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1. Reconstruction of total solar irradiance variability as simultaneously apparent from Solar Orbiter and Solar Dynamics Observatory

Author

Yeo, K. L., Krivova, N. A., Solanki, S. K., Hirzberger, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Solar irradiance variability has been monitored almost exclusively from the Earth's perspective. {We present a method to combine the unprecedented observations of the photospheric magnetic field and continuum intensity from outside the Sun-Earth line, which is being recorded by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on board the Solar Orbiter mission (SO/PHI), with solar observations recorded from the Earth's perspective to examine the solar irradiance variability from both perspectives simultaneously.} Taking SO/PHI magnetograms and continuum intensity images from the cruise phase of the Solar Orbiter mission and concurrent observations from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO/HMI) as input into the SATIRE-S model, we successfully reconstructed the total solar irradiance variability as apparent from both perspectives. In later stages of the SO mission, the orbital plane will tilt in such a way as to bring the spacecraft away from the ecliptic to heliographic latitudes of up to $33^{\circ}$. The current study sets the template for the reconstruction of solar irradiance variability as seen from outside the ecliptic from data that SO/PHI is expected to collect from such positions. {Such a reconstruction will be beneficial to factoring inclination into how the brightness variations of the Sun compare to those of other cool stars, whose rotation axes are randomly inclined.

Published
2023
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2. Coronal voids and their magnetic nature

Author

Nölke, J. D., Solanki, S. K., Hirzberger, J., Peter, H., Chitta, L. P., Kahil, F., Valori, G., Wiegelmann, T., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kolleck, M., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., Berghmans, D., Kraaikamp, E., Rodriguez, L., Verbeeck, C., Zhukov, A. N., Auchere, F., Buchlin, E., Parenti, S., Janvier, M., Barczynski, K., Harra, L., Schwanitz, C., Cuadrado, R. Aznar, Mandal, S., Teriaca, L., Long, D., and Smith, P.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations of the quiet solar atmosphere reveal extended regions of weak emission compared to the ambient quiescent corona. The magnetic nature of these coronal features is not well understood. We study the magnetic properties of the weakly emitting extended regions, which we name coronal voids. In particular, we aim to understand whether these voids result from a reduced heat input into the corona or if they are associated with mainly unipolar and possibly open magnetic fields, similar to coronal holes. We defined the coronal voids via an intensity threshold of 75% of the mean quiet-Sun (QS) EUV intensity observed by the high-resolution EUV channel (HRIEUV) of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager on Solar Orbiter. The line-of-sight magnetograms of the same solar region recorded by the High Resolution Telescope of the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager allowed us to compare the photospheric magnetic field beneath the coronal voids with that in other parts of the QS. The coronal voids studied here range in size from a few granules to a few supergranules and on average exhibit a reduced intensity of 67% of the mean value of the entire field of view. The magnetic flux density in the photosphere below the voids is 76% (or more) lower than in the surrounding QS. Specifically, the coronal voids show much weaker or no network structures. The detected flux imbalances fall in the range of imbalances found in QS areas of the same size. Conclusions. We conclude that coronal voids form because of locally reduced heating of the corona due to reduced magnetic flux density in the photosphere. This makes them a distinct class of (dark) structure, different from coronal holes., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures

Published
2023
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3. Intensity contrast of solar network and faculae close to the solar limb, observed from two vantage points

