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An in vitro mass propagation protocol was developed for Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) var. orange using flower bud explants. The young (7 days) explants were found to be suitable for culture and highest (100%) callus induction was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/l BAP with 1.0 mg/l NAA. The maximum shoot regeneration (95%) and the number of shoots (10) were observed in MS medium supplemented with 6.0 mg/l BAP with 0.3 mg/l NAA. The highest shoot multiplication frequency (95%) and the number of shoots (60) were obtained in MS medium supplemented with only 2.0 mg/l BAP. The well-developed highest number of roots (5.0) per plant and average root length (5.0 cm) with 100% root induction efficiency without callusing was recorded in the half strength of MS medium devoid of any hormonal supplement. Acclimatized in vitro grown plantlets were successfully transferred into the field condition. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 32(2): 217-226, 2022 (December)

Among various routes of drug delivery, Oral administration is the most convenient route because of its high patient compliance. Although oral drug delivery is effective for drugs with high aqueous solubility and epithelial permeability; however for poorly aqueous soluble drug the membrane permeability, chemical, and enzymatic stability of drugs are the major limitations in successful oral drug delivery. Almost 70% of the new drug candidates which shows poor bioavailability, the antihypertensive drugs are among those. Novel drug delivery systems are available in many areas to overcome the problems associated with hydrophobic drugs and the nanotechnology-based drug delivery system is the most potential to beat the challenges related to the oral route of administration with some important advantages such as the colloidal size, biocompatibility, lowered dose size, reduced toxicity, patient compliance and drug targeting. The foremost common nanotechnology-based strategies utilized in the development of delivery systems are nano-emulsions, nano-suspensions, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, Self-Nano-emulsifying Drug Delivery System, proliposomes, nano-crystals, and so forth, which give controlled, sustained, and targeted drug delivery. The appliance of those systems within the treatment of hypertension continues to broaden. This review focuses on various nano-carriers available in oral drug administration for improving solubility profile, dissolution, and consequently bioavailability of hydrophobic antihypertensive drugs.

The purpose of this study is to assess the electromyography (EMG) signals of biceps muscle of paralyzed patients to know the condition of their affected muscle. For measuring the muscle signal, 5 voltages analog signal is sent to biceps muscle via EMG sensor with Arduino. As higher the voltage is, the condition of the muscle status is better. In this study, we have observed paralyzed patients in Dhaka city having different kinds of paralysis patients like Complete paralysis, Partial or incomplete paralysis and localized paralysis. The study also focused on monitoring different stage of paralysis like Flaccidity, dealing with appearance of spasticity, increased spasticity or decreased spasticity, complex movement combination, spasticity disappear and normal function return. This observational study was carried out in three largest and tertiary care hospitals located in Dhaka metropolitan area with the help of Myoware EMG based muscle sensor. Total 50 paralyzed cases were included in this study. Among the 50 cases of paralyzed patients, majority of the cases (55%) were of 40-55 years aged group where 75% were male and 25% were female. In this study, 85% were Localized paralyzed patients, 10% Partial paralyzed and 5% Complete paralyzed. This study also shows the condition of healthy biceps muscle as compared with paralyzed muscle. The findings of this study could play an important role to observe the condition of paralyzed muscle for better management of paralyzed patients and give a clear idea about which management is needed.

Tuberous sclerosis protein complex (pTSC) nucleates a proteinaceous signaling hub that integrates information about the internal and external energy status of the cell in the regulation of growth and energy consumption. Biochemical and cryo-electron microscopy studies of recombinant pTSC have revealed its structure and stoichiometry and hinted at the possibility that the complex may form large oligomers. Here, we have partially purified endogenous pTSC from fasted mammalian brains of rat and pig by leveraging a recombinant antigen binding fragment (Fab) specific for the TSC2 subunit of pTSC. We demonstrate Fab-dependent purification of pTSC from membrane-solubilized fractions of the brain homogenates. Negative stain electron microscopy of the samples purified from pig brain demonstrates rod-shaped protein particles with a width of 10 nm, a variable length as small as 40 nm, and a high degree of conformational flexibility. Larger filaments are evident with a similar 10 nm width and a ≤1 μm length in linear and weblike organizations prepared from pig brain. Immunogold labeling experiments demonstrate linear aggregates of pTSC purified from mammalian brains. These observations suggest polymerization of endogenous pTSC into filamentous superstructures.

