Search

In present investigation, toxic, repellent, antifeedent and growth inhibition effects of five different plant extracts: Melia azedarach, Pegnum hermala, Salsola baryosma, Azadirachta indica and Zingiber officinale, were evaluated on different life stages of T. castaneum. The highest mortality (10.14%) was observed with A. indica and the minimum mortality (0.67%) was invoked by Z. officinale treatment. Similarly, A. indica showed highest repellent effect compared to rest of the plants. Feeding deterrence was highest (90.15%) with S. baryosma treatment, followed by P. hermala (84.85%), M. azedarach (80.19%), A. indica (73.48%) and Z. officinale (57.58%). The extracts inhibited the growth of T. castaneum. Inthe case of A. indica, the lowest numbers of larvae (32.67), pupae (16.33) and adults (11.33) emerged at 15% concentration, while the highest emergence of larvae (80.33), pupae (75.00) and adult (71.00) were observed for Z. officinale. The other three plant extracts had moderate regrowth inhibition on the beetle. Overall, A. indica extract was found to be the most effective while, Z. officinale extract was least effective against the beetle. This study can be very helpful in future when the use of plant extracts become common and available to the farmers as an alternative to synthetic pesticides.

Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is the major pest of wheat flour with economic importance throughout the world. Due to side effects of pesticides, it is needed to evaluate the alternative strategies to control the stored grain insect pests. For this purpose, toxic and growth inhibition effects of five different plant extracts: Melia azedarach, Pegnum hermala, Salsola baryosma, Azadirachta indica and Zingiber officinale, were evaluated on different life stages of T. castaneum. Series of experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions at 30+2°C and 65+5 % R.H at Grain Research Training and Storage Management Cell of Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad using incubators (Sanyo M.I.R 254) in order to maintain the temperature and humidity. Three different concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) for each of the plant extract were prepared by dissolving in acetone as control treatment. At highest concentration, used during experiments, highest mortality (10.14%) of T. castaneum was recorded with A. indica and minimum mortality (6.08%) was recorded with Z. officinale. Similarly, highest population inhibition was (89.70%) with A. indica but minimum population inhibition (75.15%) was recorded with P. hermala at 15% concentration. The results regarding growth inhibition clearly show that in case of A. indica, lowest numbers of larvae (32.67), pupae (16.33) and adults (11.33) were emerged at 15% concentration, while Z. officinale was least effective with highest emergence rate of larvae (80.33), pupae (75.00) and adult (71.00). The study can be very helpful in future as the plant extracts can be a best replacement of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations are being used as grain protectants with reduced environmental issues and insecticide resistance. In this study binary response of 2nd, 4th larval instars and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were recorded (1, 2, 5, 7 and 14 days exposure interval) on DE treated (50, 100, 150, 300, 400 and 500 mg/kg) wheat. Mortality percentage for different life stages and F1 Progeny reduction at low and high temperature and relative humidity conditions were observed as efficacy determining tools. About 100% mortality was recorded after 7 day interval at 28±2°C; 55±5% RH with low LC50 and LC90 values in 2nd instar larvae as compared to high LC50 and LC90 values for 4th instar larvae with a maximum of 81.94% mortality at 28±2°C; 55±5% RH. Mortality rates for 2nd instar (70%) and 4th instar larvae (65%) were much lower at 22±2°C; 40±5% RH. Adults of T. castanium appeared to be more tolerant with a maximum of 42.5% response at 28±2°C, 55±5% RH. There was greater than 70% progeny suppression at 400mg/kg dose rate and it was also observed that there was complete progeny suppression (100%) at low temperature and humidity conditions. So, from these results we can conclude that Nature's Wisdom DE can be used as effective gain protectant and its low silica content (<1%) avoids the risk of carcinogenicity as compared with other insecticide based DE formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storage of grains and their merchandises are significant part of post-harvest maneuvers. Yearly losses of stored grains commodities because of numerous biotic factors are noteworthy in financial terms. There is a dreadful necessity to protect the stored cereals and their products