Author

Albert, K., Krivova, N. A., Hirzberger, J., Solanki, S. K., Vacas, A. Moreno, Suárez, D. Orozco, Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Volkmer, R., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The brightness of faculae and network depends on the angle at which they are observed and the magnetic flux density. Close to the limb, assessment of this relationship has until now been hindered by the increasingly lower signal in magnetograms. This preliminary study aims at highlighting the potential of using simultaneous observations from different vantage points to better determine the properties of faculae close to the limb. We use data from the Solar Orbiter/Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (SO/PHI), and the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (SDO/HMI), recorded at $\sim60^\circ$ angular separation of their lines of sight at the Sun. We use continuum intensity observed close to the limb by SO/PHI and complement it with the co-observed $B_{\rm LOS}$ from SDO/HMI, originating closer to disc centre (as seen by SDO/HMI), thus avoiding the degradation of the magnetic field signal near the limb. We derived the dependence of facular brightness in the continuum on disc position and magnetic flux density from the combined observations of SO/PHI and SDO/HMI. Compared with a single point of view, we were able to obtain contrast values reaching closer to the limb and to lower field strengths. We find the general dependence of the limb distance at which the contrast is maximum on the flux density to be at large in line with single viewpoint observations, in that the higher the flux density is, the closer the turning point lies to the limb. There is a tendency, however, for the maximum to be reached closer to the limb when determined from two vantage points. We note that due to the preliminary nature of this study, these results must be taken with caution. Our analysis shows that studies involving two viewpoints can significantly improve the detection of faculae near the solar limb and the determination of their brightness contrast relative to the quiet Sun.

Published
2023
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4. Direct assessment of SDO/HMI helioseismology of active regions on the Sun's far side using SO/PHI magnetograms

Author

Yang, D., Gizon, L., Barucq, H., Hirzberger, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Earth-side observations of solar p modes can be used to image and monitor magnetic activity on the Sun's far side. Here we use magnetograms of the far side obtained by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) onboard Solar Orbiter (SO) to directly assess -- for the first time -- the validity of far-side helioseismic holography. We wish to co-locate the positions of active regions in helioseismic images and magnetograms, and to calibrate the helioseismic measurements in terms of magnetic field strength. We identify three magnetograms on 18 November 2020, 3 October 2021, and 3 February 2022 displaying a total of six active regions on the far side. The first two dates are from SO's cruise phase, the third from the beginning of the nominal operation phase. We compute contemporaneous seismic phase maps for these three dates using helioseismic holography applied to time series of Dopplergrams from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Among the six active regions seen in SO/PHI magnetograms, five active regions are identified on the seismic maps at almost the same positions as on the magnetograms. One region is too weak to be detected above the seismic noise. To calibrate the seismic maps, we fit a linear relationship between the seismic phase shifts and the unsigned line-of-sight magnetic field averaged over the active region areas extracted from the SO/PHI magnetograms. SO/PHI provides the strongest evidence so far that helioseismic imaging provides reliable information about active regions on the far side, including their positions, areas, and mean unsigned magnetic field., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures

Published
2023
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5. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement in solar oscillations estimated from combined SO/PHI and SDO/HMI observations

Author

Schou, J., Hirzberger, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez-Marques, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

In order to make accurate inferences about the solar interior using helioseismology, it is essential to understand all the relevant physical effects on the observations. One effect to understand is the (complex-valued) ratio of the horizontal to vertical displacement of the p- and f-modes at the height at which they are observed. Unfortunately, it is impossible to measure this ratio directly from a single vantage point, and it has been difficult to disentangle observationally from other effects. In this paper we attempt to measure the ratio directly using 7.5 hours of simultaneous observations from the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on board Solar Orbiter and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. While image geometry problems make it difficult to determine the exact ratio, it appears to agree well with that expected from adiabatic oscillations in a standard solar model. On the other hand it does not agree with a commonly used approximation, indicating that this approximation should not be used in helioseismic analyses. In addition, the ratio appears to be real-valued., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 8 pages, 8 figures

Published
2023
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6. The on-ground data reduction and calibration pipeline for SO/PHI-HRT

Author

Sinjan, J., Calchetti, D., Hirzberger, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Marquez, P. Gutierrez, Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Vacas, A. Moreno, Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter space mission has been successfully launched in February 2020. Onboard is the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (SO/PHI), which has two telescopes, a High Resolution Telescope (HRT) and the Full Disc Telescope (FDT). The instrument is designed to infer the photospheric magnetic field and line-of-sight velocity through differential imaging of the polarised light emitted by the Sun. It calculates the full Stokes vector at 6 wavelength positions at the Fe I 617.3 nm absorption line. Due to telemetry constraints, the instrument nominally processes these Stokes profiles onboard, however when telemetry is available, the raw images are downlinked and reduced on ground. Here the architecture of the on-ground pipeline for HRT is presented, which also offers additional corrections not currently available on board the instrument. The pipeline can reduce raw images to the full Stokes vector with a polarimetric sensitivity of $10^{-3}\cdot I_{c}$ or better.

