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3. The Effects of Nitrate and Phosphate Deficiencies on Certain Biochemical Metabolites in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. c.v. Urbana V.F.) Plant

Author

Khavari-Nejad, R. A., Najafi, F., and Tofighi, C.

Subjects
Nitrogen, phosphorus, Biochemical characteristics, Lycopersicon esculentum, Biochemistry, QD415-436
Abstract

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two important macronutrients with diverse functions in plants. Therefore, the effects of their deficiencies on different physiological and biochemical characteristics especially in crops have always been investigated. In this study, the effects of nitrate and phosphate deficiencies in two levels of 25% and 35% deficiencies compared to control plants were studied in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Results were analyzed statistically that showed a significant increase of root soluble and insoluble sugars and peroxidase activity and a significant decrease of root soluble proteins in both levels of nitrate and phosphate deficiencies which have less been studied. Furthermore, reverse relationships between soluble sugars and soluble proteins (r2=0.996) and between insoluble sugars and soluble proteins (r2=1) under nitrate deficiencies were developed. Also, by decreasing nitrate, β-caroten and xanthophyll contents decreased. By decreasing phosphate, concentration of β-caroten diminished but xanthophyll contents were not affected significantly. On the whole, biochemical characteristics were affected more in nitrate-deficient treatments in tomato plants than those of control plants.

Published
2013

11. Depression Relationship with Dietary Patterns and Dietary Inflammatory Index in Women: Result from Ravansar Cohort Study

Author

Moludi J, Moradinazar M, Hamzeh B, Najafi F, Soleimani D, and Pasdar Y

Subjects
depression, food group, dietary pattern, dietary inflammatory index, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Jalal Moludi,1– 3 Mehdi Moradinazar,1 Behrooz Hamzeh,1 Farid Najafi,4 Davood Soleimani,3 Yahya Pasdar1,3 1Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 2Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 3Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 4Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranCorrespondence: Yahya PasdarDepartment of Nutritional Sciences,School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranTel +98-8338362008Email Yahya.pasdar@kums.ac.irBackground and aims: Chronic inflammation is thought to have a major role in the pathophysiology of depression. Diet has been shown to modulate the inflammatory state, thus emphasizing its potential as a therapeutic role in depression. But, little is known about the relationship between dietary intake and depression. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between major dietary patterns, a dietary inflammatory index (DII) score, and depression among women.Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study included 4630 women aged 35– 65 years using baseline data from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort study in Western Iran. Diet was evaluated using a validated 125-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to determine DII scores and dietary patterns. Traditional, healthy, and unhealthy dietary patterns were extracted using factor analyses.Results: A significant upward trend in the odds of depression was observed across the tertiles s of DII scores (P-trend: 0.019). After the adjustment for possible risk factors, a high adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with a higher risk of depression than a low adherence (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.1– 2.4). A high adherence to a healthy dietary pattern was associated with the lower odds (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.04– 0.92). Among the main food groups, a high intake of eggs and refined grains was associated with a higher risk of depression.Conclusion: In women, a refined grain dietary pattern is a risk factor for depression, whereas a healthy dietary pattern is protective. We have also shown that adherence to a pro-inflammatory diet was significantly associated with depression. Adherence to a dietary pattern with high intakes of dairy products, seafood, red meats, nuts, vegetables, fruits, flavor, and vegetable oils and diets with low inflammatory properties were associated with a lower risk of depression in women.Keywords: depression, food group, dietary pattern, dietary inflammatory index

Published
2020

12. Nanofibrous Scaffolds Containing Hydroxyapatite and Microfluidic-Prepared Polyamidoamin/BMP-2 Plasmid Dendriplexes for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Author

Doosti-Telgerd M, Mahdavi FS, Moradikhah F, Porgham Daryasari M, Bayrami Atashgah R, Dolatyar B, Akbari Javar H, Seyedjafari E, Shabani I, Arefian E, Najafi F, Abdi Y, and Amini M

Subjects
microfluidic, dendriplex, nanofibrous scaffolds, bone tissue engineering., Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Mehdi Doosti-Telgerd,1 Fatemeh Sadat Mahdavi,2 Farzad Moradikhah,3 Mohammad Porgham Daryasari,1 Rahimeh Bayrami Atashgah,1 Banafsheh Dolatyar,4 Hamid Akbari Javar,5 Ehsan Seyedjafari,2 Iman Shabani,3 Ehsan Arefian,6 Farhood Najafi,7 Yaser Abdi,8 Mohsen Amini9 1Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Biotechnology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; 5Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 6Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; 7Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran; 8Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; 9Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranCorrespondence: Hamid Akbari JavarDepartment of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1417614411, Tehran, IranTel +98 2164122205Email akbarijo@tums.ac.irObjective: The aim of this study is to fabricate functional scaffolds to gene delivery bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) plasmid for bone formation in bone tissue engineering.Methods: Dendriplexes (DPs) of generation 4 polyamidoamin (G4-PAMAM)/BMP-2 plasmid were prepared through microfluidic (MF) platform. The physiochemical properties and toxicity of DPs were evaluated by DLS, AFM, FESEM and MTT assay. In order to create a suitable environment for stem cell growth and differentiation, poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly-l-lactic acid/poly (ethylene oxide) (PLLA/PEO) scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA) and DPs were fabricated by the electrospinning method. The osteogenic potency of the scaffolds on human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) was investigated.Results: The results revealed that tuning the physical properties of DPs by adjusting flow parameters in microfluidic platform can easily improve the cell viability compared to conventional bulk mixing method. Also, the result showed that the presence of HA and DPs in PLLA/PEO scaffold enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and increased the amount of deposited Ca, as well as, related to osteogenesis gen markers.Conclusion: This study indicated that on using the MF platform in preparation of DPs and loading them along with HA in PLLA/PEO scaffold, the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs could be tuned.Keywords: microfluidic, dendriplex, nanofibrous scaffolds, bone tissue engineering

Published
2020

13. Predicting Metabolic Syndrome by Visceral Adiposity Index, Body Roundness Index and a Body Shape Index in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Iranian RaNCD Cohort Data

Author

Baveicy K, Mostafaei S, Darbandi M, Hamzeh B, Najafi F, and Pasdar Y

Subjects
metabolic syndrome, a body shape index, body roundness index, visceral adiposity index, roc curve analysis, Specialties of internal medicine, RC581-951
Abstract

Kamran Baveicy,1 Shayan Mostafaei,2,3 Mitra Darbandi,4 Behrooz Hamzeh,4,5 Farid Najafi,4,6 Yahya Pasdar4,5 1Student Research Committee, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 2Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 3Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 5Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; 6Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranCorrespondence: Yahya Pasdar Tel +98 83 38262005Fax +98 83 38263048Email yahya.pasdar@kums.ac.irBackground: The use of anthropometric indices is one of the new and low-cost diagnostic methods of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The present study aimed to determine optimal cutoff points for the visceral adiposity index (VAI), body roundness index (BRI), and a body shape index (ABSI) in the prediction of MetS.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 10,000 individuals aged from 35 to 65 years, recruited in Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort study, in the west region of Iran, in 2019. MetS was defined according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess predictive anthropometric indices and determine optimal cutoff values.Results: The optimal cutoff points for VAI were 4.11 (AUC: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.81– 0.84) in men and 4.28 (AUC: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.85– 0.87) in women to prediction of MetS. The optimal cutoff points for BRI were 4.75 (AUC: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.74– 0.77) in men and 6.17 (AUC: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.61– 0.64) in women to prediction of MetS. The optimal cutoff points for ABSI were 0.12 (AUC: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.47– 0.51) in men and 0.13 (AUC: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.47– 0.51) in women to prediction of MetS. The risk of MetS in men and women with a VAI higher than the optimal cutoff point was, respectively, 9.82 and 11.44 times higher than that in those with a VAI lower than the cutoff point.Conclusion: Although VAI might not be very cost-beneficial compared to IDF, our study showed VAI is a better predictor of MetS than BRI in adults. ABSI was not a suitable predictor for MetS.Keywords: metabolic syndrome, body shape index, body roundness index, visceral adiposity index, ROC curve analysis

Published
2020

16. Improvement of infrared single-photon detectors absorptance by integrated plasmonic structures

Author

Csete, M., Sipos, A., Szalai, A., Najafi, F., and Berggren, K. K.

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

The absorptance of p-polarized light in superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) was improved by integrating (1) ~quarter-wavelength nano-optical cavity closed by a gold reflector (OC-SNSPD), (2) nano-cavity-array closed by vertical and horizontal gold segments (NCAI-SNSPD), and (3) nano-cavity-deflector-array consisting of longer vertical gold segments (NCDAI-SNSPD) into short- (p-) and long- (3p-) periodic niobium-nitride (NbN) stripe-patterns. In OC-SNSPDs the highest absorptance is observable at perpendicular incidence onto NbN stripes in P-orientation due to E-field concentration at the bottom of nano- cavities. In short-periodic NCAI-SNSPDs off-axis illumination results in almost polar-angle-independent perfect absorptance due to collective resonances on plasmonic MIM nano-cavity-arrays in S-orientation. In long-periodic NCAI-SNSPDs the surface wave-excitation phenomena promote EM-field transportation to the NbN stripes in S-orientation and results in local absorptance maxima. In NCDAI-SNSPDs with proper periodicity large absorptance maxima appear due to synchronous E-field enhancement via deflected SPPs below NbN stripes in S-orientation, which make possible fill-factor-related loss compensation., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures

Published
2012

17. Timing performance of 30-nm-wide superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetectors

Author

Najafi, F., Marsili, F., Dauler, E., Molnar, R. J., and Berggren, K. K.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We investigated the timing jitter of superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetectors (SNAPs, also referred to as cascade switching superconducting single photon detectors) based on 30-nm-wide nanowires. At bias currents (IB) near the switching current, SNAPs showed sub 35 ps FWHM Gaussian jitter similar to standard 100 nm wide superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. At lower values of IB, the instrument response function (IRF) of the detectors became wider, more asymmetric, and shifted to longer time delays. We could reproduce the experimentally observed IRF time-shift in simulations based on an electrothermal model, and explain the effect with a simple physical picture.

Published
2012
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18. Afterpulsing and Instability in Superconducting Nanowire Avalanche Photodetectors

Author

Marsili, F., Najafi, F., Dauler, E., Molnar, R. J., and Berggren, K. K.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics - Optics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

We investigated the reset time of superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetectors (SNAPs) based on 30 nm wide nanowires. We studied the dependence of the reset time of SNAPs on the device inductance and discovered that SNAPs can provide a speed-up relative to SNSPDs with the same area, but with some limitations: (1) reducing the series inductance of SNAPs (necessary for the avalanche formation) could result in the detectors operating in an unstable regime; (2) a trade-off exists between maximizing the bias current margin and minimizing the reset time of SNAPs; and (3) reducing the reset time of SNAPs below ~ 1 ns resulted in afterpulsing.

Published
2012
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19. Single-photon detectors based on ultra-narrow superconducting nanowires

Author

Marsili, F., Najafi, F., Dauler, E., Bellei, F., Hu, X., Csete, M. C., Molnar, R., and Berggren, K. K.

