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As of June 30, 2021, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had affected >182 million persons and resulted in 3.9 million deaths worldwide (1). India has reported 30.3 million cases and [...]

Introduction: Thyroid Gland is the most common organ to cause endocrine disorders after diabetes mellitus. Lesions of thyroid maybe benign or malignant forming a nodule clinically. Materials and Methods: Study was a descriptive cross-sectional study in a Tertiary health care centre for a duration of January 2021 to June 2022 with a sample size of 37. Study population were resected thyroid specimen. Results: HBME-1 was positive in carcinoma especially papillary thyroid carcinoma. Papillary thyroid carcinoma was characterized by a decreased expression of E-CAD and CD56 contrary to the surrounding benign thyroid tissues. There was no HBME-1 expression in benign thyroid tissues and weak in follicular adenomas. E-CAD and CD56 expression was significantly weakened in carcinomas, but enhanced in follicular adenomas and goitre. Conclusion: HBME-1, CD56, E- Cadherin are useful markers that can help in differentiating various nodular lesions of thyroid especially benign and malignant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths in females worldwide. It is the most common cancer in women worldwide and accounts for 20% of all cancers in women. The presence of vascular invasion in patients with carcinoma breast has been found to be a poor prognostic factor and is of two types- lymphatic vascular invasion and blood vascular invasion. In the present study we aim to detect lymphatic invasion in primary invasive breast cancer using D2-40 IHC marker and also to compare the incidence of lymphatic invasion by conventional H&E staining and immunohistochemical staining. Materials and Methods: Study was an observational cross-sectional study in a Tertiary health care centre for a duration from July 2020 to June 2022 with a sample size of 40. Study population were modified radical mastectomy specimen. LVI was assessed by using H&E sections and D2-40 immunostaining, by two surgical pathologists. Results: LVI was detected in 29 (72.5%) cases by H&E and in 21 (52.5%) cases by D2-40 IHC stain. Nineteen out of 29 cases with positive LVI in H&E were confirmed by D2-40 and 2 out of 11 cases with negative LVI in H&E. Kappa coefficient between H and E and D2-40 staining was 0.386 and p-value was 0.0074 Conclusion: The use of the D2-40 IHC marker is helpful in the diagnosis and confirmation of lymphovascular invasion in invasive carcinoma of the breast. D2-40 is a specific marker for lymphatic type of vascular invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the commonest symptom with women presents in gynecology outpatient department. It causes impact on patients family, personal and day to day life. Aim and Objective: 1) To determine various endometrial causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. 2) To evaluate estrogen and progesterone receptor expression by endometrium in cases of Abnormal uterine bleeding. Material and methods: Study design-Observation cross sectional; Study setting-Tertiary health care center; Duration-March 2021 to January 2022; Sample size-55; Study population-Endometrial samples. The scoring of Estrogen and progesterone receptor was evaluated using Quick score. Results: 55 endometrial samples of patients diagnosed with abnormal uterine bleeding were studied. Majority of females (49.1%) were falling in the age group 41-50 years. Histopathological diagnosis revealed 31.4% neoplastic lesion which involved 2 endometrial carcinoma, 1 adenocarcinoma, 2 cases each of complex and simple hyperplasia with atypia, 6 cases of simple hyperplasia without atypia, 3 cases of simple cystic hyperplasia. The average QUICK score for glandular estrogen receptor was significantly higher than the stromal estrogen receptor whereas glandular progesterone receptor was significantly lower than stromal progesterone receptor.(p<0.05) Conclusion: The results of present study concluded that expression of estrogen and progesterone receptor is useful investigation to determine AUB. It will help to plan a therapy and avoid any surgical intervention. Also, it can be useful prognostic marker in cases of endometrial carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 is uncommon and less severe in children than adults. It is thought that infants may be at higher risk for severe disease than older children. There is a paucity of literature on infants with COVID, particularly those with severe disease.Objective: We describe demographic, epidemiologic, clinical, radiological, laboratory features and outcomes of infants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pune, India.Methodology: Infants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were admitted between 1 April 2020 and 7 August 2020 were included in the study.Results: A total of 13 infants were admitted during the study period. The median age was 8 months (IQR 6) and nine were male. Common presenting features were fever (n = 8, 62%), poor feeding, irritability, and runny nose (n = 3, 23%). Comorbidities noted were severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in three cases (23%) and nutritional megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle thalassemia and renal calculi in one case (8%) each. There was a history of low birth weight in two cases (15%). Pallor was noted in three cases (23%), SAM in three cases (23%) and tachypnea and respiratory distress in four cases (30%). Severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated ferritin, abnormal procalcitonin, abnormal C Reactive Protein and deranged D-dimer was noted in three cases (23%) each. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was normal in all cases. Three infants (43%) had evidence of pneumonia on the chest radiograph, of which one had adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) like pattern, one infant had cardiomegaly and perihilar infiltrates. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin were given to five patients (38%), Intravenous Immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone were administered to one patient (8%). One infant died of ARDS with multi-organ dysfunction with refractory shock and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.Conclusion: SAM and anemia may be associated with severe COVID in infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION- Tuberculosis (TB) is still a leading cause of death worldwide. It can affect any organ. However, cardiac involvement is extremely rare. OBJECTIVE- This study was done to determine the frequency of cardiac involvement in TB in medico-legal autopsy cases. METHODS- This was a cross sectional descriptive study done over a period of 18 months from Jan 2018 to June 2019. We analysed 3600 medico-legal autopsy cases sent for histopathology over this period. Out of 3600 cases. 70 cases were found positive for tuberculosis either pulmonary or extra pulmonary involvement. RESULTS- Out of 70 positive TB cases. 23 cases (32.85%) had cardiac involvement. Among 23 cases having cardiac involvement. 9 cases (39.1%) showed myocardial involvement, of which concomitant pericardial involvement was noted in 6 cases (8.6%). 20 cases (28.5%) showed pericardial involvement. Isolated pericardial involvement of heart in absence of involvement of any other organ was seen in only 2 cases (2.9%). CONCLUSION - Tuberculosis is a curable disease, failing to diagnose this curable disease causes unnecessary death. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion regarding cardiac tuberculosis in any patient of tuberculosis because it mandates treatment for extra-pulmonary TB. In our study, cardiac involvement is seen in 23(32.8%) of 70 cases at autopsy. This finding sheds light on the need for more awareness of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents letter to the editor focuses on investigating the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses among blood donors in Pune, India, highlighting the challenges in maintaining blood safety despite stringent screening practices. Topics include the seroprevalence rates of HBV and HCV, the demographic distribution of infections among donors, and the importance of sensitive screening methods to ensure recipient safety.