Published
2022
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7. The magnetic drivers of campfires seen by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on Solar Orbiter

Author

Kahil, F., Hirzberger, J., Solanki, S. K., Chitta, L. P., Peter, H., Auchère, F., Sinjan, J., Suárez, D. Orozco, Albert, K., Jorge, N. Albelo, Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Márquez, P. Gutiérrez, Kolleck, M., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Calchetti, D., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Fernández-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Gasent-Blesa, J. L., Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Lagg, A., Lange, T., Jiménez, A. López, Maue, T., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Vacas, A. Moreno, uller, R. M\", Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., Valori, G., Cuadrado, R. Aznar, Teriaca, L., Berghmans, D., Verbeeck, C., Kraaikamp, E., and Gissot, S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

The Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on board the Solar Orbiter (SO) spacecraft observed small extreme ultraviolet (EUV) bursts, termed campfires, that have been proposed to be brightenings near the apexes of low-lying loops in the quiet-Sun atmosphere. The underlying magnetic processes driving these campfires are not understood. During the cruise phase of SO and at a distance of 0.523\,AU from the Sun, the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter (SO/PHI) observed a quiet-Sun region jointly with SO/EUI, offering the possibility to investigate the surface magnetic field dynamics underlying campfires at a spatial resolution of about 380~km. In 71\% of the 38 isolated events, campfires are confined between bipolar magnetic features, which seem to exhibit signatures of magnetic flux cancellation. The flux cancellation occurs either between the two main footpoints, or between one of the footpoints of the loop housing the campfire and a nearby opposite polarity patch. In one particularly clear-cut case, we detected the emergence of a small-scale magnetic loop in the internetwork followed soon afterwards by a campfire brightening adjacent to the location of the linear polarisation signal in the photosphere, that is to say near where the apex of the emerging loop lays. The rest of the events were observed over small scattered magnetic features, which could not be identified as magnetic footpoints of the campfire hosting loops. The majority of campfires could be driven by magnetic reconnection triggered at the footpoints, similar to the physical processes occurring in the burst-like EUV events discussed in the literature. About a quarter of all analysed campfires, however, are not associated to such magnetic activity in the photosphere, which implies that other heating mechanisms are energising these small-scale EUV brightenings.

Published
2022
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8. The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter

Author

Solanki, S. K., Iniesta, J. C. del Toro, Woch, J., Gandorfer, A., Hirzberger, J., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Appourchaux, T., Pillet, V. Martínez, Pérez-Grande, I., Kilders, E. Sanchis, Schmidt, W., Cama, J. M. Gómez, Michalik, H., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Grauf, B., Gizon, L., Heerlein, K., Kolleck, M., Lagg, A., Meller, R., Müller, R., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Albert, K., Copano, M. Alvarez, Beckmann, U., Bischoff, J., Busse, D., Enge, R., Frahm, S., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Löptien, B., Meierdierks, T., Oberdorfer, D., Papagiannaki, I., Ramanath, S., Schou, J., Werner, S., Yang, D., Zerr, A., Bergmann, M., Bochmann, J., Heinrichs, J., Meyer, S., Monecke, M., Müller, M. -F., Sperling, M., a, D. Álvarez Garcí, Aparicio, B., Jiménez, M. Balaguer, Rubio, L. R. Bellot, Carracosa, J. P. Cobos, Girela, F., Expósito, D. Hernández, Herranz, M., Labrousse, P., Jiménez, A. López, Suárez, D. Orozco, Ramos, J. L., Barandiarán, J., Bastide, L., Campuzano, C., Cebollero, M., Dávila, B., Fernández-Medina, A., Parejo, P. García, Garranzo-García, D., Laguna, H., Martín, J. A., Navarro, R., Peral, A. Núñez, Royo, M., Sánchez, A., Silva-López, M., Vera, I., Villanueva, J., Fourmond, J. -J., de Galarreta, C. Ruiz, Bouzit, M., Hervier, V., Clec'h, J. C. Le, Szwec, N., Chaigneau, M., Buttice, V., Dominguez-Tagle, C., Philippon, A., Boumier, P., Cocguen, R. Le, Baranjuk, G., Bell, A., Berkefeld, Th., Baumgartner, J., Heidecke, F., Maue, T., Nakai, E., Scheiffelen, T., Sigwarth, M., Soltau, D., Volkmer, R., Rodríguez, J. Blanco, Domingo, V., Sabater, A. Ferreres, Blesa, J. L. Gasent, Martínez, P. Rodríguez, Caudel, D. Osorno, Bosch, J., Casas, A., Carmona, M., Herms, A., Roma, D., Alonso, G., omez-Sanjuan, A. G\', Piqueras, J., Torralbo, I., Fiethe, B., Guan, Y., Lange, T., Michel, H., Bonet, J. A., Fahmy, S., Müller, D., and Zouganelis, I.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