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) perform single-photon counting with exceptional sensitivity and time resolution at near-infrared wavelengths. State-of-the-art SNSPDs, based on 100 nm-wide, 4 to 5 nm thick NbN nanowires, are vulnerable to constrictions, which significantly limit their yield. Also, their sensitivity becomes negligible beyond 2 \mu m wavelength, which makes them unsuitable for mid-infrared applications. SNSPDs based on few-tens-of-nanometer-wide nanowires are expected to efficiently detect mid-infrared photons and to operate at low bias currents, so constrictions may have less impact on their performance. Prior to this work, SNSPDs based on nanowires narrower than 50-nm had not been demonstrated because: (1) the SNSPD signal is roughly proportional to the nanowire width, so narrow nanowires have poor signal-to-noise ratio; and (2) fabrication at these length scales is extremely challenging. In this letter we report how we addressed these issues and demonstrated single-photon detection (20% detection efficiency at 1550 nm wavelength) with 30- and 20-nm-wide-nanowire detectors., Comment: This article has been withdrawn to comply to the editorial policy on prior publication of a journal

Published
2010
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25. Global, regional, and national burden of diseases and injuries for adults 70 years and older: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study

Author

Tyrovolas, S, Stergachis, A, Krish, V, Chang, A, Skirbekk, V, Dieleman, J, Chatterji, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu Haimed, A, Adabi, M, Adebayo, O, Adedeji, I, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afarideh, M, Agarwal, G, Aghaali, M, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, M, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Alemu, B, Al-Hajj, S, Alhassan, R, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Almadi, M, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almulhim, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Aminorroaya, A, Amiri, F, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Anbesu, E, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antony, B, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arnlov, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Ausloos, F, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azari, S, Azene, Z, Babaee, E, Badiye, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Barker-Collo, S, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bell, M, Bensenor, I, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Biswas, A, Bjorge, T, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Boufous, S, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Briggs, A, Briko, N, Britton, G, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Caetano Dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Cerin, E, Cevik, M, Chandan, J, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, P, Chaturvedi, S, Chavan, P, Chen, S, Cherbuin, N, Chin, K, Cho, D, Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Chung, S, Chung, M, Ciobanu, L, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Criqui, M, Cross, M, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Das, J, Das Gupta, R, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davletov, K, Deeba, F, De Leo, D, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Dharmaratne, S, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias Da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Djalalinia, S, Dokova, K, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Ebrahimi Kalan, M, Edvardsson, D, Effiong, A, Ehrlich, J, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Eshrati, B, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Etisso, A, Faris, P, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Ferreira, M, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Franklin, R, Freitas, M, Gad, M, Gallus, S, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, A, Gebremeskel, L, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajarzadeh, M, Ghanei Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Gill, T, Gillum, R, Gine-Vazquez, I, Giussani, G, Glagn, M, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, M, Goharinezhad, S, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goulart, A, Grivna, M, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, R, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gutierrez, R, Hafiz, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hashemian, M, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hendrie, D, Herteliu, C, Ho, H, Hoang, C, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Hu, G, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, M, Iso, H, Ivers, R, Iwu, C, Jaafari, J, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, Janjani, H, Janodia, M, Javaheri, T, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Ji, J, John, O, Jonas, J, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami Matin, B, Karch, A, Kasa, A, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Khader, Y, Khalid, N, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khan, E, Khatab, K, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaie, H, Khoja, A, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kivimaki, M, Kneib, C, Kochhar, S, Koolivand, A, Kopec, J, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Lacey, B, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, La Vecchia, C, Leasher, J, Lebedev, G, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Levey, A, Levi, M, Li, S, Linn, S, Liu, X, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Madadin, M, Maddison, R, Mahasha, P, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maleki, S, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manafi, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Masoumi, S, Massano, J, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mensah, G, Mereke, A, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mitchell, P, Moazen, B, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, D, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Molassiotis, A, Momen, N, Mondello, S, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradpour, F, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mousavi, S, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Muriithi, M, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, M, Najafi, F, Nansseu, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Neupane, S, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nikbakhsh, R, Nnaji, C, Nojomi, M, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Ostojic, S, Ot oiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, Mahesh, M, Padubidri, J, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Panelo, C, Pasupula, D, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pearson-Stuttard, J, Peden, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, J, Pesudovs, K, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Pilgrim, T, Pinheiro, M, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Polibin, R, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourshams, A, Prada, S, Prakash, S, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Quazi Syed, Z, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Renzaho, A, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Ribeiro, A, Rickard, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, S, Saadatagah, S, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Sadeghi, M, Sadeghi, E, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Sagar, R, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salam, N, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Salman, O, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez Riera, L, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shakhnazarova, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsi, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Shetty, B, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, W, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shuval, K, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Singh, A, Sinha, D, Skou, S, Skryabin, V, Smith, E, Sobhiyeh, M, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Soriano, J, Soyiri, I, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Stein, D, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, M, Stranges, S, Stubbs, J, Sudaryanto, A, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sulo, G, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Taddele, B, Taherkhani, A, Tajdini, M, Tareque, M, Tefera, Y, Temsah, M, Tessema, Z, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Thrift, A, Titova, M, Tohidinik, H, Tonelli, M, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsai, A, Tsatsakis, A, Uddin, R, Ullah, S, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, Van Donkelaar, A, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wang, F, Wei, J, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Westerman, R, Wiangkham, T, Wolfe, C, Wu, A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeshitila, Y, Yimmer, M, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yusefzadeh, H, Zaidi, S, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zarafshan, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhang, J, Zhang, Y, Zhao, X, Zhu, C, Kotsakis, G, Kassebaum, N, Tyrovolas S., Stergachis A., Krish V. S., Chang A. Y., Skirbekk V., Dieleman J. L., Chatterji S., Abd-Allah F., Abdollahi M., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A. E., Abreu L. G., Abrigo M. R. M., Abu Haimed A. K., Adabi M., Adebayo O. M., Adedeji I. A., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O. O., Adham D., Advani S. M., Afarideh M., Agarwal G., Aghaali M., Aghamir S. M. K., Agrawal A., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi M., Ahmed M. B., Akinyemi R. O., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alanezi F. M., Alanzi T. M., Alcalde-Rabanal J. E., Alemu B. W., Al-Hajj S., Alhassan R. K., Ali S., Alicandro G., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Alla F., Almadi M. A. H., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almulhim A. M., Al-Raddadi R. M., Aminorroaya A., Amiri F., Amit A. M. L., Amugsi D. A., Anbesu E. W., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Andrei T., Andrei C. L., Androudi S., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antonio C. A. T., Antony B., Anvari D., Anwer R., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arnlov J., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A. A., Atout M. M. W., Ausloos M., Ausloos F., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayano G., Ayanore M. A., Aynalem Y. A., Azari S., Azene Z. N., Babaee E., Badiye A. D., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S. K., Banik P. C., Barker-Collo S. L., Basu S., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Baye B. A., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Bell M. L., Bensenor I. M., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z. A., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birihane B. M., Biswas A., Bjorge T., Bohlouli S., Bolla S. R., Boloor A., Boufous S., Braithwaite D., Brenner H., Briggs A. M., Briko N. I., Britton G. B., Burugina Nagaraja S., Busse R., Butt Z. A., Caetano Dos Santos F. L., Camera L. A., Car J., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J. J., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Castelpietra G., Castro F., Cerin E., Cevik M., Chandan J. S., Chang A. R., Charan J., Chattu V. K., Chaturvedi P., Chaturvedi S., Chavan P. P., Chen S., Cherbuin N., Chin K. L., Cho D. Y., Chowdhury M. A. K., Chu D. -T., Chung S. -C., Chung M. T., Ciobanu L. G., Costa V. M., Cousin E., Criqui M. H., Cross M., Dahlawi S. M. A., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Das J. K., Das Gupta R., Davila-Cervantes C. A., Davletov K., Deeba F., De Leo D., Denova-Gutierrez E., Dervenis N., Desai R., Dharmaratne S. D., Dhungana G. P., Dianatinasab M., Dias Da Silva D., Diaz D., Dichgans M., Djalalinia S., Dokova K., Dorostkar F., Doshmangir L., Duncan B. B., Duraes A. R., Eagan A. W., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Edvardsson D., Effiong A., Ehrlich J. R., Elgendy I. Y., El-Jaafary S. I., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Eshrati B., Eskandari K., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Etisso A. E., Faris P. S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fazlzadeh M., Feigin V. L., Fereshtehnejad S. -M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Ferreira M. L., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J. L., Foigt N. A., Folayan M. O., Fomenkov A. A., Foroutan M., Franklin R. C., Freitas M., Gad M. M., Gallus S., Gamkrelidze A., Gebre A. K., Gebremeskel L. G., Ghaffarifar F., Ghafourifard M., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghanei Gheshlagh R., Ghashghaee A., Ghith N., Gholamian A., Gill T. K., Gillum R. F., Gine-Vazquez I., Giussani G., Glagn M., Gnedovskaya E. V., Godinho M. A., Goharinezhad S., Gopalani S. V., Gorini G., Goulart A. C., Grivna M., Gugnani H. C., Guimaraes R. A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Gutierrez R. A., Hafiz A., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R. R., Hamidi S., Hankey G. J., Haririan H., Haro J. M., Hasaballah A. I., Hashemian M., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Hendrie D., Herteliu C., Ho H. C., Hoang C. L., Holla R., Hoogar P., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Humayun A., Hwang B. -F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Inbaraj L. R., Iqbal U., Irvani S. S. N., Islam M. M., Iso H., Ivers R. Q., Iwu C. J., Iwu C. C. D., Jaafari J., Jahani M. A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Janjani H., Janodia M. D., Javaheri T., Jenabi E., Jha R. P., Ji J. S., John O., Jonas J. B., Jozwiak J. J., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalani R., Kalhor R., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Kasa A. S., Kayode G. A., Kazemi Karyani A., Khader Y. S., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan E. A., Khatab K., Khatib M. N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaie H., Khoja A. T., Kim Y. -E., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kivimaki M., Kneib C. J., Kochhar S., Koolivand A., Kopec J. A., Kotlo A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Kuate Defo B., Kumar G. A., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O. P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lal D. K., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lam J. O., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lansingh V. C., Larsson A. O., Lasrado S., Lauriola P., La Vecchia C., Leasher J. L., Lebedev G., Lee P. H., Lee S. W. H., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Levey A. S., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A. D., Lopukhov P. D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P. A., Lozano R., Lugo A., Lunevicius R., Madadin M., Maddison R., Mahasha P. W., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Maleki S., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Mamun A. A., Manafi N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Martini S., Martins-Melo F. R., Masoumi S. Z., Massano J., Maulik P. K., Mazidi M., Mcgrath J. J., Mckee M., Mehndiratta M. M., Mehri F., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mensah G. A., Mereke A., Meretoja T. J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Miller T. R., Mills E. J., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mitchell P. B., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D. K., Mohammadi S., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A. H., Molassiotis A., Momen N. C., Mondello S., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mori R., Mousavi S. M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mueller U. O., Mukhopadhyay S., Muriithi M. K., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Naghshtabrizi B., Naimzada M. D., Najafi F., Nansseu J. R., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R. I., Neupane S., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nikbakhsh R., Nnaji C. A., Nojomi M., Nomura S., Norrving B., Noubiap J. J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Ogbo F. A., Oh I. -H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya J. O., Olusanya B. O., Omer M. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Ostojic S. M., Ot oiu A., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., Mahesh M. A., Padubidri J. R., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Panelo C. I. A., Pasupula D. K., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pearson-Stuttard J., Peden A. E., Pepito V. C. F., Peprah E. K., Pereira J., Pesudovs K., Pham H. Q., Phillips M. R., Pilgrim T., Pinheiro M., Piradov M. A., Pirsaheb M., Polibin R. V., Polinder S., Postma M. J., Pourjafar H., Pourshams A., Prada S. I., Prakash S., Pribadi D. R. A., Pupillo E., Quazi Syed Z., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M. H. U., Rahman M. A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C. L., Ranta A., Rao S. J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D. L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renzaho A. M. N., Reshmi B., Resnikoff S., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Riahi S. M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A. I., Rickard J., Roever L., Romoli M., Rothenbacher D., Rubagotti E., Rumisha S. F., Saadatagah S., Sabour S., Sachdev P. S., Sadeghi M., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahraian M. A., Sajadi S. M., Salam N., Salem M. R., Salimzadeh H., Salman O. M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sanchez Riera L., Santos I. S., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Saraswathy S. Y. I., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Sattin D., Schiavolin S., Schmidt M. I., Schutte A. E., Schwebel D. C., Schwendicke F., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shaheen A. A., Shaikh M. A., Shakhnazarova M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M. B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Shetty B. S. K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W. S., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shuval K., Sigfusdottir I. D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva J. P., Simonetti B., Singh J. A., Singh P., Singh A., Sinha D. N., Skou So. T., Skryabin V. Y., Smith E. U. R., Sobhiyeh M. R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Soriano J. B., Soyiri I. N., Spurlock E. E., Sreeramareddy C. T., Stein D. J., Stockfelt L., Stokes M. A., Stranges S., Stubbs J. L., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M. B., Suleria H. A. R., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sulo G., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B. W., Taherkhani A., Tajdini M., Tareque M. I., Tefera Y. G., Temsah M. -H., Tessema Z. T., Thankappan K. R., Thapar R., Thrift A. G., Titova M. V., Tohidinik H. R., Tonelli M., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Travillian R. S., Tsai A. C., Tsatsakis A., Uddin R., Ullah S., Umeokonkwo C. D., Unnikrishnan B., Vacante M., Valdez P. R., Van Donkelaar A., Varughese S., Vasankari T. J., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang F., Wang Y. -P., Wei J., Weintraub R. G., Weiss J., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wolfe C. D. A., Wu A. -M., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S. H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeshitila Y. G., Yimmer M. Z., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S. -J., Younis M. Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaidi S. S., Zaman S. B., Zamanian M., Zarafshan H., Zastrozhin M. S., Zhang Z. -J., Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zhao X. -J. G., Zhu C., Kotsakis G. A., Kassebaum N. 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Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Kivimaki, M, Kneib, C, Kochhar, S, Koolivand, A, Kopec, J, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kumar, M, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Lacey, B, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, La Vecchia, C, Leasher, J, Lebedev, G, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Levey, A, Levi, M, Li, S, Linn, S, Liu, X, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Madadin, M, Maddison, R, Mahasha, P, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maleki, S, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manafi, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Masoumi, S, Massano, J, Maulik, P, Mazidi, M, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mensah, G, Mereke, A, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, 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D., Jaafari J., Jahani M. A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Janjani H., Janodia M. D., Javaheri T., Jenabi E., Jha R. P., Ji J. S., John O., Jonas J. B., Jozwiak J. J., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalani R., Kalhor R., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami Matin B., Karch A., Kasa A. S., Kayode G. A., Kazemi Karyani A., Khader Y. S., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan E. A., Khatab K., Khatib M. N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaie H., Khoja A. T., Kim Y. -E., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kivimaki M., Kneib C. J., Kochhar S., Koolivand A., Kopec J. A., Kotlo A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Kuate Defo B., Kumar G. A., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O. P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lal D. K., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lam J. O., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lansingh V. C., Larsson A. O., Lasrado S., Lauriola P., La Vecchia C., Leasher J. L., Lebedev G., Lee P. H., Lee S. W. H., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Levey A. S., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A. D., Lopukhov P. D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P. A., Lozano R., Lugo A., Lunevicius R., Madadin M., Maddison R., Mahasha P. W., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Maleki S., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Mamun A. A., Manafi N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Martini S., Martins-Melo F. R., Masoumi S. Z., Massano J., Maulik P. K., Mazidi M., Mcgrath J. J., Mckee M., Mehndiratta M. M., Mehri F., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mensah G. A., Mereke A., Meretoja T. J., Meretoja A., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Miller T. R., Mills E. J., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mitchell P. B., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D. K., Mohammadi S., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed S., Mokdad A. H., Molassiotis A., Momen N. C., Mondello S., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mori R., Mousavi S. M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mueller U. O., Mukhopadhyay S., Muriithi M. K., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Naghshtabrizi B., Naimzada M. D., Najafi F., Nansseu J. R., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R. I., Neupane S., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nikbakhsh R., Nnaji C. A., Nojomi M., Nomura S., Norrving B., Noubiap J. J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Ogbo F. A., Oh I. -H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya J. O., Olusanya B. O., Omer M. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Ostojic S. M., Ot oiu A., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., Mahesh M. A., Padubidri J. R., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Panelo C. I. A., Pasupula D. K., Pazoki Toroudi H., Pearson-Stuttard J., Peden A. E., Pepito V. C. F., Peprah E. K., Pereira J., Pesudovs K., Pham H. Q., Phillips M. R., Pilgrim T., Pinheiro M., Piradov M. A., Pirsaheb M., Polibin R. V., Polinder S., Postma M. J., Pourjafar H., Pourshams A., Prada S. I., Prakash S., Pribadi D. R. A., Pupillo E., Quazi Syed Z., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M. H. U., Rahman M. A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C. L., Ranta A., Rao S. J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D. L., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renzaho A. M. N., Reshmi B., Resnikoff S., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Riahi S. M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A. I., Rickard J., Roever L., Romoli M., Rothenbacher D., Rubagotti E., Rumisha S. F., Saadatagah S., Sabour S., Sachdev P. S., Sadeghi M., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahraian M. A., Sajadi S. M., Salam N., Salem M. R., Salimzadeh H., Salman O. M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sanchez Riera L., Santos I. S., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Saraswathy S. Y. I., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Sattin D., Schiavolin S., Schmidt M. I., Schutte A. E., Schwebel D. C., Schwendicke F., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shaheen A. A., Shaikh M. A., Shakhnazarova M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M. B., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Shetty B. S. K., Shibuya K., Shiferaw W. S., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shuval K., Sigfusdottir I. D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva J. P., Simonetti B., Singh J. A., Singh P., Singh A., Sinha D. N., Skou So. T., Skryabin V. Y., Smith E. U. R., Sobhiyeh M. R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Soriano J. B., Soyiri I. N., Spurlock E. E., Sreeramareddy C. T., Stein D. J., Stockfelt L., Stokes M. A., Stranges S., Stubbs J. L., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M. B., Suleria H. A. R., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sulo G., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B. W., Taherkhani A., Tajdini M., Tareque M. I., Tefera Y. G., Temsah M. -H., Tessema Z. T., Thankappan K. R., Thapar R., Thrift A. G., Titova M. V., Tohidinik H. R., Tonelli M., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Travillian R. S., Tsai A. C., Tsatsakis A., Uddin R., Ullah S., Umeokonkwo C. D., Unnikrishnan B., Vacante M., Valdez P. R., Van Donkelaar A., Varughese S., Vasankari T. J., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang F., Wang Y. -P., Wei J., Weintraub R. G., Weiss J., Westerman R., Wiangkham T., Wolfe C. D. A., Wu A. -M., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S. H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeshitila Y. G., Yimmer M. Z., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S. -J., Younis M. Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaidi S. S., Zaman S. B., Zamanian M., Zarafshan H., Zastrozhin M. S., Zhang Z. -J., Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zhao X. -J. G., Zhu C., Kotsakis G. A., and Kassebaum N. J.