Electrical energy demand has risen over the world which results in developmentof smart grid. Smart grid has identified the areas that requiresimprovement. Because of the focus on cost-effective operation as well asenvironmental concerns in the electrical power system, the complexity ofthe optimization function has increased. In this study, a new energy-saving dispatch model is developed, which takes into account renewable energysources in the smart grid as well as dynamic generation-load interaction.Moreover, the active demand response idea is employed for interruptibleloads during peak demand. During off-peak load periods and compensatingloads, the proposed energy-saving dispatch system operates on a bi-leveldispatch system. Lower level dispatch works with four dispatch functionssuch as interruptible load cost, compensation load cost, renewable energysource cost, and emission saving cost. Whereas, upper level dispatch dealswith cost functions for operation and emission. Renewable energy sources arerepresented as a generating unit as well as a load based on usage in this work.Linear programming relaxation and mixed integer linear programming relaxationmethodologies are used to solve the constrained optimization problem.The outcomes of the experiments were compared with existing methodologiessuch as the classic NSGA-II and the improved NSGA-II. Furthermore,the algorithm’s time complexity was examined. The proposed solution hasbeen implemented using the IEEE-30 bus standard. The performance resultsdemonstrate considerable reductions in operating costs as well as reductionsin emissions.

Plastic is very much indestructible even after a long period of time in the environment as it is mainly a derivative of strongly bonded long-chain petrochemical-based materials. Nowadays, plastic wastes have become an environmental hazard. However, a Starch based bio plastic can be a solution of this problem. Starch is a natural biopolymer having mainly two types of polymer glucose. In this research work, a biodegradable plastic is developed form potato starch. The advantages of starch-based plastic are its abundance and low cost. However, most of the starch-based materials exhibit very poor physico-mechanical properties like low tensile-tear strength, high stiffness, elongation at break and poor moisture stability. Improvement of starch-based bio-plastic properties is being attempted through starch modification, reinforcements (both organic and inorganic), processing conditions, and use of compatibilizers to develop substitutes for conventional plastics. The physic-mechanical properties of the biodegradable plastic have been ameliorated through some well designed processes. Several tests have been conducted on the biodegradable plastic as well as on the regular plastic in order to make a comparative study between them. Test results showed a very promising start for the biodegradable plastic for becoming the alternative of regular non-biodegradable plastics.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide epidemiological emergency, and the risk factors for the multiple waves with new COVID-19 strains are concerning. This study aims to identify the most significant risk factors for spreading COVID-19 to help policymakers take early measures for the next waves. Methods We conducted the study on randomly selected 29 countries where the pandemic had a downward trend in the daily active cases curve as of June 10, 2020. We investigated the association with the standardized spreading index and demographical, environmental, socioeconomic, and government intervention. To standardize the spreading index, we accounted for the number of tests and the timeline bias. Furthermore, we performed multiple linear regression to identify the relative importance of the variables. Results In the correlation analysis, air pollution, PM2.5 (r = 0.37, p = 0.0466), number of days to impose lockdown from first case (r = 0.38, p = 0.0424) and total confirmed cases on the first lockdown (r = 0.61, p = 0.0004) were associated with outcome measures. In the adjusted model, air pollution ( β 1 = 4.5, p = 0.0127, |t| = 3.1) and overweight prevalence ( β 1 = 4.7, p = 0.0187, |t| = 2.9) were the most significant exposure variable for spreading of COVID-19. Conclusion Our findings showed that countries with larger PM2.5 values and comparatively more overweight populations are at higher risk of spreading COVID-19. Proper preventive measures may reduce the spreading.