This paper describes the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on the Solar Orbiter mission (SO/PHI), the first magnetograph and helioseismology instrument to observe the Sun from outside the Sun-Earth line. It is the key instrument meant to address the top-level science question: How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? SO/PHI will also play an important role in answering the other top-level science questions of Solar Orbiter, as well as hosting the potential of a rich return in further science. SO/PHI measures the Zeeman effect and the Doppler shift in the FeI 617.3nm spectral line. To this end, the instrument carries out narrow-band imaging spectro-polarimetry using a tunable LiNbO_3 Fabry-Perot etalon, while the polarisation modulation is done with liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs). The line and the nearby continuum are sampled at six wavelength points and the data are recorded by a 2kx2k CMOS detector. To save valuable telemetry, the raw data are reduced on board, including being inverted under the assumption of a Milne-Eddington atmosphere, although simpler reduction methods are also available on board. SO/PHI is composed of two telescopes; one, the Full Disc Telescope (FDT), covers the full solar disc at all phases of the orbit, while the other, the High Resolution Telescope (HRT), can resolve structures as small as 200km on the Sun at closest perihelion. The high heat load generated through proximity to the Sun is greatly reduced by the multilayer-coated entrance windows to the two telescopes that allow less than 4% of the total sunlight to enter the instrument, most of it in a narrow wavelength band around the chosen spectral line., Comment: 36 pages, 41 figures

Published
2019
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9. Determination of the SO/PHI-HRT wavefront degradation using multiple defocused images

Author

Bailén, F.J., primary, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J.C., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Santamarina Guerrero, P., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Solanki, S.K., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Gómez Cama, J.M., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L.R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J.L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, and Valori, G., additional

Published
2023
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10. A first rapid synoptic magnetic field map using SDO/HMI andSO/PHI data

Author

Loeschl, P., primary, Valori, G., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Schou, J., additional, Solanki, S.K., additional, Orozco Suarez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodriguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J.C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Gómez Cama, J.M., additional, Perez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L.R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernandez-Medina, A., additional, Garcia Perejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J.L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, Lopez Jimenez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, and Torralbo, I., additional

Published
2023
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11. Reconstruction of total solar irradiance variability as simultaneously apparent from Solar Orbiter and Solar Dynamics Observatory

Author

Yeo, K. L., primary, Krivova, N. A., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, and Valori, G., additional

Published
2023
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12. Intensity contrast of solar network and faculae close to the solar limb, observed from two vantage points

Author

Albert, K., primary, Krivova, N. A., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, and Valori, G., additional

Published
2023
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13. Coronal voids and their magnetic nature