Abstract

Objectives To use data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) to estimate mortality and disability trends for the population aged ≥70 and evaluate patterns in causes of death, disability, and risk factors. Design Systematic analysis. Setting Participants were aged ≥70 from 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019. Main outcomes measures Years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability adjusted life years, life expectancy at age 70 (LE-70), healthy life expectancy at age 70 (HALE-70), proportion of years in ill health at age 70 (PYIH-70), risk factors, and data coverage index were estimated based on standardised GBD methods. Results Globally the population of older adults has increased since 1990 and all cause death rates have decreased for men and women. However, mortality rates due to falls increased between 1990 and 2019. The probability of death among people aged 70-90 decreased, mainly because of reductions in non-communicable diseases. Globally disability burden was largely driven by functional decline, vision and hearing loss, and symptoms of pain. LE-70 and HALE-70 showed continuous increases since 1990 globally, with certain regional disparities. Globally higher LE-70 resulted in higher HALE-70 and slightly increased PYIH-70. Sociodemographic and healthcare access and quality indices were positively correlated with HALE-70 and LE-70. For high exposure risk factors, data coverage was moderate, while limited data were available for various dietary, environmental or occupational, and metabolic risks. Conclusions Life expectancy at age 70 has continued to rise globally, mostly because of decreases in chronic diseases. Adults aged ≥70 living in high income countries and regions with better healthcare access and quality were found to experience the highest life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Disability burden, however, remained constant, suggesting the need to enhance public health and intervention

Published
2022

29. Independent k-rainbow bondage number of graphs

Author

Kosari, S., Amjadi, J., Chellali, M., Najafi, F., and Sheikholeslami, S. M.

Abstract

AbstractFor an integer k≥1,an independent k-rainbow dominating function (IkRDF for short) on a graph Gis a function gthat assigns to each vertex a set of colors chosen from the subsets of {1,2,…,k}satisfying the following conditions: (i) if g(v)=∅, then ∪u∈N(v)g(u)={1,…,k}, and (ii) the set S={v|g(v)≠∅}is an independent set. The weight of an IkRDF gis the value w(g)=∑v∈V(G)|f(v)|. The independent k-rainbow domination number irk(G)is the minimum weight of an IkRDF on G. In this paper, we initiate a study of the independent k-rainbow bondage number birk(G)of a graph Ghaving at least one component of order at least three, defined as the smallest size of set of edges F⊆E(G)for which irk(G−F)>irk(G). We begin by showing that the decision problem associated with the independent k-rainbow bondage problem is NP-hard for general graphs for k≥2. Then various upper bounds on bir2(G)are established as well as exact values on it for some special graphs. In particular, for trees Tof order at least three, it is shown that bir2(T)≤2.

Published
2024
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30. Survey of quantum mechanic calculations on combination of carbon nanotube and Methotrexate drug

Author

Najafi, F. and Zare, K.

Abstract

The combination of a carbon nanotube and Methotrexate (an ordinary form of anticancer drug) was investigated based on the Hartree–Fock theory calculations in the gas phase, water and ethanol environment. Thermodynamic functions including Gibbs free energy, entropy, enthalpy changes were computed at different temperatures. We found a relation between dipole moment of the solute and dielectric constant of the solvent. The Gibbs free energy of solvation is reduced by increasing the dielectric constant of solvents.

Published
2024
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31. Influence of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Bulk (α-Fe2O3) on Metabolic and Physiological Characteristics of Oenothera biennis L. Plant.

Author

Asadi-Kavan, Z., Khavari-Nejad, R. A., Iranbakhsh, A., and Najafi, F.

Subjects
IRON oxide nanoparticles, IRON oxides, CITRATES, FERRIC oxide, IRON in the body, IRON, OXIDANT status
Abstract