against deterioration, particularly the quantitative as well as qualitative losses in storage. The herein reported experimentations were performed to examine the toxic potentials of various insect growth regulators (IGRs), viz., methoxyfenozide 240SC, buprofezin 25%WP, flufenoxuron 10DC, triflumuron 20SC, tebufenozide 20SC, pyriproxyfen 10.8ECandlufenuron 50EC against fertility, fecundity and adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Trogoderma granarium (Everts). Outcomes of the bioassays disclosed that remarkable decrease in fertility and fecundity of the insects was noted because of adult contact with IGRs treated diet. Fecundity was notably abridged by application of tebufenozide treatment trailed by methoxyfenozide whereas pyriproxyfen and buprofezin showed slight impact on T. granarium and T. castaneum. The findings concerning to the impact of IGRs treated diet on fertility of adults showed that the pyriproxyfen was remained highly operative in reducing hatching of the eggs while tebufenozide was proven minimum operational for the control of both insects. The production of progeny was least in case of pyriproxyfen and highest in tebufenozide for the bioassayed insects. From results of the study, it is determined that use of the IGRs has proven highly operative for controlling the two target insect pests. So, these compound mainly pyriproxyfen, triflumeron, lufenuron and flufenoxuron should be included as an effective constituent in integrated pest management of insect pests of stored commodities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herein reported studies were conducted to investigate the ovicidal effect of different insect growth regulators (IGRs), viz., lufenuron 50EC, flufenoxuron 10DC, pyriproxyfen 10.8EC, tebufenozide 20SC, methoxyfenozide 240SC, triflumuron 20SC, and buprofezin 25%WP against Trogoderma granarium (Everts) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). All these IGRs were applied to the glass vials at four concentrations viz., 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 ppm, additionally, an untreated control using four replicates through Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results showed that highest ovicidal action was exerted by pyriproxyfen where only 32.83% hatching was recorded in T. castaneum eggs followed by lufenuron at 10ppm while methoxyfenozide was least effective. Similarly, in T. granarium, the hatching suppression was highest (38.83% hatching) due to pyriproxyfen treatment and was lowest in methoxyfenozide treatment. The growth rate was highly effected by pyriproxyfen and least effected by methoxyfenozide against both insects. From these results, it is concluded that the applications of IGRs have proved to be very effective against both species examined in the present study. Hence, these compounds particularly pyriproxyfen, an analog of the juvenile hormone (JH) followed by Chitin synthesis inhibitors (i.e., flufenoxuron, lufenuron and triflumeron) should be considered as potential components in managing immature stages of stored grains insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herein reported was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of seven insect growth regulators (IGRs), viz., lufenuron 50EC, flufenoxuron 10DC, pyriproxyfen 10.8EC, tebufenozide 20SC, methoxyfenozide 240SC, triflumuron 20SC, and buprofezin 25%WP against adults of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Results revealed that the highest mortality 20.78% was observed when T. granarium adults were allowed to feed on triflumeron treated diet, whereas flufenoxuron was statistically at par with triflumeron having adult mortality 20.23%. The effect of lufenuron and pyriproxyfen was at par with each other having adult mortality 16.59 and 16.18%, respectively. Tebufenozide was the least effective against the adults of T. granarium with 6.63% mortality. In case of T. castaneum the highest mortality was 37.64 and 33.32% due to the effect of triflumeron and flufenoxuron, respectively. Adult mortality of T. castaneum due to the application of lufenuron, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin was 31.16, 22.87 and 18.13%, respectively. Minimum mortality (6.84%) was observed in tebufenozide treatment application. Moreover, the mortality response in case of T. granarium was highest 15.91% when adults were allowed to feed on treated wheat compared to rice and maize with the mortality of 14.80 and 13.79%, respectively. Similarly, the adult mortality of T. castaneum on wheat, rice and maize was 26.36, 23.13 and 19.37%, respectively. It was evident from results that IGRs are comparatively more persistence and effective when applied on wheat than on rice and maize. It is legitimate to concluded that