Author

Nölke, J. D., primary, Solanki, S. K., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Peter, H., additional, Chitta, L. P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Valori, G., additional, Wiegelmann, T., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Gómez Cama, J. M., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, Berghmans, D., additional, Kraaikamp, E., additional, Rodriguez, L., additional, Verbeeck, C., additional, Zhukov, A. N., additional, Auchere, F., additional, Buchlin, E., additional, Parenti, S., additional, Janvier, M., additional, Barczynski, K., additional, Harra, L., additional, Schwanitz, C., additional, Aznar Cuadrado, R., additional, Mandal, S., additional, Teriaca, L., additional, Long, D., additional, and Smith, P., additional

Published
2023
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14. Direct assessment of SDO/HMI helioseismology of active regions on the Sun’s far side using SO/PHI magnetograms

Author

Yang, D., primary, Gizon, L., additional, Barucq, H., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, and Valori, G., additional

Published
2023
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15. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement in solar oscillations estimated from combined SO/PHI and SDO/HMI observations

Author

Schou, J., primary, Hirzberger, J., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutierrez-Marques, P., additional, Kahil, F., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Feller, A., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Korpi-Lagg, A., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, and Valori, G., additional

Published
2023
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16. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement in solar oscillations estimated from combined SO/PHI and SDO/HMI observations

Author

Schou Jesper, Álvarez Herrero, Alberto, Hirzberger, J., Albert , Kinga, N. Albelo Jorge, T. Appourchaux, J. Blanco Rodríguez, Gandorfer , A., Germerott ,D., Guerrero ,L., Gutierrez-Marques ,P., Kahil ,F., Kolleck, M., Solanki ,S.K., del Toro Iniesta ,J.C., Volkmer, R., Woch , J., Fiethe , F., Pérez-Grande , I., Sanchis Kilders, E., Balaguer Jiménez, M, Bellot Rubio, L.R., Calchetti , Daniele, Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Gasent Blesa , J.L., Gizon , L., Grauf, B., Heerlein , K., Korpi-Lagg , A., López Jiménez, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Moreno Vacas ,A., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H, Torralbo, I., Valori, G., Schou Jesper, Álvarez Herrero, Alberto, Hirzberger, J., Albert , Kinga, N. Albelo Jorge, T. Appourchaux, J. Blanco Rodríguez, Gandorfer , A., Germerott ,D., Guerrero ,L., Gutierrez-Marques ,P., Kahil ,F., Kolleck, M., Solanki ,S.K., del Toro Iniesta ,J.C., Volkmer, R., Woch , J., Fiethe , F., Pérez-Grande , I., Sanchis Kilders, E., Balaguer Jiménez, M, Bellot Rubio, L.R., Calchetti , Daniele, Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Feller, A., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Gasent Blesa , J.L., Gizon , L., Grauf, B., Heerlein , K., Korpi-Lagg , A., López Jiménez, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Moreno Vacas ,A., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Sinjan, J., Staub, J., Strecker, H, Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Abstract

Received: 19 January; 2023 Accepted: 15 March 2023, In order to make accurate inferences about the solar interior using helioseismology, it is essential to understand all the relevant physical effects on the observations. One effect to understand is the (complex-valued) ratio of the horizontal to vertical displacement of the p- and f-modes at the height at which they are observed. Unfortunately, it is impossible to measure this ratio directly from a single vantage point, and it has been difficult to disentangle observationally from other effects. In this paper we attempt to measure the ratio directly using 7.5 h of simultaneous observations from the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on board Solar Orbiter and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. While image geometry problems make it difficult to determine the exact ratio, it appears to agree well with that expected from adiabatic oscillations in a standard solar model. On the other hand it does not agree with a commonly used approximation, indicating that this approximation should not be used in helioseismic analyses. In addition, the ratio appears to be real-valued. © The Authors 2023., Agencia Española de Investigación, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) (Alemania), Max Planck Gesellschaft (MPG) (Alemania), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, Centro Nacional de Estudios Espaciales (Francia), Depto. de Óptica, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Published
2023

