and V7) also showed more improvement and persistence in MAIT group than CAIT group. There were no significant differences in operation time and intraoperative bleeding and delayed bleeding but the duration of crust formation was significantly shorter in MAIT group. And patient satisfaction in the MAIT group was higher than that in the CAIT group. ConclusionZZFrom the analysis of this study, it can be said that MAIT is more effective and satisfactory for the long term relief of nasal obstruction, related nasal symptoms and reduction of hypertrophic inferior turbinate mucosa than CAIT. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2011;54:532-8

We have analyzed a metal direct printing method using roll printing technology for the low cost process in TFT-LCD fabrication. The silver metal electrodes patterned down to 3 μm in space width between lines were directly printed by this method. Very low line resistivity of 4.5 μΩ⋅cm was obtained, which is comparable to that of the AlNd metal alloy for the gate electrode of TFT-LCD. Furthermore, we evaluated the transfer characteristics of an a-Si:H TFT using directly printed silver material as a gate line.

— Recently, potential breakthrough technologies for low-cost processing of TFT-LCDs and new process developments for flexible-display fabrication have been widely studied. A roll-printing process using etch-resist material as a replacement for photolithographic patterning was investigated. The characterization of the properties of patterns formed in roll printing, a method to fabricate cliche plates for fine patterns, and the design of a new formulation for resist printing ink is reported. The pattern position accuracy, which is one of the most important issues for the successful application of printing processes in display manufacturing was studied and how it can be improved by optimizing the blanket roll structure is explained. New design rules for the layout of the thin-film-transistor array was derived to improve the compatibility of roll printing. As a result, a prototype 15-in.-XGA TFT-LCD panel was fabricated by using printing processes to replace all the photolithographic patterning steps conventionally used.

We have developed roll printing process for low cost TFT LCD fabrication. Pattern position accuracy which is the most important issue for successful printing process could be improved by remodeling the blanket structure and the physical property of PDMS. Through improving printing pattern accuracy, we were able to print all layers of TFT and CF on substrates and a 15 inch XGA TFT LCD panel adopting TN mode was successfully fabricated.

Recently, breakthrough technology for the low cost process in TFT-LCD and new process development for integrating it with flexible display fabrication has been studied importantly. As a way of achieving this goal, we have investigated roll printing process with etch-resist material as non-photolithographic patterning technique. We characterized the properties of patterns formed with roll printing process, derived the design concepts, and found the best way to fabricate the panel by this process. Thus, we were made the prototype of 15″ XGA TFT-LCD panel by using all printing processes.