the applications of IGRs have proved to be quite effective against the adults of both species under study. Hence, these compounds particularly flufenoxuron, lufenuron and triflumeron should be considered as potential gears in integrated management of stored grain insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigations were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of leaf extracts of Ricinus communis, Moringa oleifera and Citrus sinensis against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Plant extracts concentrations viz, 5, 10 and 15% prepared in four solvents (Methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and n-hexane) were applied on wheat flour, treated diet was placed in small plastic jars and data for mortality were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hrs of the treatments application. The findings of mortality bioassays revealed that maximum mortality 70.06% was observed in the methanol extract while comparatively least 39.21% mean mortality was observed at 15% concentration in n-hexane extract of R. communis after an exposure period of 72 hr. In case of M. oleifera, the maximum mean mortality 37.32% in the methanol extract, while lowest mortality 21.07% was observed at 15% concentration with longest period of treatment application. From the other hand, the maximum mortality 24.69% was recorded in methanol extract of Citrus sinensis at highest concentration (15%) with longer (72 hrs) exposure time against the target insect pest of stored commodities. The outcomes of the conducted bioassays depicted that the mortality response of the tested insect was influenced by dose, exposure time and nature of solvent, used. The order of effectiveness of plant extracts was R. communis>M. oleifera>C. sinensis and methanol> chloroform> petroleum ether> n-hexane. Hence, from these results it is concluded that these botanicals could be a alternatives to synthetic insecticides in IPM stored products insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stored cereals and food products are severely infested by different insect pests throughout the world but Trogoderma granarium is found most destructive insect pest of stored grains. Temperature and relative humidity affects the growth and development of these insect pests of stored grains. Present study was designed to investigate the effects of temperature (20, 25 and 30°C) and relative humidity levels (55, 65 and 75%) on the efficacy of three synthetic Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) i.e., pyriproxyfen, lufenuron and buprofezin at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 ppm. The study aimed to estimate the fecundity and adult emergence inhibition of T. granarium under controlled laboratory conditions. Counted numbers of grubs were exposed to IGRs at different levels of temperature and relative humidity. F1 adult emergence results at 20°C; showed highest percent reduction in adult emergence (84.38, 70.65 and 79.94%) when exposed to lufenuron, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen treated diet, respectively. At 75% relative humidity lufenuron, buprofezin and pyriproxyfen caused 77.53, 80.00 and 80.32% reduction in adult emergence, respectively. Adults were exposed to IGRs at different temperature and relative humidity to evaluate the oviposition inhibition too. Percentage of reduction in fecundity (87.95, 80.45 and 70.55%) perceived after exposure to buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and lufenuron treated diet, respectively at 20°C was found highest. While 75% relative humidity reduced fecundity most effectively (86.73, 83.72 and 69.11%) when test insects were treated with buprofezin, pyriproxyfen and lufenuron, respectively. It is concluded that temperature and relative humidity significantly affected the activity of tested growth regulators which may lead to standardization of abiotic factors to gain maximum efficiency of IGRs in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present investigation, toxic, repellent, antifeedent and growth inhibition effects of five different plant extracts: Melia azedarach, Pegnum hermala, Salsola baryosma, Azadirachta indica and Zingiber officinale, were evaluated on different life stages of T. castaneum. The highest mortality (10.14%) was observed with A. indica and the minimum mortality (0.67%) was invoked by Z. officinale treatment. Similarly, A. indica showed highest repellent effect compared to rest of the plants. Feeding deterrence was highest (90.15%) with S. baryosma treatment, followed by P. hermala (84.85%), M. azedarach (80.19%), A. indica (73.48%) and Z. officinale (57.58%). The extracts inhibited the growth of T. castaneum. Inthe case of A. indica, the lowest numbers of larvae (32.67), pupae (16.33) and adults (11.33) emerged at 15% concentration, while the highest emergence of larvae (80.33), pupae (75.00) and adult (71.00) were observed for Z. officinale. The other three plant extracts had moderate regrowth inhibition on the beetle. Overall, A. indica extract was found to be the most effective while, Z. officinale extract was least effective against the beetle. This study can be very helpful in future when the use of plant extracts become common and available to the farmers as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects of insecticides, i.e., Coragen 20SC (Chlorantraniliprole), Radiant 120SC (Spinetoram), Steward 150SC (Indoxicarb), Tracer 240SC (Spinosad), Belt 480SC (Flubendiamide) and Proclaim 1.9EC (Emamectin benzoate) against tomato fruit borer (H. armigera). The research trial was conducted during 2019-20 at Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan under randomized complete block design (RCBD) along with an untreated control. Outcomes of mean population dynamics depicted that highest mean population of H. armigera larvae i.e. 2.1 per tomato plant was recorded after 5th week of the study, followed by 1.90 after 6th week of the study whereas lowest larval population was recorded at start i.e. 0.94 per tomato plant. Findings of the mortality bioassays after exposure period of 2 days displayed that the highest value (57.80%) was recorded in case of Coragen followed by Steward (50.12%), Belt (46.09%), while low mortality value i.e. 39.24% was noted in case of proclaim application. Mortality was increased to 61.10, 55.41 and 52.76%, respectively after 4 days of the treatment applications. Exposure period of 6 days was the most effective as greater mortality values were recorded. Overall, results revealed that all four tested insecticides gave enhanced control as compared to the untreated check. However, Coragen 20SC and Steward 150SC were comparatively more effective and could be used in integrated pest management (IPM) of H. armigera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utmost essential and vital textile fiber throughout the world is Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) that accounts in the world's total fiber production over 40%. Despite the fact that around the world about 80 countries produce cotton in which Pakistan is one of the ancient homes of cultivated cotton. Cotton is considered as "white gold" for Pakistan. Present research was conducted at Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad during 2018-19. A comparative evaluation of effect of tractor mounted boom spraying on droplet density and bio-efficacy were observed and comparison was made between different sprayers i.e. tractor mounted boom sprayer (TMB), battery operated knapsack sprayer (BOK), hand operated knapsack sprayer (HOP), power operated knapsack sprayer against whitefly on cotton crop. It was found that on an average droplet density by TMB sprayer was significantly high (p=0.00) 296, 256 and 244 droplets cm-2 by HOK, BOK and POK at top, middle and bottom, respectively. On an average bio-efficacy of tractor mounted boom sprayer was more (88.15, 84.47 and 55%) after 3, 7 and 15 days of spray, respectively than other three sprayers viz. HOK, BOK and POK. Tractor mounted boom and bio-efficacy was found efficient as compared to the other spraying techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During storage, stored commodities are severely attacked by various insect pests. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), commonly known as Red Flour Beetleis one of them and found everywhere in the universe. Current study was planned at Entomological Research Institute, AARI, Faisalabad, Pakistan during the year 2017 to investigate the response of different insecticides i.e., spinosad and IGRs (pyriproxifen, lufenuron and buprofezin) against T. castaneum. Results revealed that highest percent reduction in fecundity of T. castaneum was observed in application of buprofezin (77.61%) followed by spinosad (72.25%), pyriproxyfen (69.83%), and lufenuron (67.49%). Highest reduction in larval emergence of T. castaneum was observed in application of spinosad (72.22%) followed by pyriproxyfen (62.47%), lufenuron (59.71%) and buprofezin (58.82%). Highest reduction in pupation of was observed in application of spinosad (63.24%) followed by lufenuron (54.22%), pyriproxyfen (50.06%) and buprofezin (40.38%). Similarly, the highest reduction in adult emergence was noted in application of spinosad (55.40%) followed by lufenuron (41.97%), pyriproxyfen (36.14%) and buprofezin (32.15%). It is concluded that these reduced risk insecticides could be a better alternative for stored grain pest's management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]