The effects of repeated foliar spray of nano and bulk iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) were physiologically investigated at four levels (0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 g L–1) with and without citrate interaction on iron deficiency and excess stress during plant growth in pot conditions. There were no significant differences between nano and Balk treatments in terms of growth changes, iron absorption, and the possibility of transferring to the roots. But there were significant differences in terms of the antioxidant capacity variations, citrate detoxification effects, and the amounts of toxicity at high levels. Iron oxide increased total iron, active iron, chlorophyll, biomass, and antioxidants; at high levels, growth was reduced especially in nano. At all levels citrate made differences, so that at level 0.1 g L–1 like a nutritional operator increased biomass, chlorophyll and antioxidants. At 0.25 g L–1, there was antioxidant activity burst and chlorophylls increased; however, it reduced growth to similar conditions without citrate. At 0.5 g L–1, it decreased toxicity and iron availability but increased growth and antioxidants; these effects were more significant in nano. It seems that in nano treatments; enzymatic antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, and in the bulk; proline, carotenoids, and peroxidase enzymes were effective in the maximum decrease in oxidants. Confirming the importance of inducing an efficient antioxidant system in response to environmental stresses, here growth improvement of plants grown in iron-poor soils with iron oxide, and the healing effects of interacting with citrate in toxic conditions, at least in some cases, were related to the increase in antioxidant capacity and its vital role in the redox balance and stability of iron homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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37. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Abbafati, C., Machado, D.B., Cislaghi, B., Salman, O.M., Karanikolos, M., McKee, M., Abbas, K.M., Brady, O.J., Larson, H.J., Trias-Llimós, S., Cummins, S., Langan, S.M., Sartorius, B., Hafiz, A., Jenabi, E., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Borzouei, S., Azarian, G., Khazaei, S., Abbasi, M., Asghari, B., Masoumi, S., Komaki, H., Taherkhani, A., Adabi, M., Abbasifard, M., Bazmandegan, G., Kamiab, Z., Vakilian, A., Anjomshoa, M., Mokari, A., Sabour, S., Shahbaz, M., Saeedi, R., Ahmadieh, H., Yousefinezhadi, T., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Nikbakhsh, R., Safi, S., Asgari, S., Irvani, S.N., Jahanmehr, N., Ramezanzadeh, K., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Khayamzadeh, M., Abbastabar, H., Shirkoohi, R., Fazlzadeh, M., Janjani, H., Hosseini, M., Mansournia, M., Tohidinik, H., Bakhtiari, A., Fazaeli, A., Mousavi, S., Hasanzadeh, A., Nabavizadeh, B., Malekzadeh, R., Hashemian, M., Pourshams, A., Salimzadeh, H., Sepanlou, S.G., Afarideh, M., Esteghamati, A., Esteghamati, S., Ghajar, A., Heidari, B., Rezaei, N., Mohamadi, E., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Rahim, F., Eskandarieh, S., Sahraian, M., Mohebi, F., Aminorroaya, A., Ebrahimi, H., Farzadfar, F., Mohajer, B., Pishgar, F., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Shabani, M., Zarafshan, H., Abolhassani, H., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Abdollahi, M., Farahmand, M., Salamati, P., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Tajdini, M., Aghamir, S., Mirzaei, R., Dibaji Forooshani, Z., Khater, M.M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abualhasan, A., El-Jaafary, S.I., Hassan, A., Elsharkawy, A., Khater, A.M., Elhabashy, H.R., Salem, M.R.R., Salem, H., Sadeghi, M., Jafarinia, M., Amini-Rarani, M., Mohammadifard, N., Sarrafzadegan, N., Abdollahpour, I., Sarveazad, A., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Yoosefi Lebni, J., Manafi, N., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Dorostkar, F., Alipour, V., Sheikhtaheri, A., Arabloo, J., Azari, S., Ghashghaee, A., Rezapour, A., Naserbakht, M., Kabir, A., Mehri, F., Yousefifard, M., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Babaee, E., Eshrati, B., Goharinezhad, S., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Abedi, P., Rashedi, V., Kumar, V., Elgendy, I.Y., Basu, S., Park, J., Pereira, A., Norheim, O.F., Eagan, A.W., Cahill, L.E., Sheikh, A., Abushouk, A.I., Kraemer, M.U.G., Thakur, B., Bärnighausen, T.W., Shrime, M.G., Abedi, A., Doshi, C.P., Abegaz, K.H., Geberemariyam, B.S., Aynalem, Y.A., Shiferaw, W.S., Abosetugn, A.E., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E.M., Gitimoghaddam, M., Kissoon, N., Stubbs, J.L., Brauer, M., Iyamu, I.O., Kopec, J.A., Pourmalek, F., Ribeiro, A.P., Malta, D.C., Gomez, R.S., Abreu, L.G., Abrigo, M.R.M., Almulhim, A.M., Dahlawi, S.M.A., Pottoo, F.H., Menezes, R.G., Alanzi, T.M., Alumran, A.K., Abu Haimed, A.K., Madadin, M., Alanezi, F.M., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Saddik, B., Abu-Raddad, L.J., Samy, A.M., El Nahas, N., Shalash, A.S., Nabhan, A.F., Kamath, A.M., Kassebaum, N.J., Aravkin, A.Y., Kochhar, S., Sorensen, R.J.D., Afshin, A., Burkart, K., Cromwell, E.A., Dandona, L., Dharmaratne, S.D., Gakidou, E., Hay, S.I., Kyu, H.H., Lopez, A.D., Lozano, R., Misganaw, A.T., Mokdad, A.H., Naghavi, M., Pigott, D.M., Reiner Jr, R.C., Roth, G.A., Stanaway, J.D., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Wang, H., Lim, S.S., Murray, C.J.L., Kalani, R., Ikuta, K.S., Cho, D.Y., Kneib, C.J., Crowe, C.S., Massenburg, B.B., Morrison, S.D., Acebedo, A., Adelson, J.D., Agesa, K.M., Alam, T., Albertson, S.B., Anderson, J.A., Antony, C.M., Ashbaugh, C., Assmus, M., Azhar, G., Balassyano, S., Bannick, M.S., Barthelemy, C.M., Bender, R.G., Bennitt, F.B., Bertolacci, G.J., Biehl, M.H., Bisignano, C., Boon-Dooley, A.S., Briant, P.S., Bryazka, D., Bumgarner, B.R., Callender, C.S., Cao, J., Castle, C.D., Castro, E., Causey, K., Cercy, K.M., Chalek, J., Charlson, F.J., Cohen, A.J., Comfort, H., Compton, K., Croneberger, A.J., Cruz, J.A., Cunningham, M., Dandona, R., Dangel, W.J., Dean, F.E., DeCleene, N.K., Deen, A., Degenhardt, L., Dingels, Z.V., Dippenaar, I.N., Dirac, M.A., Dolgert, A.J., Emmons-Bell, S., Estep, K., Farag, T., Feigin, V.L., Feldman, R., Ferrara, G., Ferrari, A.J., Fitzgerald, R., Force, L.M., Fox, J.T., Frank, T.D., Fu, W., Fukutaki, K., Fuller, J.E., Fullman, N., Galles, N.C., Gardner, W.M., Gershberg Hayoon, A., Goren, E., Gorman, T.M., Gottlich, H.C., Guo, G., Haddock, B., Hagins, H., Haile, L.M., Hamilton, E.B., Han, C., Han, H., Harvey, J.D., Henny, K., Henrikson, H.J., Henry, N.J., Herbert, M.E., Hsiao, T., Huynh, C.K., Iannucci, V.C., Ippolito, H., Irvine, C.M.S., Jafari, H., Jahagirdar, D., James, S.L., Johnson, C.O., Johnson, S.C., Keller, C., Kemmer, L., Kendrick, P.J., Knight, M., Kocarnik, J.M., Krohn, K.J., Larson, S.L., Lau, K.M., Ledesma, J.R., Leever, A.T., LeGrand, K.E., Lescinsky, H., Lin, C., Liu, H., Liu, Z., Lo, J., Lu, A., Ma, J., Maddison, E.R., Manguerra, H., Marks, A., Martopullo, I., Mastrogiacomo, C.I., May, E.A., Mooney, M.D., Mosser, J.F., Mullany, E.C., Mumford, J., Munro, S.B., Nandakumar, V., Nguyen, J., Nguyen, M., Nichols, E., Nixon, M.R., Odell, C.M., Ong, K.L., Orji, A.U., Ostroff, S.M., Pasovic, M., Paulson, K.R., Pease, S.A., Pennini, A., Pierce, M., Pilz, T.M., Pletcher, M., Rao, P.C., Razo, C., Redford, S.B., Reinig, N., Reitsma, M.B., Rhinehart, P., Robalik, T., Roberts, S., Roberts, N.L.S., Rolfe, S., Sbarra, A.N., Schaeffer, L.E., Shackelford, K.A., Shadid, J., Sharara, F., Shaw, D.H., Sheena, B.S., Simpson, K.E., Smith, A., Spencer, C.N., Spurlock, E.E., Stark, B.A., Steiner, C., Steuben, K.M., Sylte, D.O., Tang, M., Taylor, H.J., Terrason, S., Thomson, A.M., Torre, A.E., Travillian, R., Troeger, C.E., Vongpradith, A., Walters, M.K., Wang, J., Watson, A., Watson, S., Whisnant, J.L., Whiteford, H.A., Wiens, K.E., Wilner, L.B., Wilson, S., Wool, E.E., Wozniak, S.S., Wu, J., Wulf Hanson, S., Wunrow, H., Xu, R., Yadgir, S., Yearwood, J.A., York, H.W., Yuan, C., Zhao, J.T., Zheng, P., Zimsen, S.R.M., Zlavog, B.S., Chang, A.Y., Oren, E., Buchbinder, R., Chin, K.L., Guo, Y., Polkinghorne, K.R., Thrift, A.G., Lee, S.W.H., Ackerman, I.N., Cicuttini, F.M., Li, S., Zaman, S., Suleria, H., Zhang, J., Cowie, B.C., Wijeratne, T., Patton, G.C., Sawyer, S.M., Adair, T., Meretoja, A., Adetokunboh, O.O., Adamu, A.A., Iwu, C.J., Parry, C.D.H., Seedat, S., Ndwandwe, D.E., Mahasha, P.W., Stein, D.J., Nnaji, C.A., Sambala, E.Z., Wiysonge, C.S., Adebayo, O.M., Ilesanmi, O.S., Owolabi, M.O., Adeoye, A.M., Adedeji, I.A., Adekanmbi, V., Ibitoye, S.E., John-Akinola, Y.O., Oluwasanu, M.M., Oghenetega, O.B., Akinyemi, R.O., Zandian, H., Adham, D., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Advani, S.M., Teagle, W.L., Braithwaite, D., Agasthi, P., Saadatagah, S., Afshari, M., Agardh, E.E., Allebeck, P., Danielsson, A., Deuba, K., Carrero, J.J., Mohammad, D.K., Fereshtehnejad, S., Ärnlöv, J., Nowak, C., Cederroth, C.R., Ahmadi, A., Pathak, A., Mills, E.J., Kurmi, O.P., Olagunju, A.T., Agarwal, G., Sathish, T., Aghaali, M., Mohammadbeigi, A., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Maleki, S., Naderi, M., Salahshoor, M.R., Pourmirza Kalhori, R., Almasi, A., Salimi, Y., Siabani, S., Ziapour, A., Barzegar, A., Khazaie, H., Kianipour, N., Amiri, F., Salehi Zahabi, S., Mirzaei, M., Shamsi, M., Najafi, F., Jalali, A., Ghadiri, K., Heydarpour, F., Fattahi, N., Karami Matin, B., Kazemi Karyani, A., Pirsaheb, M., Rajati, F., Sadeghi, E., Safari, Y., Sharafi, K., Soltani, S., Vasseghian, Y., Atafar, Z., Jalilian, F., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Saeidi, S., Soofi, M., Zangeneh, A., Mansouri, B., Ahmadi, M., Khafaie, M.A., Safiri, S., Moghadaszadeh, M., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Doshmangir, L., Jadidi-Niaragh, F., Ghafourifard, M., Spotin, A., Khodayari, M., Samadi Kafil, H., Kalankesh, L.R., Ahmadpour, E., Yousefi, B., Ansari, F., Hassankhani, H., Karimi, S., Haririan, H., Mereta, S., Ahmed, M.B., Feyissa, G.T., Ciobanu, L.G., Aji, B., Aynalem, G.L., Gebresillassie, B., Tefera, Y.G., Akalu, T.Y., Baraki, A.G., Tesema, G.A., Tessema, Z.T., Tamiru, A.T., Azene, Z.N., Netsere, H.B., Yano, Y., Akinyemiju, T., Wu, C., Zadey, S., Samad, Z., Ji, J.S., Doshi, P.P., John, O., Jha, V., Maulik, P.K., Pesudovs, K., Resnikoff, S., Mitchell, P.B., Sachdev, P.S., Akombi, B., Godinho, M.A., Ivers, R.Q., Peden, A.E., Biswas, R., Boufous, S., Akunna, C.J., Alahdab, F., Hammer, M.S., van Donkelaar, A., Al-Aly, Z., Dellavalle, R.P., Alam, S., Martin, R.V., Alam, N., De Leo, D., Tadakamadla, S.K., Alam, K., Alcalde-Rabanal, J.E., Avila-Burgos, L., Serván-Mori, E., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., Rodríguez-Ramírez, S., Morales, L., Poznańska, A., Wojtyniak, B., Rivera, J.A., Campos-Nonato, I.R., Campuzano Rincon, J., Sánchez-Pimienta, T.G., Mengesha, M.B., Welay, F.T., Alema, N.M., Demsie, D.G., Teame, H., Teklehaimanot, B.F., Alemu, B.W., Gultie, T., Bante, A.B., Yeshitila, Y.G., Geramo, Y.C.D., Glagn, M., Sorrie, M.B., W/hawariat, F.G., Amare, A., Kasa, A., Alemu, Y., Mihretie, K.M., Atnafu, D.D., Demeke, F.M., Melese, A., Bante, S.A., Dessie, G.A., Mengesha, E.W., Nigatu, D., Almadi, M.A.H., Alhabib, K.F., Mohammad, Y., Altirkawi, K.A., Temsah, M., Kugbey, N., Ayanore, M.A., Alhassan, R.K., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alicandro, G., Kalhor, R., Alijanzadeh, M., Alinia, C., Yusefzadeh, H., Didarloo, A., Alizade, H., Nikpoor, A., Aljunid, S.M., Alla, F., Leal, L.F., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Moradzadeh, R., Zamanian, M., Nazari, J., Amini, S., Ghamari, F., Almasri, N.A., Khan, M., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Bedi, N., Alonso, J., Ciber, E.S.P., Al-Raddadi, R.M., Zakzuk, J., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J., Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A., Malagón-Rojas, J.N., Gezae, K., Gesesew, H.A., Muthupandian, S., Gebremeskel, G.G., Berhe, K., Amare, B., Ayza, M.A., Gebremeskel, L.G., Gebreslassie, A.A.A., Bitew, H., Zewdie, K.A., Tela, F.G.G., Gill, T.K., Noubiap, J., Lassi, Z.S., Bhandari, D., Amit, A.L., Antonio, C.T., Faraon, E.A., Lopez, J.F., Atre, S.R., Ballew, S.H., Matsushita, K., Khoja, A.T., Daneshpajouhnejad, P., Ghadimi, M., Shafaat, O., Fanzo, J., Amugsi, D.A., Amul, G.H., Koh, D.S.Q., Venketasubramanian, N., Anbesu, E.W., Mohammed, J.A., Wondmeneh, T.G., Andrei, C., Negoi, R.I., Davitoiu, D.V., Manda, A., Negoi, I., Preotescu, L., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Ancuceanu, R., Hasan, M., Leung, J., Anderlini, D., Mamun, A.A., Maravilla, J.C., McGrath, J.J., Lalloo, R., Uddin, R., Erskine, H.E., Knibbs, L.D., Mantilla Herrera, A.M., Santomauro, D.F., Mirica, A., Ausloos, M., Herteliu, C., Oţoiu, A., Pana, A., Andrei, T., Ştefan, S., Androudi, S., Angus, C., Ansari, I., Pourjafar, H., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Khammarnia, M., Antonazzo, I., Ferrara, P., Conti, S., Cortesi, P.A., Fornari, C., Lee, P.H., Antriyandarti, E., Yousefi, Z., Rafiei, A., Javidnia, J., Faridnia, R., Anvari, D., Goudarzian, A., Moosazadeh, M., Rezai, M., Daryani, A., Fareed, M., Anwer, R., Appiah, S., Paudel, D., Dichgans, M., Riahi, S., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Arab-Zozani, M., Arba, A.A.K., Aremu, O., Ariani, F., Aripov, T., Armoon, B., Mahdavi, M.M., Arowosegbe, O.O., Tediosi, F., Aryal, K.K., Mosapour, A., Yaminfirooz, M., Arzani, A., Bijani, A., Jahani, M.A., Mouodi, S., Zamani, M., Asaad, M., Dianatinasab, M., Bahrami, M., Pakshir, K., Asadi-Pooya, A.A., Bayati, M., Shahabi, S., Athari, S., Atout, M.M.W., Atteraya, M.S., Brugha, T., Ausloos, F., Avokpaho, E.F.G., Room, R., Islam, M., Edvardsson, D., Rahman, M., Ayala Quintanilla, B., Gething, P.W., Briggs, A.M., Ayano, G., Hendrie, D., Miller, T.R., Azzopardi, P.S., Hoogar, P., B, D.B., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, N., Mithra, P., Shetty, R.S., Thapar, R., Padubidri, J., Bakkannavar, S.M., Nayak, V.C., Rastogi, P., Shetty, B.K., Bhageerathy, R., Gudi, N., Boloor, A., Holla, R., Rathi, P., Unnikrishnan, B., Janodia, M.D., Lang, J.J., Badawi, A., Orpana, H.M., Bhutta, Z.A., Shield, K.D., Chattu, V., Badiye, A.D., Kapoor, N., Bagherzadeh, M., Rabiee, N., Bagli, E., Baig, A.A., Bairwa, M., Lodha, R., Sagar, R., Rath, G.K., Bhardwaj, P., Charan, J., Kanchan, T., Joshi, A., Pakhare, A.P., Bakhshaei, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Balachandran, A., Hoek, H.W., Postma, M.J., Geremew, A., Gebrehiwot, A.M., Balakrishnan, S., Desalew, A., Bojia, H.A., Mohammed, A.S., Regassa, L.D., Parmar, P.G.K., Balalla, S., Baldasseroni, A., Stokes, M.A., Ball, K., Islam, S., Maddison, R., Balzi, D., Levi, M., Banach, M., Banerjee, S.K., Banik, P.C., Barua, L., Faruque, M., Barboza, M.A., Barker-Collo, S.L., Jonas, J.B., Panda-Jonas, S., De