The 3D structure of the complex formed by the enzymes GLB1 and CTSA furthers our understanding of lysosomal storage diseases., The enzymes β-galactosidase (GLB1) and neuraminidase 1 (NEU1; sialidase 1) participate in the degradation of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the lysosome. To remain active and stable, they associate with PPCA [protective protein cathepsin A (CTSA)] into a high–molecular weight lysosomal multienzyme complex (LMC), of which several forms exist. Genetic defects in these three proteins cause the lysosomal storage diseases GM1-gangliosidosis/mucopolysaccharidosis IV type B, sialidosis, and galactosialidosis, respectively. To better understand the interactions between these enzymes, we determined the three-dimensional structure of the murine LMC core. This 0.8-MDa complex is composed of three GLB1 dimers and three CTSA dimers, adopting a triangular architecture maintained through six copies of a unique GLB1-CTSA polar interface. Mutations in this contact surface that occur in GM1-gangliosidosis prevent formation of the LMC in vitro. These findings may facilitate development of therapies for lysosomal storage disorders.

During fatty acid biosynthesis, acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) from type I fungal fatty acid synthase (FAS) shuttle substrates and intermediates within a reaction chamber that hosts multiple spatially-fixed catalytic centers. A major challenge in understanding the mechanism of ACP-mediated substrate shuttling is experimental observation of its transient interaction landscape within the reaction chamber. Here, we have shown that ACP spatial distribution is sensitive to the presence of substrates in a catalytically inhibited state, which enables high-resolution investigation of the ACP-dependent conformational transitions within the enoyl reductase (ER) reaction site. In two fungal FASs with distinct ACP localization, the shuttling domain is targeted to the ketoacyl-synthase (KS) domain and away from other catalytic centers, such as acetyl-transferase (AT) and ER domains by steric blockage of the KS active site followed by addition of substrates. These studies strongly suggest that acylation of phosphopantetheine arm of ACP may be an integral part of the substrate shuttling mechanism in type I fungal FAS.

—This article presents hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm (HTGA) tuned automatic generation controller for two areas interconnected multisource power system model. The control areas consist o...

This paper presents a study of real time simulation of observer based state feedback load frequency regulator for optimally reduced order power system model. The actual system states can be replaced by the observer based states for feedback control design without losing the system stability. State space model of two area interconnected power system model having non-reheat thermal turbine in each area is investigated to develop the proposed control scheme. Moreover, the power system model is optimally reduced with the objective of retaining the dominant characteristics of original system and reducing the complexity and computational burden for the real time simulation of the proposed scheme. Real time simulation is performed on two PC configurations, out of which continuous and discrete time observer based scheme is designed and simulated in non-real time environment on host PC and target PC is used for real time simulation of continuous and discrete time models. It was found that discrete time observer based control scheme for reduced power system model is quite appreciable in terms of dynamic performance and computational burden as compared to continuous time observer based load frequency control for reduced power system model.

This paper presents a decision-based governor control scheme to implement the primary frequency regulation norms of Indian power system. The devised scheme will aid the researchers to analyze the dynamics of primary frequency control in restricted governor mode operation (RGMO) environment. The conventional primary and the developed RGMO based primary frequency control schemes are investigated through simulation of a two area interconnected power system. The results of the simulation indicate that the developed RGMO based primary frequency control scheme is in line with frequency regulation norms of the Indian power system.

Glibenclamide (GBC) has been associated with hepatotoxicity in humans. This study conducted on rabbits to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of GBC alone and in combination therapy with propranolol (PPL). Liver enzymes like alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and bilirubin (BRB) are used to evaluate hepatotoxicity associated with GBC. Histological findings, micrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) used to find hepatotoxicity by GBC and with PPL. GBC caused significant elevation of liver functions as compared to control (p0.005). PPL reduced the level of serum ALT, ALP, γGT and BRB when administered with GBC (p0.005). The results prevailed that there is a significant change in hepatic cells structure and significant change in its diameter of nucleus (p0.05). The necrosis and granuloma with decreased in number of hepatic cells were observed in GBC treated rabbits. However, the combination of GBC with PPL has shown healthy and nearly similar structure as that of controlled group and confirmed by SEM microscopy. PPL reduced the blood flow to hepatic portal system and thus, avoid the noxious substances to liver. It is affirmed that the use of PPL offered beneficial effect on hepatotoxic drugs.