17. The magnetic drivers of campfires seen by the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) on Solar Orbiter

Author

Kahil, F., primary, Hirzberger, J., additional, Solanki, S. K., additional, Chitta, L. P., additional, Peter, H., additional, Auchère, F., additional, Sinjan, J., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Albert, K., additional, Albelo Jorge, N., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Gutiérrez Márquez, P., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Woch, J., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Gómez Cama, J. M., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Calchetti, D., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Fernández-Rico, G., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Gasent-Blesa, J. L., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Lagg, A., additional, Lange, T., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Maue, T., additional, Meller, R., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Moreno Vacas, A., additional, Müller, R., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Schou, J., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Staub, J., additional, Strecker, H., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, Valori, G., additional, Aznar Cuadrado, R., additional, Teriaca, L., additional, Berghmans, D., additional, Verbeeck, C., additional, Kraaikamp, E., additional, and Gissot, S., additional

Published
2022
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21. The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter

Author

Solanki, S. K., primary, del Toro Iniesta, J. C., additional, Woch, J., additional, Gandorfer, A., additional, Hirzberger, J., additional, Alvarez-Herrero, A., additional, Appourchaux, T., additional, Martínez Pillet, V., additional, Pérez-Grande, I., additional, Sanchis Kilders, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, Gómez Cama, J. M., additional, Michalik, H., additional, Deutsch, W., additional, Fernandez-Rico, G., additional, Grauf, B., additional, Gizon, L., additional, Heerlein, K., additional, Kolleck, M., additional, Lagg, A., additional, Meller, R., additional, Müller, R., additional, Schühle, U., additional, Staub, J., additional, Albert, K., additional, Alvarez Copano, M., additional, Beckmann, U., additional, Bischoff, J., additional, Busse, D., additional, Enge, R., additional, Frahm, S., additional, Germerott, D., additional, Guerrero, L., additional, Löptien, B., additional, Meierdierks, T., additional, Oberdorfer, D., additional, Papagiannaki, I., additional, Ramanath, S., additional, Schou, J., additional, Werner, S., additional, Yang, D., additional, Zerr, A., additional, Bergmann, M., additional, Bochmann, J., additional, Heinrichs, J., additional, Meyer, S., additional, Monecke, M., additional, Müller, M.-F., additional, Sperling, M., additional, Álvarez García, D., additional, Aparicio, B., additional, Balaguer Jiménez, M., additional, Bellot Rubio, L. R., additional, Cobos Carracosa, J. P., additional, Girela, F., additional, Hernández Expósito, D., additional, Herranz, M., additional, Labrousse, P., additional, López Jiménez, A., additional, Orozco Suárez, D., additional, Ramos, J. L., additional, Barandiarán, J., additional, Bastide, L., additional, Campuzano, C., additional, Cebollero, M., additional, Dávila, B., additional, Fernández-Medina, A., additional, García Parejo, P., additional, Garranzo-García, D., additional, Laguna, H., additional, Martín, J. A., additional, Navarro, R., additional, Núñez Peral, A., additional, Royo, M., additional, Sánchez, A., additional, Silva-López, M., additional, Vera, I., additional, Villanueva, J., additional, Fourmond, J.-J., additional, de Galarreta, C. Ruiz, additional, Bouzit, M., additional, Hervier, V., additional, Le Clec’h, J. C., additional, Szwec, N., additional, Chaigneau, M., additional, Buttice, V., additional, Dominguez-Tagle, C., additional, Philippon, A., additional, Boumier, P., additional, Le Cocguen, R., additional, Baranjuk, G., additional, Bell, A., additional, Berkefeld, Th., additional, Baumgartner, J., additional, Heidecke, F., additional, Maue, T., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Scheiffelen, T., additional, Sigwarth, M., additional, Soltau, D., additional, Volkmer, R., additional, Blanco Rodríguez, J., additional, Domingo, V., additional, Ferreres Sabater, A., additional, Gasent Blesa, J. L., additional, Rodríguez Martínez, P., additional, Osorno Caudel, D., additional, Bosch, J., additional, Casas, A., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Herms, A., additional, Roma, D., additional, Alonso, G., additional, Gómez-Sanjuan, A., additional, Piqueras, J., additional, Torralbo, I., additional, Fiethe, B., additional, Guan, Y., additional, Lange, T., additional, Michel, H., additional, Bonet, J. A., additional, Fahmy, S., additional, Müller, D., additional, and Zouganelis, I., additional