Neve, J., Kohler, S., Moazen, B., Mohammed, S., Barrero, L.H., Basaleem, H., Bassat, Q., Haro, J.M., Koyanagi, A., Car, J., Greaves, F., Majeed, A., Davis, A.C., Steiner, T.J., Kusuma, D., Palladino, R., Rawaf, S., Saxena, S., Rawaf, D.L., Baune, B.T., Karch, A., Baye, B.A., Darega Gela, J., Kolola, T., Becker, J.S., DeLang, M., West, J., Gad, M.M., Serre, M.L., Gallus, S., Lugo, A., Beghi, E., Pupillo, E., Bosetti, C., Giussani, G., Bikbov, B., Perico, N., Remuzzi, G., Imani-Nasab, M., Nouraei Motlagh, S., Sharafi, Z., Behzadifar, M., Béjot, Y., Bekuma, T.T., Yilma, M.T., Bell, M.L., Bello, A.K., Rafiee, A., Keddie, S.H., Lucas, T.C.D., Dolecek, C., Dunachie, S.J., Rumisha, S.F., Weiss, D.J., Lewington, S., Collins, E.L., Nandi, A.K., Zhao, Y., Bennett, D.A., Karim, M.A., Lacey, B., Khundkar, R., Yaya, S., Goulart, A.C., Santos, I.S., Bensenor, I.M., Lotufo, P.A., Tovani-Palone, M.R., Castaldelli-Maia, J., Wang, Y., Furtado, J.M., Benziger, C.P., Berman, A.E., Mazidi, M., Bernabe, E., Dargan, P.I., Molokhia, M., Shibuya, K., Douiri, A., Wolfe, C.D.A., Hay, R.J., Flohr, C., Suchdev, P.S., Ram, P., Bernstein, R.S., Liu, Y., Bhagavathula, A.S., Khan, G., Grivna, M., Bhala, N., Chandan, J.S., Gaidhane, A.M., Quazi Syed, Z., Saxena, D., Khatib, M., Bhat, A.G., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhattarai, S., Das, J.K., Bibi, S., Bilano, V., Bin Sayeed, M., Cherbuin, N., D'Amico, E., Grosso, G., Borzì, A.M., Biondi, A., Vacante, M., Valli, A., Birihane, B.M., Bisanzio, D., Hassan, S., Bjørge, T., Øverland, S., Bockarie, M.J., Mensah, G.A., Sliwa, K., Gholamian, A., Bohlouli, S., Esmaeilnejad, S., Bohluli, M., Bolla, S.R., Borges, G., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brayne, C., Breitborde, N.J.K., Fisher, J.L., Breitner, S., Brenner, H., Breusov, A.V., Rakovac, I., Briko, N.I., Lopukhov, P.D., Glushkova, E.V., Korshunov, V.A., Polibin, R.V., Jakovljevic, M., Briko, A.N., Britton, G.B., Castro, F., Moreno Velásquez, I., Burnett, R.T., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Busse, R., Butt, Z.A., Caetano dos Santos, F., Cai, T., Hall, B.J., Cahuana Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, L.A., Valdez, P.R., Tudor Car, L., Cárdenas, R., Gorini, G., Carreras, G., Fernandes, E., Freitas, M., Pereira, D.M., Santos, J.V., Ribeiro, D., Pinheiro, M., Massano, J., das Neves, J., Dias da Silva, D., Carvalho, F., Costa, V.M., Silva, J.P., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Castelpietra, G., Catalá-López, F., Pakhale, S., Cerin, E., Yip, P., Ho, H., Chang, J., Chang, A.R., Chang, K., Cooper, O.R., Chaturvedi, S., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chirinos-Caceres, J.L., Choi, J.J., Christensen, H., Truelsen, T.C., Chu, D., Kivimäki, M., Chung, S., Kumar, M., Ward, J.L., Chung, M.T., Cirillo, M., Virclo, R., Classen, T.K.D., Lauriola, P., Corso, B., Hugo, F.N., Kieling, C., Cousin, E., Duncan, B.B., Goulart, B.N.G., Schmidt, 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Akinkunmi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Advani, Shailesh M, Afshin, Ashkan, Aghaali, Mohammad, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Ali, Muhammad, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyru, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Allebeck, Peter, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alumran, Arwa Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Angus, Colin, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari, Iman, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Anvari, Davood, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Aremu, 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Mekonnen, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gething, Peter W, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goulart, Alessandra C, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Subodh Sharan, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Halvaei, Iman, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamagharib Abdullah, Kanaan, Han, Chieh, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohanne, Hankey, Graeme J, Haririan, Hamidreza, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hay, Simon I, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Henny, Kiana, Henry, Nathaniel J, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hole, Michael K, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosgood, H Dean, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hoy, Damian G, Hu, Guoqing, Huda, Tanvir M, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Islam, Mdmohaimenul, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahagirdar, Deepa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jalali, Amir, Jalilian, Farzad, James, Spencer L, Janjani, Hosna, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Jonas, Jost B, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kalani, Hamed, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karch, André, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Karimi, Seyed Asaad, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kawakami, Norito, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Keller, Cathleen, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalid, Nauman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Maseer, Khang, Young-Ho, Khater, Amir M, Khater, Mona M, Khazaei, Salman, Khazaie, Habibolah, Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael A, Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kris J, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kusuma, Dian, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lansky, Sonia, Larson, Samantha Leigh, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leever, Andrew T, Legrand, Kate E, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Linn, Shai, Lodha, Rakesh, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lu, Alton, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Madadin, Mohammed, Maddison, Emilie R, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manafi, Navid, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I, Mathur, Manu Raj, May, Erin A, Mcalinden, Colm, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Fereshteh, Mehta, Kala M, Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda, Memiah, Peter T N, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Milne, George J, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad, Dara K, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Hussen, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mohseni Bandpei, Mohammad A, Mokari, Amin, Mokdad, Ali H, Momen, Natalie C, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Joo, Mohammad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Moreno Velásquez, Ilai, Morgado-da-Costa, Joana, Morrison, Shane Dougla, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nabavizadeh, Behnam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Nikpoor, Amin Reza, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nomura, Shuhei, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nouraei Motlagh, Soraya, Nowak, Christoph, Oţoiu, Adrian, Odell, Christopher M, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Ong, Kanyin L, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Ortiz, Alberto, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Jame, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Jenil R, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Patton, George C, Paulson, Katherine R, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pease, Spencer A, Peden, Amy E, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, Alexandre, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pigott, David M, Pilgrim, Thoma, Pilz, Tessa M, Piradov, Michael A, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourshams, Akram, Poznańska, Anna, Prada, Sergio I, Prakash, Sanjay, Preotescu, Liliana, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Ram, Pradhum, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasella, Davide, Rashedi, Vahid, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawal, Lal, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Nima, Rezai, Mohammad sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Rickard, Jennifer, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostamian, Morteza, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Safari, Yahya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salama, Joseph S, Salamati, Payman, Salem, Marwa R Rashad, Salimi, Yahya, Salomon, Joshua A, Salz, Inbal, Samad, Zainab, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Saylan, Mete, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Sekerija, Mario, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Shabani, Mahsima, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahbaz, Mohammad, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, Mohammadbagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomar, Sharafi, Zeinab, Sharara, Fablina, Sharma, Rajesh, Shaw, David H, Sheikh, Aziz, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shrime, Mark G, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Simonetti, Biagio, Simpson, Kyle E, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Soheili, Amin, Sokhan, Anton, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A, Stubbs, Jacob L, Sudaryanto, Agu, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taherkhani, Amir, Tang, Muming, Taveira, Nuno, Taylor, Heather Jean, Teagle, Whitney L, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Nihal, Thrift, Amanda G, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Trias-Llimós, Sergi, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Vacante, Marco, Vakilian, Alireza, Valdez, Pascual R, Valli, Alessandro, Vardavas, Constantine, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Vasseghian, Yasser, Veisani, Yousef, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidale, Simone, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vujcic, Isidora S, Vukovic, Ana, Vukovic, Rade, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Walters, Magdalene K, Wang, Hongbo, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watson, Stefanie, Wei, Jingkai, Weiss, Jordan, Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wiens, Kirsten E, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wondmieneh, Adam Belay, Wool, Eve E, Wu, Ai-Min, Wu, Junjie, Xu, Gelin, Yamada, Tomohide, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yearwood, Jamal A, Yeheyis, Tomas Y, Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yoosefi Lebni, Javad, York, Hunter W, Younis, Mustafa Z, Younker, Theodore Patrick, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zakzuk, Josefina, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zheng, Peng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ziapour, Arash, Murray, Christopher J L, Collaborators, GBD 2019 Demographics, GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborator, Violante FS, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Department of Earth Systems Analysis, Biomechanical Engineering, TechMed Centre, Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Research Methodology, Measurement and Data Analysis, Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+ Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Sensorsystems, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Nonlinear Solid Mechanics, Digital Society Institute, Pervasive Systems, Nanobiophysics, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Multi Scale Mechanics, Engineering Fluid Dynamics, Physics of Complex Fluids, Developmental BioEngineering, Physics of Fluids, Elastomer Technology and Engineering, Medical Cell Biophysics, European Membrane Institute, Department of Earth Observation Science, Biomaterials Science and Technology, Sustainable Process Technology, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management, Department of Natural Resources, XUV Optics, Databases (Former), Department of Water Resources, Psychology, Health & Technology, Membrane Science & Technology, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, HUS Neurocenter, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Male, very elderly, Demographic transition, HALE, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, preschool child, Global Burden of Disease, Carga Global de Enfermedades, 0302 clinical medicine, newborn, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, and Risk Factors Study, 80 and over, 030212 general & internal medicine, Birth Rate, Child, Migration, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Injuries, Geography, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Censuses, General Medicine, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, Middle Aged, Demographic analysis, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, demographic analysis, Estilo de Vida Saludable, risk factor, Child, Preschool, Demography/statistics & numerical data, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, Fertility, Mortality, Migration, Population, epidemiology, Female, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, CHILD-MORTALITY, Live Birth, Global Health Metrics, TRANSITION, demographics, GBD, fertility, mortality, hale, Adult, Adolescent, Total fertility rate, Population, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, Birth rate, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Demografía, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, human, Mortality, education, Preschool, Aged, Demography, Spatial Analysis, questionnaire, Infant, Newborn, Klinisk medicin, HIV, Infant, Global Burden of Diseases, sex-specific fertility, Live Birth/epidemiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], MODEL, Fertilidad, Fertility, Demographic change, Life expectancy, NA, global disease burden, Clinical Medicine, population research
Abstract