The inverted pendulum is a typical problem in dynamics and control system. It is extremely nonlinear, unstable, and robust coupling structure. The objective is to stabilize a pendulum vertically on a motor-driven carriage. It is extensively used as a yardstick for evaluating control techniques (PID controllers, fuzzy control state space illustration, genetic algorithms, neural networks, etc.). It has some features, like insecurity multivariable and nonlinearity. The impulse response of the system is evaluated using LQG and MPC controller and an extensive comparative analysis has been done on MATLAB/Simulink. The presented work is about comparative analysis of different controllers on two-wheel self-balancing mobile robot (TWSBMR). Mathematical model of the MPC and LQG controller used in this paper is designed using state space, and the comparison has been shown. Main aim of proposing this work is to design an efficient controller who can easily operate two-wheel mobile robot that can be implemented in real life. The controller designed here has the better results in terms of settling time and peak amplitude.

Jute is a natural cellulosic fiber. Due to its natural traits, jute has a high proclivity to be attracted by microorganisms which degrade the longevity as well as quality. Considering the electrical properties, raw jute has a high proportion of electrical resistance and customarily the useable form of jute is undyed. In this study, the raw jute was chemically processed as well as dyed by utilizing natural ingredients. The electrical resistance of the processed jute was lessened significantly ascertained by electronic mega ohm meter. Due to the treatment of raw jute, the processed jute became adaptable to pass more electron through it which consequently incremented the gettable current. The processed jute was able to attain antimicrobial activity which positively influenced its longevity and the dyeing quality was also satisfactory. Colorfastness to rubbing rating of the dyed jute was excellent in greyscale for dry as well as wet rubbing. Processed jute with less electrical resistance in comparison to raw jute together with the newly attainment of antimicrobial activity can be utilized in the electrical field as well as conductive textiles with high longevity and decorative as well due to its colorization. No possibility of azo and formaldehyde contamination during natural colorization which has been a great concern for synthetic dyes. The incipiently integrated multifunctional characteristics of the jute would be felicitous to regard the processed jute as the supplanting of the traditional electrical instrument used for milliampere level of current conductivity purpose.

Pilling is a common surface defect in fleece fabrics made of chief value cotton (CVC) and polyester cotton (PC). The term “Chief Value Cotton” refers to fabrics produced by mixing cotton and synthetic fiber such as polyester where cotton typically makes up more than half of the overall combination of polyester. Customers nowadays want polyester cotton blended fleece fabric with excellent pilling resistance, but it is difficult to improve pilling properties in polyester cotton blended fleece fabric. A variety of studies have been conducted to improve the pilling properties of single jersey CVC knit fabric. The primary goal of this study is to eliminate pilling in fleece fabrics made of three-thread polyester cotton blends. In this analysis, singeing with a heat setting was used to increase pilling resistance. According to this experimental study, the pilling resistance properties improve from grade 1 to grade 4, which is extraordinary. This method can be used to successfully solve the pilling problem in three thread polyester cotton blended fleece fabrics in the textile knitting industry.

This paper deals with the design of a compact planar passband frequency selective surface (FSS) operating at the resonance frequency of 20 GHz. A sole layer of the cross type with the interdigital capacitance connecting the corners of metallic patches printed on single side of the substrate is used in this FSS structure. Here the transmission and reflection coefficient of the projected FSS gives an accurate resonance constancy for both of polarization and various incident angles. A unit cell which is mainly a cross shaped is designed here and here the performance of this unit cell at a definite frequency range is analyzed. The S Parameters which are S 11 and S 21 for TE 00 mode that is for Perpendicular Polarization is shown in this paper. Along with that the S Parameters which are S 12 and S 22 for TM 00 mode that is for Parallel Polarization is also pointed in this paper.