Published
2020
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22. Interactions of Food Proteins

Author

NICHOLAS PARRIS, ROBERT BARFORD, Karen L. Fligner, Michael E. Mangino, Akio Kato, N. Parris, J. H. Woychik, P. Cooke, S. Nakai, E. Li-Chan, M. Hirotsuka, M. C. Vazquez, G. Arteaga, Steve J. Haylock, Wayne B. Sanderson, Naotoshi Matsudomi, M. A. H. Ismond, S. D. Arntfield, E. D. Murray, Srinivasan D

Published
1991

23. The on-ground data reduction and calibration pipeline for SO/PHI-HRT

Author

Ibsen, Jorge, Chiozzi, Gianluca, Sinjan, J., Calchetti, D., Hirzberger, J., Orozco Suárez, D., Albert, K., Albelo Jorge, N., Appourchaux, T., Alvarez-Herrero, A., Blanco Rodríguez, J., Gandorfer, A., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez Marquez, P., Kahil, F., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., del Toro Iniesta, J. C., Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Gómez Cama, J. M., Pérez-Grande, I., Sanchis Kilders, E., Balaguer Jiménez, M., Bellot Rubio, L. R., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Gasent Blesa, J. L., Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., López Jiménez, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Moreno Vacas, A., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Published
2022
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24. Image quality of data products of the high resolution telescope of the polarimetric and helioseismic imager

Author

Coyle, Laura E., Matsuura, Shuji, Perrin, Marshall D., Kahil, F., Gandorfer, A., Hirzberger, J., Orozco Suárez, D., Albert, K., Albelo Jorge, N., Appourchaux, T., Álvarez-Herrero, A., Blanco Rodríguez, J., Germerott, D., Guerrero, L., Gutierrez Marquez, P., Sinjan, J., Calchetti, D., Kolleck, M., Solanki, S. K., del Toro Iniesta, J. C., Volkmer, R., Woch, J., Fiethe, B., Gómez Cama, J. M., Pérez-Grande, I., Sanchis Kilders, E., Balaguer Jiménez, M., Bellot Rubio, L. R., Carmona, M., Deutsch, W., Fernandez-Rico, G., Fernández-Medina, A., García Parejo, P., Gasent Blesa, J. L., Gizon, L., Grauf, B., Heerlein, K., Korpi-Lagg, A., Lange, T., López Jiménez, A., Maue, T., Meller, R., Michalik, H., Moreno Vacas, A., Müller, R., Nakai, E., Schmidt, W., Schou, J., Schühle, U., Staub, J., Strecker, H., Torralbo, I., and Valori, G.

Published
2022
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26. P767Survey of palliative sedation at the end-of-life in terminally ill heart failure patients - a five year experience in national cardiovascular center

Author

Nakai, E, primary, Hamatani, Y, additional, Miyata, M, additional, Nakamura, E, additional, Kawano, Y, additional, Takada, Y, additional, Anchi, Y, additional, Funabashi, S, additional, Hirayama, A, additional, Kuroda, K, additional, Amano, M, additional, Sugano, Y, additional, Anzai, T, additional, and Izumi, C, additional

Published
2019
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29. Oxalate Synthesizing Enzymes in Rat Liver

Author

Yanagawa, M., Maeda-Nakai, E., Ichiyama, A., Yamakawa, K., Yamamoto, I., Kawamura, J., Tada, S., Walker, Valerie R., editor, Sutton, Roger A. L., editor, Cameron, E. C. Bert, editor, Pak, Charles Y. C., editor, and Robertson, William G., editor

Published
1989
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30. Gas Chromatography/Principal Component Similarity System for Detection of E. coli and S. aureus Contaminating Salmon and Hamburger

