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Background: Smile esthetics can be subjective. This study aims to assess the effect of culture/geographic location on judging smile esthetics by comparing the perception of smile characteristics between American laypersons (Western culture) and Iranians (Eastern). Materials and Methods: One hundred residents from each country were recruited for this analytical cross-sectional study. A frontal picture of a posed smile with standard norms which are mentioned in the Contemporary Orthodontics textbook by William R. Proffit was selected. Adobe Photoshop 7 was used to alter midline diastema, gingival display (GD), maxillary midline-to-face discrepancy, buccal corridor (BC), and smile arc. Images were given to groups to determine the most attractive and acceptable smile. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation coefficient in SPSS-22 (α = 0.05). Results: Americans were less critical in judging diastema (P < 0.001), GD (P = 0.013), and BC (P = 0.004) for smile attractiveness than Iranians. No difference was between the two groups in choosing the acceptability threshold and determining the most attractive smile except for BC (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Overall, Americans were more tolerant of variations in smile characteristics than Iranians. Both groups agreed on most smiles. Therefore, it seems that it is reasonable to use similar standards for smile characteristics while considering the small differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various systemic diseases can cause oral manifestations, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study is designed to investigate the frequency of oral manifestations in patients with IBD referred to health centers and offices in Isfahan in 2018. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 161 patients suffering from IBD in Isfahan, Iran. They were chosen by the systematic randomized sampling. Finally, the data were analyzed using the logistic regression test in the SPSS software. Significance was assigned at P < 0.05. Results: The number of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's syndrome was, respectively, 119 persons (73.9%) and 42 persons (26.1%). Oral manifestations were seen among 52 (32.3%) of the samples. The frequency of oral manifestations was 35.6% (31 cases) in males and 28.4% (21 cases) in females. Oral manifestations were seen in 29.4% of patients with ulcerative colitis and 40.5% of patients with Crohn's disease. Based on the logistic regression, there was a statistically significant relationship between the use of azathioprine and mesalazine with oral manifestations (P < 0.05), whereas the severity of disease and smoking were not statistically significantly related to oral manifestations (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The severity of the disease was not significantly correlated with oral manifestations, which are in agreement with the results of previous studies. It was also found that among patients with IBD, the oral aphthous ulcers can appear 1–3 years before the diagnosis of the disease. Besides that, some of the drugs used to treat the disease have a significant relationship with oral manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several methods have been introduced for implantitis treatment and some additional methods including antibiotics, antiseptics, and laser were proposed to enhance the results of nonsurgical treatments. Since laser is highly capable to eliminate microorganisms and bactericidal effects and has high detoxification functionality, it is known as one of the best techniques for the treatment of implantitis. Aim: The aim of this study was to collect articles related to use of laser for the so-called treatment. Methods: To access the related available articles, an electronic search was performed on several websites, including PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, InterScience, and Scopus. Conclusion: According to the results of collected papers: CO2, diode, and erbium:yttrium, aluminum, garnet (Er:YAG) lasers could be useful for implant surface radiation. In case of applying low power Nd:YAG laser radiation, it could be used for implant surface detoxification (Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide). The key role of lasers in peri-implant treatment is bactericidal. Based on the clinical observations, Er:YAG lasers were inefficient for nonsurgical peri-implant treatment. According to the results of animal studies, use of laser was successful in surgical treatment, in terms of re-osseointegration. Use of photodynamic therapy is promising in treatment. The appropriate use of laser parameters during radiation on implant surface is important in the efficacy and safety of treatment. Clinical Significance: The impact of lasers on titanium implants is different from zirconium implants. According to the available evidence, laser is used as an alternative method to the treatment of peri-implant tissues and its poignant antibacterial effect, with no alteration in implant surface, is the most salient feature of laser (in case of appropriate use). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]