Using Lagrange multiplier method with Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions, this paper presents a practical method for analyzing the economic load dispatch of a power system. We develop a model having twelve thermal generators with three different types of cost functions. Cost function curves are represented with quadratic equations. The simplified model has been frame in linear programming model and solved using Lagrangian relaxation technique. Several plausible cases have been studied and simulation results are analyzed to prove the effectiveness of the model. Optimal solution of power output from each generator is presented, regarding both cost functions in correlation to different values of load demand. After the optimization the improvement on production cost is accounted to be 16.77% and on LMP is 1.33% over provided generating unit's data. These significant results are important decision support outline for power system market operator and associated stakeholder.

A novel method for localizing or estimating the direction of a sound source from the speech mixed with different levels of noise recorded by a microphone array embedded in an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has been proposed in this paper. Publicly available DREGON dataset (The IEEE Signal Processing CUP 2019 dataset for static task) has been used. The detail methodology of the system for localizing the sound source in static condition of the UAV is described in this paper. Generalized Sidelobe Canceller (GSC) Beamformer on the noisy audio is used to extract the noise along the rotor directions. This extracted noise is the simulated to synthesize 8 channel audio using pyroomacoustics. Finally the extracted noise is used as the reference of the wiener filter for filtering the noise in the provided noisy audios. GCC PHAT and GCC NON LIN methods are used to estimate the elevation and azimuth of the sound source. Promising results have been found using this method to localize the sound source of human speech from the audios of snr as low as −20 dB recoreded by a microphone array embedded on a UAV. If at most 10° of error in angle is allowed, our proposed method provides an accuracy of almost 91.67%.

© 1963-2012 IEEE. In this paper, an adaptive N-path filter design technique is presented. The filter designed by this method can be reconfigured to different shapes, e.g., Butterworth or Chebyshev with variable bandwidth (BW), based on the user requirements. In addition, an analytical synthesis procedure is introduced to realize high-order bandpass filters (BPFs) based on N-path architecture with a prescribed set of specifications. A proof-of-concept BPF is fabricated and measured in a 65-nm CMOS process. The filter can be reconfigured to realize different filter shapes by changing coupling capacitors. The BW of the proposed filter is also tunable. The passband of the filter is tunable from 0.2 to 1.2 GHz with a gain of 14.5-18 dB, a noise figure of 3.7-5.5 dB, and a total power consumption of 37.5-52.7 mW. The channel BW can be varied from 20 to 40 MHz and the filter out-of-band third-order intercept point (Δ f=50 MHz) is 25 dBm.

This paper presents a tunable active bandpass filter (BPF) with adjustable transmission zeros (TZs) close to the passband for software-defined radio (SDR) applications. The RF front-end frequency selectivity is enhanced by the creation of TZs that also improve the out-of-band (OOB) input-referred third-order intercept point (IIP3). The filter is based on two-path signal cancellation and consists of a tunable BPF in parallel with two tunable bandstop filters. This combination ensures the correct amplitude and phase relationships across a wide tuning range to create adjustable TZs without sacrificing the gain of the passband. This paper presents in detail the design considerations and guidelines, as well as analysis of the filter performance in the presence of nonidealities such as parasitics and imperfect clock signal shape. The proposed filter is implemented with high- $Q~N$ -path filter blocks in a 65-nm CMOS process. The passband of the filter is tunable from 0.1 to 1.4 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 9.8–10.2 MHz, a gain of 21.5–24 dB, a noise figure of 3–4.2 dB, and a total power consumption of 50–73 mW. TZs are created on both sides of the passband with a minimal offset of 25 MHz and are tunable across a 20-MHz range with up to a 60-dB rejection. The measured blocker 1-dB compression point is 8 dBm and the OOB IIP3 is 23 dBm. The reported filter provides a promising on-chip filtering solution for multistandard multifrequency SDR applications with improved interference mitigation capabilities.