Author

Shuryo Nakai, Jinglie Dou, Soichiro Nakamura, Masahiro Ogawa, Vanderstoep J, Wang Zh, and Nakai E

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, Chromatography, Gas, Meat, Chromatography, Sterilization, General Chemistry, Biology, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease_cause, Enterobacteriaceae, Incubation period, Species Specificity, Salmon, Principal component analysis, Escherichia coli, medicine, Animals, Cattle, Gas chromatography, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Incubation, Bacteria
Abstract

Coho, Atlantic, Spring, and Sockeye salmon and five commercial samples of hamburger patties were analyzed by processing gas chromatography (GC) data of volatile compounds using the principal component similarity (PCS) technique. PCS scattergrams of the samples inoculated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus followed by incubation showed the pattern-shift lines moving away from the data point for uninoculated, unincubated reference samples in different directions with increasing incubation time. When the PCS scattergrams were drawn for samples incubated overnight, the samples inoculated with the two bacterial species and the uninoculated samples appeared as three separated groups. This GC/PCS approach has the potential to ensure quality of samples by discriminating good samples from potentially spoiled samples. The latter may require further microbial assays to identify the bacteria species potentially contaminating foods. Keywords: GC; principal component similarity; salmon; hamburger; E. coli;...

Published
1999

31. APS fixed pattern noise modelling and compensation

Author

Roma, D., primary, Bosch, J., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Casas, A., additional, Herms, A., additional, Gomez, J. M., additional, Lopez, M., additional, Sabater, J., additional, Baumgartner, J., additional, Maue, T., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, and Volkmer, R., additional

Published
2016
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32. A space grade camera for image correlation

Author

Roma, D., primary, Bosch, J., additional, Carmona, M., additional, Casas, A., additional, Herms, A., additional, Gomez, J. M., additional, Lopez, M., additional, Sabater, J., additional, Baumgartner, J., additional, Maue, T., additional, Nakai, E., additional, Schmidt, W., additional, and Volkmer, R., additional

Published
2015
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50. Socio-Medical Background of Leprosy in the Northern India

Author

Nakai E and Osaka R

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Curse, biology, Higher education, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, MEDLINE, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Sex factors, Hygiene, Environmental health, Family medicine, medicine, Residence, Agra, Leprosy, Rural area, business, Functional illiteracy, Demography, media_common
Abstract

A survey was conducted by direct interview of patients visiting the Leprosy Patients Welfare Society Old Mahapalika Building in Agra city, U. P. State, India, from the end of July to mid-August, in both 1984 and 1985, for a total of 6 weeks.The purpose of the survey was to observe and analyze the extent to which difference in religion, education, and location of residence influenced individual attitudes toward leprosy.Interviewed were a total of 705 people. The male-to-female ratio was 4:1, with both males and females being predominantly of productive age. The Hindu-to-Muslim ratio was 3.1:1.Among those interviewed, 77.0%; were residents of rural areas. The illiteracy rate was 71.6%; this ratio was especially high in those from rural areas. The ratio of those with higher education was greater in those from urban areas.About half the subjects believed the cause of leprosy to be uncleanness of the blood; this was especially so among young children of elementary school. The next most common belief was that curse was the cause, followed by fate. Fate was high in propotion of believers among junior high and high school students. There were few multiple responses among children below elementary school age and among college students, but a high number of multiple responses among the lower elementary school and high school groups, suggesting that the latter group was greatly influenced by various attitudes as to the cause of leprosy.Among Hindus, uncleanness of the blood was rated the highest, followed by fate and then curse, all of there showing a high rate in urban areas.Among Muslims, curse was rated the highest, and the rate was higher than that for Hindus. Next rated was uncleanness of the blood, then fate; the latter two, however, rated were significantly lower than in Hindu group.Both Hinduism and Muslim strongly influence lifestyles and consciousness from birth to death, and beliefe in the after-life.Especially in the field of public education concerning leprosy, general, health and hygiene education are the basis of all hygienic activities, however, adequate consideration must also be given to such factors in leprosy as traditional customs and prejudices.

Published
1986

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