Background Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10-14 and 50-54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings The global TFR decreased from 2.72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2.66-2.79) in 2000 to 2.31 (2.17-2.46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134.5 million (131.5-137.8) in 2000 to a peak of 139.6 million (133.0-146.9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135.3 million (127.2-144.1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2.1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27.1% (95% UI 26.4-27.8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67.2 years (95% UI 66.8-67.6) in 2000 to 73.5 years (72.8-74.3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50.7 million (49.5-51.9) in 2000 to 56.5 million (53.7-59.2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9.6 million (9.1-10.3) in 2000 to 5.0 million (4.3-6.0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25.7%, from 6.2 billion (6.0-6.3) in 2000 to 7.7 billion (7.5-8.0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58.6 years (56.1-60.8) in 2000 to 63.5 years (60.8-66.1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019. Interpretation Over the past 20 years, fertility rates have been dropping steadily and life expectancy has been increasing, with few exceptions. Much of this change follows historical patterns linking social and economic determinants, such as those captured by the GBD Socio-demographic Index, with demographic outcomes. More recently, several countries have experienced a combination of low fertility and stagnating improvement in mortality rates, pushing more populations into the late stages of the demographic transition. Tracking demographic change and the emergence of new patterns will be essential for global health monitoring. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2020

41. A novel diblock copolymer of (monomethoxy poly [ethylene glycol]-oleate) with a small hydrophobic fraction to make stable micelles/polymersomes for curcumin delivery to cancer cells

Author

Erfani-Moghadam V, Nomani A, Zamani M, Yazdani Y, Najafi F, and Sadeghizadeh M

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Vahid Erfani-Moghadam,1,6 Alireza Nomani,2 Mina Zamani,3 Yaghoub Yazdani,4 Farhood Najafi,5 Majid Sadeghizadeh1,3 1Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; 3Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 4Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran; 5Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran; 6Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran Abstract: Curcumin is a potent natural anticancer agent, but its effectiveness is limited by properties such as very low solubility, high rate of degradation, and low rate of absorption of its hydrophobic molecules in vivo. To date, various nanocarriers have been used to improve the bioavailability of this hydrophobic biomaterial. This study investigates the encapsulation of curcumin in a novel nanostructure of monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-oleate (mPEG-OA) and its anticancer effect. Tests were done to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC), encapsulation efficiency, drug-loading efficiency, and cytotoxicity (against U87MG brain carcinoma cells and HFSF-PI3 cells as normal human fibroblasts) of some nanodevice preparations. The results of fluorescence microscopy and cell-cycle analyses indicated that the in vitro bioavailability of the encapsulated curcumin was significantly greater than that of free curcumin. Cytotoxicity evaluations showed that half maximal inhibitory concentrations of free curcumin and curcumin-loaded mPEG-OA for the U87MG cancer cell line were 48 µM and 24 µM, respectively. The Annexin-V-FLUOS assay was used to quantify the apoptotic effect of the prepared nanostructures. Apoptosis induction was observed in a dose-dependent manner after curcumin-loaded mPEG-OA treatments. Two common self-assembling structures, micelles and polymersomes, were observed by atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering, and the abundance of each structure was dependent on the concentration of the diblock copolymer. The mPEG-OA micelles had a very low CMC (13.24 µM or 0.03 g/L). Moreover, atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering showed that the curcumin-loaded mPEG-OA polymersomes had very stable structures, and at concentrations 1,000 times less than the CMC, at which the micelles disappear, polymersomes were the dominant structures in the dispersion with a reduced size distribution below 150 nm. Overall, the results from these tests revealed that this nanocarrier can be considered as an appropriate drug delivery system for delivering curcumin to cancer cells. Keywords: anticancer agent, nanocarrier, encapsulation, bioavailability, apoptosis, critical micelle concentration

Published
2014

42. Dendrosomal curcumin nanoformulation downregulates pluripotency genes via miR-145 activation in U87MG glioblastoma cells

Author

Tahmasebi Mirgani M, Isacchi B, Sadeghizadeh M, Marra F, Bilia AR, Mowla SJ, Najafi F, and Babaei E

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Maryam Tahmasebi Mirgani,1 Benedetta Isacchi,2 Majid Sadeghizadeh,1,* Fabio Marra,3 Anna Rita Bilia,2,* Seyed Javad Mowla,1 Farhood Najafi,4 Esmael Babaei51Department of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; 3Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy; 4Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran; 5Department of Biology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran*These authors contributed equally to this workAbstract: Glioblastoma is an invasive tumor of the central nervous system. Tumor recurrence resulting from ineffective current treatments, mainly due to the blood–brain barrier, highlights the need for innovative therapeutic alternatives. The recent availability of nanotechnology represents a novel targeted strategy in cancer therapy. Natural products have received considerable attention for cancer therapy because of general lower side effects. Curcumin is a new candidate for anticancer treatment, but its low bioavailability and water solubility represent the main disadvantages of its use. Here, curcumin was efficiently encapsulated in a nontoxic nanocarrier, termed dendrosome, to overcome these problems. Dendrosomal curcumin was prepared as 142 nm spherical structures with constant physical and chemical stability. The inhibitory role of dendrosomal curcumin on the proliferation of U87MG cells, a cellular model of glioblastoma, was evaluated by considering master genes of pluripotency and regulatory miRNA (microribonucleic acid). Methylthiazol tetrazolium assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the antiproliferative effects of dendrosomal curcumin. Annexin-V-FLUOS and caspase assay were used to quantify apoptosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the expression of OCT4 (octamer binding protein 4) gene variants (OCT4A, OCT4B, and OCT4B1), SOX-2 (SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 2), Nanog, and miR-145. Dendrosomal curcumin efficiently suppresses U87MG cells growth with no cytotoxicity related to dendrosome. Additionally, the accumulation of cells in the SubG1 phase was observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner as well as higher rates of apoptosis after dendrosomal curcumin treatment. Conversely, nonneoplastic cells were not affected by this formulation. Dendrosomal curcumin significantly decreased the relative expression of OCT4A, OCT4B1, SOX-2, and Nanog along with noticeable overexpression of miR-145 as the upstream regulator. This suggests that dendrosomal curcumin reduces the proliferation of U87MG cells through the downregulation of OCT4 (octamer binding protein 4) variants and SOX-2 (SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 2) in an miR-145-dependent manner.Keywords: glioblastoma, pluripotency gene, miRNA, dendrosomal curcumin

Published
2014

44. Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

Author

Kinyoki, D, Ross, J, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Munro, S, Schaeffer, L, Abbasalizad-Farhangi, M, Abbasi, M, Abbastabar, H, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abebe, N, Abebo, T, Abegaz, K, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abushouk, A, Accrombessi, M, Acharya, D, Adabi, M, Adebiyi, A, Adedeji, I, Adekanmbi, V, Adeoye, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Aduroja, P, Advani, S, Afarideh, M, Aghaali, M, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, R, Ajumobi, O, Akal, C, Akalu, T, Akinyemiju, T, Akombi, B, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, S, Alamene, G, Alanzi, T, Rabanal, J, Alema, N, Ali, B, Ali, M, Alijanzadeh, M, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Almasi, A, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Amare, A, Amegah, A, Amini, S, Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amit, A, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anteneh, Z, Antonio, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Araya, E, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Arnlov, J, Arzani, A, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Asgari, S, Asghari, B, Ashagre, A, Asrat, A, Ataeinia, B, Atalay, H, Atnafu, D, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Avokpaho, E, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, B, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Azadmehr, A, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, Z, Babaee, E, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Balakrishnan, S, Bali, A, Banach, M, Banik, P, Baradaran-Seyed, Z, Baraki, A, Barboza, M, Barnighausen, T, Barua, L, Basaleem, H, Basu, S, Bayati, M, Bayih, M, Baynes, H, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bekele, Y, Bennett, D, Berbada, D, Berhe, K, Berhe, A, Berman, A, Bernstein, R, Bhageerathy, R, Bhandari, D, Bharadwaj, P, Bhattacharjee, N, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Bililign, N, Sayeed, M, Birara, S, Birhane, M, Birhanu, M, Biswas, R, Bitew, Z, Bogale, K, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Borzi, A, Borzouei, S, Brady, O, Bragazzi, N, Braithwaite, D, Briko, N, Britton, G, Budhathoki, S, Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cano, J, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castro, F, Cerin, E, Chansa, C, Charan, J, Chatterjee, P, Chattu, V, Chauhan, B, Chavshin, A, Chehrazi, M, Chichiabellu, T, Chin, K, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Cicuttini, F, Collison, M, Cork, M, Cormier, N, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Dadi, A, Dagnew, B, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Darwish, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Gupta, R, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davis Weaver, N, Leo, D, Neve, J, Demeke, F, Demis, A, Demissie, D, Demoz, G, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Desalegn, B, Desalew, A, Deshpande, A, Dey, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhillon, P, Dhimal, M, Dhungana, G, Nasab, M, Diaz, D, Forooshani, Z, Dinsa, G, Dipeolu, I, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Doku, P, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Dubey, M, Adema, B, Dunachie, S, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Earl, L, Leylabadlo, H, Eftekhari, A, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemineh, D, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Elsharkawy, A, El-Sherbiny, Y, Elyazar, I, Emamian, M, Enany, S, Endalew, D, Endalifer, M, Eskandari, K, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Etemadi, A, Etisso, A, Fanzo, J, Farahmand, M, Faraj, A, Farashi, S, Fareed, M, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Farzam, H, Fatima, S, Fattahi, N, Fauk, N, Fazaeli, A, Fentahun, N, Ferede, T, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flohr, C, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Forster, J, Francis, J, Fukumoto, T, Gayesa, R, Geberemariyam, B, Gebrehiwot, T, Gebremariam, H, Gebremariam, K, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, G, Gebreslassie, A, Gebretsadik, G, Gedefaw, G, Geramo, Y, Gesesew, H, Geta, B, Getenet, A, Gezae, K, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghajarzadeh, M, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Gholamian, A, Gilani, S, Gill, T, Ginawi, I, Goli, S, Gomes, N, Gopalani, S, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Govindakarnavar, A, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Guimaraes, R, Guled, R, Guo, Y, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, M, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Halvaei, I, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, Y, Handiso, D, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Hariyani, N, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hasankhani, M, Hasanpoor, E, Hasanzadeh, A, Hashemian, M, Hassanipour, S, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hawkes, C, Hayat, K, Hayelom, D, Heidari, B, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Henry, N, Herrero, M, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, de Hidru, H, Hoang, C, Hoek, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hollerich, G, Rad, E, Hong, S, Hoogar, P, Horino, M, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Housseh, M, Hsairi, M, Hu, G, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, M, Imani-Nasab, M, Inbaraj, L, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Iwu, C, Izadi, N, Jaafari, J, Jaca, A, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Balalami, N, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Jalilian, F, Jayatilleke, A, Jeemon, P, Jehan, F, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jia, P, John, O, John-Akinola, Y, Johnson, K, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kahsay, A, Kahssay, M, Kalani, H, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kapil, U, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Matin, B, Karch, A, Karim, M, Karki, S, Kasaeian, A, Kasahun, G, Kasaye, H, Kassa, T, Kassaye, H, Kassebaum, N, Karyani, A, Kengne, A, Ketema, D, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khaksarian, M, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khalilov, R, Khan, A, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, A, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei-Pool, M, Khazaei, M, Khazaei, S, Khodayari, M, Khosravi, M, Khundkar, R, Kiadaliri, A, Kianipour, N, Kiirithio, D, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolola, T, Komaki, H, Kondlahalli, S, Koolivand, A, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kugbey, N, Kumar, M, Kumar, P, Kumar, V, Kurmi, O, Kuti, O, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lad, D, Lal, A, Lal, D, Lami, F, Lamichhane, P, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Lasrado, S, Lebedev, G, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leili, M, Letourneau, I, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Lim, L, Linn, S, Liu, S, Lodha, R, Longbottom, J, Lopez, J, Lorkowski, S, Macarayan, E, Madadin, M, El Razek, H, El Razek, M, Maghavani, D, Mahasha, P, Mahotra, N, Maled, V, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malta, D, Manafi, A, Manafi, F, Manafi, N, Manohar, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mapoma, C, Marami, D, Marczak, L, Arnedo, C, Martins-Melo, F, Masaka, A, Massenburg, B, Maulik, P, Mayala, B, Mazidi, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Meitei, W, Mekonnen, F, Mekonnen, T, Meles, G, Meles, H, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, M, Mensah, G, Meretoja, T, Miazgowski, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mini, G, Mir, S, Miri, M, Mirjalali, H, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, A, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad, D, Darwesh, A, Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, M, Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M, 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L., Kalhor R., Kamiab Z., Kanchan T., Kapil U., Kapoor N., Karami M., Matin B. K., Karch A., Karim M. A., Karki S., Kasaeian A., Kasahun G. G., Kasaye H. K., Kassa T. D., Kassaye H. G., Kassebaum N. J., Karyani A. K., Kengne A. P., Ketema D. B., Khader Y. S., Khafaie M. A., Khaksarian M., Khalid N., Khalil I. A., Khalilov R., Khan A., Khan E. A., Khan M. N., Khan M. S., Khatab K., Khater A., Khater M. M., Khatib M. N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei-Pool M., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khodayari M. T., Khosravi M. H., Khundkar R., Kiadaliri A., Kianipour N., Kiirithio D. N., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Komaki H., Kondlahalli S. K. M., Koolivand A., Koul P. A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M. U. G., Krishan K., Krohn K. J., Kugbey N., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kumar V., Kurmi O. P., Kuti O., Vecchia C. L., Lacey B., Lad D. P., Lal A., Lal D. K., Lami F. H., Lamichhane P., Lang J. J., Lansingh V. C., Lasrado S., Lebedev G., Lee P. H., Lee S. W. H., Leili M., Letourneau I. 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Abstract

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4% (62.3 (55.1–70.8) million) to 6.4% (58.3 (47.6–70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target of <5% in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2% (30 (22.8–38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0% (55.5 (44.8–67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic.

Published
2020

45. Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

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Abstract

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.

Published
2020

46. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abegaz, K, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adekanmbi, V, Adeoye, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, M, Akalu, T, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akombi, B, Akunna, C, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, S, Alam, T, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alemu, B, Alhabib, K, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Alonso, J, Altirkawi, K, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Ariani, F, Armoon, B, 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M., Hasanpoor E., Hashi A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Havmoeller R. J., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Heidari G., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Henrikson H. J., Herbert M. E., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Hird T. R., Hoek H. W., Holla R., Hoogar P., Hosgood H. D., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hsieh V. C. -R., Hu G., Hu K., Huda T. M., Humayun A., Huynh C. K., Hwang B. -F., Iannucci V. C., Ibitoye S. E., Ikeda N., Ikuta K. S., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Inbaraj L. R., Ippolito H., Iqbal U., Irvani S. S. N., Irvine C. M. S., Islam M. M., Islam S. M. S., Iso H., Ivers R. Q., Iwu C. C. D., Iwu C. J., Iyamu I. O., Jaafari J., Jacobsen K. H., Jafari H., Jafarinia M., Jahani M. A., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., James S. L., Janjani H., Javaheri T., Javidnia J., Jeemon P., Jenabi E., Jha R. P., Jha V., Ji J. S., Johansson L., John O., John-Akinola Y. O., Johnson C. O., Jonas J. B., Joukar F., Jozwiak J. J., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalani H., Kalani R., Kalankesh L. R., Kalhor R., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Matin B. K., Karch A., Karim M. A., Kassa G. M., Katikireddi S. V., Kayode G. A., Kazemi Karyani A., Keiyoro P. N., Keller C., Kemmer L., Kendrick P. J., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan E. A., Khan M., Khatab K., Khater M. M., Khatib M. N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaei S., Kieling C., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kivimaki M., Knibbs L. D., Knudsen A. K. S., Kocarnik J. M., Kochhar S., Kopec J. A., Korshunov V. A., Koul P. A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M. U. G., Krishan K., Krohn K. J., Kromhout H., Kuate Defo B., Kumar G. A., Kumar V., Kurmi O. P., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lal D. K., Lalloo R., Lallukka T., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lang J. J., Langan S. M., Larsson A. O., Lasrado S., Lauriola P., Lazarus J. V., Lee P. H., Lee S. W. H., Legrand K. E., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Lescinsky H., Leung J., Levi M., Li S., Lim L. -L., Linn S., Liu S., Liu Y., Lo J., Lopez A. D., Lopez J. C. F., Lopukhov P. D., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P. A., Lu A., Lugo A., Maddison E. R., Mahasha P. W., Mahdavi M. M., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Maleki A., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Mamun A. A., Manda A. L., Manguerra H., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Mantilla Herrera A. M., Maravilla J. C., Marks A., Martin R. V., Martini S., Martins-Melo F. R., Masaka A., Masoumi S. Z., Mathur M. R., Matsushita K., Maulik P. K., McAlinden C., McGrath J. J., McKee M., Mehndiratta M. M., Mehri F., Mehta K. M., Memish Z. A., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Mereke A., Mereta S. T., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Miller T. R., Mills E. J., Mini G. K., Miri M., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei R., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misganaw A. 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P., Yousefi B., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousuf A. Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam T. Z., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zastrozhin M. S., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. -J., Zhao J. T., Zhao X. -J. G., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Zhou M., Ziapour A., Zimsen S. R. M., Lim S. S., and Murray C. J. L.

Abstract

Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each

Published
2020

47. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

James, S, Castle, C, Dingels, Z, Fox, J, Hamilton, E, Liu, Z, S Roberts, N, Sylte, D, Henry, N, Legrand, K, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abedi, A, Abosetugn, A, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, R, Ahmed, M, Eddine Aichour, M, Alahdab, F, Alamene, G, Alanezi, F, Alebel, A, Alema, N, Alghnam, S, Al-Hajj, S, Ali, B, Ali, S, Alikhani, M, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Altirkawi, K, Abdeldayem Amer, Y, Amini, S, Loreche Amit, A, Andrei, C, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, T Antonio, C, Yaw Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Arora, A, Asaad, M, Asghari, B, Awoke, N, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bagli, E, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, T, Belete, H, Benjet, C, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bin Sayeed, M, Borges, G, Borzi, A, Boufous, S, Brazinova, A, Briko, N, Budhathoki, S, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chanie, W, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chatziralli, I, Chaudhary, N, Cho, D, Kabir Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Colquhoun, S, Constantin, M, Costa, V, Damiani, G, Daryani, A, Davila-Cervantes, C, Demeke, F, Demis, A, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Derakhshani, A, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Nasab, M, Da Silva, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubljanin, E, Adema, B, Eagan, A, Eftekhari, A, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Sayed Zaki, M, Elemineh, D, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, C, Emamian, M, Endalew, D, Eskandarieh, S, Faris, P, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatahi, Y, Fekadu, W, Ferede, T, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Folayan, M, 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D, Wondmeneh, T, Wondmieneh, A, Wu, A, Yadav, R, Yadollahpour, A, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yisma, E, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Youm, Y, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yu, Y, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, T, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zarei, A, Zare, F, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Zodpey, S, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Degenhardt, L, Dharmaratne, S, Hay, S, Mokdad, A, Reiner Jr, R, Sartorius, B, Vos, T, James S. 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L., Barnighausen T. W., Barrero L. H., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye B. A., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T. T., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A. G., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M. S., Borges G., Borzi A. M., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko N. I., Budhathoki S. S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J. S., Chanie W. F., Chattu S. K., Chattu V. K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D. Y., Kabir Chowdhury M. A., Chu D. -T., Colquhoun S. M., Constantin M. -M., Costa V. M., Damiani G., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C. A., Demeke F. M., Demis A. B., Demoz G. T., Demsie D. G., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M. D., Da Silva D. D., Dibaji Forooshani Z. S., Doyle K. E., Driscoll T. R., Dubljanin E., Adema B. D., Eagan A. W., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki M. E., Elemineh D. A., El-Jaafary S. I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C. L., Emamian M. H., Endalew D. A., Eskandarieh S., Faris P. S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatahi Y., Fekadu W., Ferede T. Y., Fereshtehnejad S. -M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G. T., Filip I., Fischer F., Folayan M. O., Foroutan M., Francis J. M., Franklin R. C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B. S., Gebre A. K., Gebremedhin K. B., Gebremeskel G. G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G. A., Geta B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill T. K., Goulart A. C., Grada A., Grivna M., Mohialdeen Gubari M. I., Guimaraes R. A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J. A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli H. H., Hall B. J., Hamadeh R. R., Hamidi S., Haro J. M., Hasan M. M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H. Y., Havmoeller R., Hayat K., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H. C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I., Ilic M. D., Inbaraj L. 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O., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Leasher J. L., Huey Lee S. W., Lenjebo T. L., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A. D., Lotufo P. A., Lunevicius R., Lyons R. A., Madadin M., El Razek M. M. A., Mahotra N. B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J. N., Maled V., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A. -L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Maravilla J. C., March L. M., Mason-Jones A. J., Masoumi S. Z., Massenburg B. B., Maulik P. K., Meles G. G., Melese A., Melketsedik Z. A., N Memiah P. T., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha M. B., Mengesha M. M., Meretoja T. J., Meretoja A., Merie H. E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T. R., Mini G. K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K. A., Darwesh A. M., Gholi Mezerji N. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J. A., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Velasquez I. M., Morisaki N., Morrison S. D., Mossie T. B., Muluneh A. G., Murthy S., Musa K. I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A. F., Nagarajan A. J., Naik G., Naimzada M. D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B. R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Ndwandwe D. E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen C. T., Thi Nguyen H. L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D. N., Nnaji C. A., Nyasulu P. S., Ogbo F. A., Oghenetega O. B., Oh I. -H., Okunga E. W., Olagunju A. T., Olagunju T. O., Bali A. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Asante K. O., Orpana H. M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Mahesh P. A., Padubidri J. R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E. -K., Patel S. K., Pathak A., Pati S., Patton G. C., Paulos K., Peden A. E., Filipino Pepito V. C., Pereira J., Pham H. Q., Phillips M. R., Pinheiro M., Polibin R. V., Polinder S., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D. R., Puri P., Syed Z. Q., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Ranganathan K., Rao S. J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., N Renzaho A. M., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A. I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C. M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saad A. M., Sabde Y. D., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safari S., Safari-Faramani R., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Sajadi S. M., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi S. S., Rashad Salem M. R., Salem H., Salman O., Salz I., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Riera L. S., Santric Milicevic M. M., Sarker A. R., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S. M., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Schwebel D. C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M. A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I. D., Singh P. K., Singh J. A., Sinha D. N., Smarandache C. -G., R Smith E. U., Soheili A., Soleymani B., Soltanian A. R., Soriano J. B., Sorrie M. B., Soyiri I. N., Stein D. J., Stokes M. A., Sufiyan M. B., Rasul Suleria H. A., Sykes B. L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K. M., Taddele B. W., Tadesse D. B., Tamiru A. T., Tarigan I. U., Tefera Y. M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M. G., Tekulu G. H., Tesema A. K., Tesfay B. E., Thapar R., Tilahune A. B., Tlaye K. G., Tohidinik H. R., Topor-Madry R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Tripathy J. P., Tsai A. C., Car L. T., Ullah S., Ullah I., Umar M., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O. A., Valdez P. R., Vasankari T. J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Weldesamuel G. T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wolde H. F., Woldeyes D. H., Wondafrash D. Z., Wondmeneh T. G., Wondmieneh A. B., Wu A. -M., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S. -J., Youm Y., Younis M. Z., Yousefi Z., Yu Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam T. Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S. B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zarei A., Zare F., Zhang Z. -J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Degenhardt L., Dharmaratne S. D., Hay S. I., Mokdad A. H., Reiner Jr R. C., Sartorius B., and Vos T.

Abstract

Background: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.

Published
2020

48. Recommendations from the ICM-VTE: General

Author

Parvizi, J., Abbas, A. A., Abcha, O., Abdelaal, M. S., Ackermann, P. W., Acuna, A. J., Ageno, W., Aguilar Ramirez, J. J., Akkaya, M., Alameddine, D., Alfaro, D. O., Alvand, A., Alzeedi, M., Andrade, A. J., Arnold, W. V., Arish, A., Austin, M. S., Ay, C., Azboy, I., Babis, G. C., Baker, C. M., Barrack, R. L., Barragan, E., Beaton-Comulada, D., Bedair, H. S., Bell, J. A., Beverland, D. E., Bhatia, N., Bialecki, J., Bondarenko, S., Bonilla, G., River Boschert, S. O., Bracho, C., Brooks, D., Buttaro, M., Cacan Daniel Caldeira, M. A., Callaghan, J., Campbell, D. G., Cancienne, J. M., Cannegieter, S. C., Canseco, J. A., Caprini, J. A., Carrier, M., Castro Bejarano, J. C., Catani, F., Ceylan, H. H., Cha, Y. -H., Chan, C. K., Chan, N., Cheung, M. H., Chisari, E., Cimminiello, C., Citak, M., Colon-Miranda, R. G., Colwell, C., Combs, K., Cordeiro, M., Corvi, J. J., Courtney Crispiana Cozowicz, P. M., Crawford, R. W., Cruz, E., D'Amore, T., Dantas, P., Della Valle, A. G., Deltour, C., Demanes, A. C., Djaja, Y. P., Dunbar, M. J., Egoavil, M. S., Egol, K. A., Eichinger, S., Elias, L. F., Emmerson, B. R., Ettema, H. B., Al Farii, H., Fernandez-Rodriguez, D., Fillingham, Y. A., Fu, H., Gallagher, N., Gary, J. L., Geerts, W. H., Ghazavi, M. T., Gleason, B., Goh, G. S., Goncalves, S., Goriainov, V., Goswami, K., Goyal, L., Granqvist, M., Grenho, A., Griffin, X., Hafez, M. A., Hakyemez, O. S., Hamdi, S., Hansen, E. N., Hansen, H., Hasegawa, M., Higuera, C. A., Hobohm, L. M. A., Holc, F., Hollingsworth, N., Hozack, W. J., Hughes, A. J., Humphrey, T. J., Huo, M. H., Inaba, Y., Jenny, J. -Y., Jiranek, W., Kaila, R., Kallel, S., Kamath, A. F., Karachalios, T., Karas, V., Kelkar, A. H., Keller, K., Kenanidis, E., Khan, I. A., Khan, Y., Kim, J. -H., Kim, K. -I., Klein, G. R., Kleiner, J. E., Komnos, G., Konstantinides, S. V., Koo, K. -H., Kopenitz, J., Krasinski, Z., Krueger, C. A., Kuo, A., Kvederas, G., Kwong, L. M., Lachiewicz, P. F., De Ladoucette, A., Larco, E., Larkin, J. A., Levine, B. R., W. T., Li, Lieberman, J. R., Lip, G. Y. H., Lizarraga, M. M., Llinas, A., Lobastov, K., Lobo, C. A., Ludwick, L., Julian, F., Maempel, Magnuson, J., Maini, L., Maltseva, V., Mamczak, C. N., Garcia-Mansilla, A., Manzaneda, M. E., Martino, V., Al Maskari, S., Matharu, G. S., Mead, M., Meghpara, M. M., Mehta, S., Memtsoudis, S. G., Menon, D., Merli Nikolaos Milonakis, G. J., Mirkazemi, C., Mojica, J. J., Moka, E., Moncman, T. G., Monsalvo, D., Mortazavi, S. M. J., Morton, J., Mulcahey, M. K., Najafi, F., Nam, D., Namdari, S., Navarro, R., Nazarian, D. G., Niikura, T., Noyez, J. F., Ochoa Chaar, C. I., Ong, C. B., Otero-Lopez, A., Ozaki, T., Pandit, H., Pannu, T. S., Parvizi, N., Poeran, J., Poolman, R. W., Purtill, J. J., Radoicic, D. K., Rajasekaran, R. B., Rajasekhar, A., Randelli, F., Reed, M., Restrepo, C., Riva, N., Romanini, E., Sadek, M., Saglam, Y., Salazar, G., Salazar, M., Salvati, E. A., Samama, C. M., Sanchez-Osorio, J. S., Santoso, A., Sattarzadeh, R., Saxena, A., Schemitsch, E., Schulman, S., Schwenk, E. S., Shahi, A., Sharkey, P. F., Sharrock, N., Shivakumar, S., Shohat, N., Siegel, N. M., Sievers, D. A., Smailys, A., Smith, E. B., Somers, J. F. A., Souissi, M., Sousa, P., Sousa, R., Spyropoulos, A. C., Squizzato, A., Srivastava, A., Suarez, C., Suresh, S., Tannoury, T., Tarabichi, M., Tarabichi, S., Taylor, J., Terhune, E. B., Thienpont, E., Thomas, T. L., Top, A. C., Tornetta, P., Torres, A., Torres-Lugo, N. J., Tort-Saade, P., Tresgallo-Pares, R., Tsiridis, E., Tuncay, I., Urbanek, T., Urish, K. L., Vendittoli, P. -A., Victor, K., Vilchez, F., Villa, J. M., Viscusi, E. R., Volk, T., Vosooghi, F., Vysotskyi, O., Walsh, M., Warren, J., Werner, B. C., Westrich, G., Whitehouse, M. R., Whitehouse, S. L., Winters, B. S., Wouthuyzen-Bakker, M., Yamada, K., Yates, A. J., Yoo, J. -I., Yoon, U., Zambianchi, F., UCL - SSS/IREC/NMSK - Neuro-musculo-skeletal Lab, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie de l'appareil locomoteur, and Delegates, ICM-VTE General

Subjects
Risk Factors, Anticoagulants, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Surgery, General Medicine, Venous Thromboembolism
Published
2022

50. Reperfusion therapies and in-hospital outcomes for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in europe. the ACVC-EAPCI EORP STEMI registry of the european society of cardiology

Author

Zeymer, U., Ludman, P., Danchin, N., Kala, P., Laroche, C., Sadeghi, M., Caporale, R., Shaheen, S. M., Legutko, J., Iakobsishvili, Z., Alhabib, K. F., Motovska, Z., Studencan, M., Mimoso, J., Becker, D., Alexopoulos, D., Kereseselidze, Z., Stojkovic, S., Zelveian, P., Goda, A., Mirrakhimov, E., Bajraktari, G., Al-Farhan, H., Serpytis, P., Raungaard, B., Marandi, T., Moore, A. M., Quinn, M., Karjalainen, P. P., Tatu-Chitolu, G., Gale, C. P., Maggioni, A. P., Weidinger, F., Sinnaeve, P., Ferrari, R., Karamfilov, K., Lidon, R. -M., Kereselidze, Z., Iakobishvili, Z., Erglis, A., Kedev, S., Dudek, D., Tatu-Chitoiu, G., Shlyakhto, E., Bunc, M., Mourali, M. S., Konte, M., Larras, F., Lefrancq, E. F., Mekhaldi, S., Shuka, N., Pavli, E., Tafaj, E., Gishto, T., Dibra, A., Duka, A., Gjana, A., Kristo, A., Knuti, G., Demiraj, A., Dado, E., Hasimi, E., Simoni, L., Siqeca, M., Sisakian, H., Hayrapetyan, H., Markosyan, S., Galustyan, L., Arustamyan, N., Kzhdryan, H., Pepoyan, S., Zirkik, A., Von Lewinski, D., Paetzold, S., Kienzl, I., Matyas, K., Neunteufl, T., Nikfardjam, M., Neuhold, U., Mihalcz, A., Glaser, F., Steinwender, C., Reiter, C., Grund, M., Hrncic, D., Hoppe, U., Hammerer, M., Hinterbuchner, L., Hengstenberg, C., Delle Karth, G., Lang, I., Winkler, W., Hasun, M., Kastner, J., Havel, C., Derntl, M., Oberegger, G., Hajos, J., Adlbrecht, C., Publig, T., Leitgeb, M. -C., Wilfing, R., Jirak, P., C. -Y., Ho, Puskas, L., Schrutka, L., Spinar, J., Parenica, J., Hlinomaz, O., Fendrychova, V., Semenka, J., Sikora, J., Sitar, J., Groch, L., Rezek, M., Novak, M., Kramarikova, P., Stasek, J., Dusek, J., Zdrahal, P., Polasek, R., Karasek, J., Seiner, J., Sukova, N., Varvarovsky, I., Lazarak, T., Novotny, V., Matejka, J., Rokyta, R., Volovar, S., Belohlavek, J., Siranec, M., Kamenik, M., Kralik, R., Ravkilde, J., Jensen, S. 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Z., Jonczyk, M., Jankowski, L., Klecha, A., Michalowska, J., Brzezinski, M., Kozmik, T., Kowalczyk, T., Adamczuk, J., Maliszewski, M., Kuziemka, P., Plaza, P., Jaros, A., Pawelec, A., Sledz, J., Bartus, S., Zmuda, W., Bogusz, M., Wisnicki, M., Szastak, G., Adamczyk, M., Suska, M., Czunko, P., Opolski, G., Kochman, J., Tomaniak, M., Miernik, S., Paczwa, K., Witkowski, A., Opolski, M. P., Staruch, A. D., Kalarus, Z., Honisz, G., Mencel, G., Swierad, M., Podolecki, T., Marques, J., Azevedo, P., Pereira, M. A., Gaspar, A., Monteiro, S., Goncalves, F., Leite, L., Manuel Lopes Dos Santos, W., Amado, J., Pereira, D., Silva, B., Caires, G., Neto, M., Rodrigues, R., Correia, A., Freitas, D., Lourenco, A., Ferreira, F., Sousa, F., Portugues, J., Calvo, L., Almeida, F., Alves, M., Silva, A., Caria, R., Seixo, F., Militaru, C., Ionica, E., Istratoaie, O., Florescu, M., Lipnitckaia, E., Osipova, O., Konstantinov, S., Bukatov, V., Vinokur, T., Egorova, E., Nefedova, E., Levashov, S., Gorbunova, A., Redkina, M., Karaulovskaya, N., Bijieva, F., Babich, N., Smirnova, O., Filyanin, R., Eseva, S., Kutluev, A., Chlopenova, A., Shtanko, A., Kuppar, E., Shaekhmurzina, E., Ibragimova, M., Mullahmetova, M., Chepisova, M., Kuzminykh, M., Betkaraeva, M., Namitokov, A., Khasanov, N., Baleeva, L., Galeeva, Z., Magamedkerimova, F., Ivantsov, E., Tavlueva, E., Kochergina, A., Sedykh, D., Kosmachova, E., Skibitskiy, V., Porodenko, N., Litovka, K., Ulbasheva, E., Niculina, S., Petrova, M., Harkov, E., Tsybulskaya, N., Lobanova, A., Chernova, A., Kuskaeva, A., Kuskaev, A., Ruda, M., Zateyshchikov, D., Gilarov, M., Konstantinova, E., Koroleva, O., Averkova, A., Zhukova, N., Kalimullin, D., Borovkova, N., Tokareva, A., Buyanova, M., Khaisheva, L., Pirozhenko, A., Novikova, T., Yakovlev, A., Tyurina, T., Lapshin, K., Moroshkina, N., Kiseleva, M., Fedorova, S., Krylova, L., Duplyakov, D., Semenova, Y., Rusina, A., Ryabov, V., Syrkina, A., Demianov, S., Reitblat, O., Artemchuk, A., Efremova, E., Makeeva, E., Menzorov, M., Shutov, A., Klimova, N., Shevchenko, I., Elistratova, O., Kostyuckova, O., Islamov, R., Budyak, V., Ponomareva, E., Ullah Jan, U., Alshehri, A. 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Subjects
Registrie, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Cardiology, Myocardial Reperfusion, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, Hospital, 0302 clinical medicine, Reperfusion therapy, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Internal medicine, Fibrinolysis, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Myocardial infarction, Registries, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Observational studies, observational studies, reperfusion therapy, business.industry, Mortality rate, Primary percutaneous coronary intervention, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, Europe, Hospitals, Treatment Outcome, ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Percutaneous coronary intervention, medicine.disease, primary percutaneous coronary intervention, Observational studie, 3. Good health, Prospective Studie, Cohort, Conventional PCI, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Human
Abstract

Aims The aim of this study was to determine the contemporary use of reperfusion therapy in the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) member and affiliated countries and adherence to ESC clinical practice guidelines in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods and results Prospective cohort (EURObservational Research Programme STEMI Registry) of hospitalized STEMI patients with symptom onset Conclusions The use of reperfusion therapy for STEMI in the ESC member and affiliated countries was high. Primary PCI was the most frequently used treatment and associated total in-hospital mortality was below 5%. However, there was geographic variation in the use of primary PCI, which was associated with differences in in-hospital mortality.

Published
2021

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