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Nanophotonics encompasses a wide range of nontrivial physical effects including light-matter interactions that are well beyond diffraction limits, and have opened up new avenues for a variety of applications in light harvesting, sensing, luminescence, optical switching, and media transmitting technologies. Recently, growing expertise of fusing nanotechnology and photonics has become fundamental, arising outskirts, challenging basic experimentation and opportunities for new technologies in our daily lives, and played a central role in many optical systems. It entails the theoretical study of photon’s interactions with matter at incredibly small scales, known as nanostructures, in order to prepare nanometer scale devices and accessories for processing, development, slowing down, influencing, and/or regulating photons through comprehending their behavior while interacting with or otherwise traveling via matter. This multidisciplinary field has also made an impact on industry, allowing researchers to explore new horizons in design, applied science, physical science, chemistry, materials science, and biomedical technologies. The foundations, nano-confinements, quantum manifestations, nanoscale interactions, numerical methods, and peculiarities of nonlinear optical phenomena in nano-photonics as well as projected nano-photonics consumption’s in our cutting-edge world, will be covered in this chapter.

Density Functional Theory (DFT) is a powerful and commonly employed quantum mechanical tool for investigating various aspects of matter. The research in this field ranges from the development of novel analytical approaches focused on the design of precise exchange-correlation functionals to the use of this technique to predict the molecular and electronic configuration of atoms, molecules, complexes, and solids in both gas and solution phases. The history to DFT’s success is the quest for the exchange-correlation functional, which utilizes density to represent advanced many-body phenomena inside one element formalism. If a precise exchange-correlation functional is applied, it may correctly describe the quantum nature of matter. The estimated character of the exchange-correlation functional is the basis for DFT implementation success or failure. Hohenberg-Kohn established that every characteristic of a system in ground state is a unique functional of its density, laying the foundation for DFT, which is being utilized to explore the novelty of materials. This chapter is aimed to present an overview of DFT by explaining the theoretical background, commonly used approximations as well as their recent developments and challenges faced along-with new horizons.

COVID-19 is a global pandemic with uncertain death rates. We examined county-level population morality rates (per 100,000) and case fatality rates by US region and rural-urban classification, while controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and hospital variables. We found that population mortality rates and case fatality rates were significantly different across region, rural-urban classification, and their interaction. All significant comparisons had p &lt, 0.001. Northeast counties had the highest population mortality rates (27.4) but had similar case fatality rates (5.9%) compared to other regions except the Southeast, which had significantly lower rates (4.1%). Population mortality rates were highest in urban counties but conversely, case fatality rates were highest in rural counties. Death rates in the Northeast were driven by urban areas (e.g., small, East Coast states), while case fatality rates tended to be highest in the most rural counties for all regions, especially the Southwest. However, on further inspection, high case fatality rate percentages in the Southwest, as well as in overall US counties, were driven by a low case number. This makes it hard to distinguish genuinely higher mortality or an artifact of a small sample size. In summary, coronavirus deaths are not homogenous across the United States but instead vary by region and population and highlight the importance of fine-scale analysis.

In the present study density and ultrasonic velocity have been measured at different temperatures for antibiotics Ronidazole (RNZ) and Dimetridazole (DMZ) in binary solvent mixtures of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and Water. Acoustical and volumetric properties like apparent molar volume (V φ ), isentropic compressibility (K φ ), intermolecular free length (L f ), solvation number (S n ), relative association (R A ) and Rao's molal sound function (R m ) of these antibiotic solutions were determined using experimental data of density and ultrasonic velocity. The obtained results have been discussed from the view point of drug-solvent and intermolecular interactions in solution.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of abusive supervision on the interpersonal conflict among teachers in the education sector of Pakistan. The study also explores the mediating role of breach of psychological contract and moderating role of locus of control in the proposed model. The survey was conducted on the teachers of different schools, colleges, and universities of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore. Data was collected from 272 teachers using questionnaires. Results indicated that abusive supervision is positively associated with the interpersonal conflict. Moreover,locus of control acts as a strong moderator on the relationship of abusive supervision and interpersonal conflict such that it weakens the relationship. However, breach of psychological contract didn’t mediate the relationship of abusive supervision and interpersonal conflict.

The H2 electrode is commonly assumed to be a half-cell, 2 H+ + 2e == H2, and explained by the Nernst equation. We cannot assume that the H+ is easily reduced to H2 in an H2 saturated solution, and H2 becoming oxidized to H+ in a strongly acid solution against the equilibrium principle. How can the H2 gas is involved from a basic solution where there is practically no H+ ions? Another equilibrium has been postulated, H2 (soln) = 2H (adsorbed on metal) = 2 H+ + 2e. This paper reports the results of studying the H2 electrode using various techniques, such as adsorption, bubbling with H2, and N2, charging, discharging, and recharging, replacing the salt bridge with a conducting wire, etc. An interesting overpotential was observed that bubbling H2 into the solution caused a sudden change of potential to more negative without changing the solution pH. The H2 may be replaced by N2 to give a similar calibration curve without the overpotential. The results contradict the redox mechanism. When the Pt is separated by H2 coating, it cannot act as a catalyst in the solution. Our results seem to explain the H2 electrode mechanism as the combination of its overpotential and capacitance potential. Bubbling of H2 or N2 only removes interfering gases such as O2 and CO2. Since neither H2 nor N2 is involved in the potential development, it is improper to call the H2 or N2 electrode. A term of pH / OH Pt electrode, like the pH / OH glass electrode, is suggested.

Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis of its history due to increase in the energy demand and lack of investment in mobilizing its energy resources. This paper aims to discuss the energy outlook and ways toward greener environment in electricity production in Pakistan. Gross domestic product and population are the major drivers behind the growing demand for energy. Demand for electricity in Pakistan is always growing with its GDP and population growth. The growth for electricity in Pakistan forecasted by Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resources has shown an increase of 0.75% in 2012 compared to 2011. This growth has been driven by strong demand from industrial and government sectors. Overall, the share of electricity consumption to total energy consumption has decreased due to short fall of electricity from 13.6% in 2007 to 12.5% in 2012. The total electricity generation was reported at 95TWh in 2012 whereas electricity consumption was 76.7TWh showing 17.3% line losses. Oil is still the major fuel source in Pakistan contributing to 35.2% of the total generation fuel mix of electricity followed by hydro, 29.9%, gas, 29% nuclear and imported, 5.8% and Coal, 0.1%. The shortfall of electricity is expected to drop when the Quide-Azam solar park and 45 ongoing wind energy projects will inject a total of 4200 MW electricity into the national grid by 2016.

Standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants k0 for the second reduction process of 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dinitrobenzenes were evaluated by the Gileadi method. The temperature dependences of k0 were investigated using Marcus' and other expression for ∆G*. However, it was found that to explain the values of k0 and its variation with temperature, it might be prudent to take into consideration the dielectric constant near the site of the reactant (the anion radical) and the product (the dianion).

Simple solid state pH and pNa glass electrodes have been prepared and studied. The conventionally used internal solution is replaced by a conducting wire or graphite fiber string which is firmly connected to the inner surface of the glass bulb or flate glass membrane. Both the conducting glue and internal solution have a contact junction potential at the glass surface and the conducting wire or internal solution serves as a conducting medium. The solid state pH and pNa electrodes studied showed a slope of 58 mV/pH and 55 mV/pNa, respectively and were stable in a period of more than one-month. The sensitivity of pNa electrodes is better than the commercial one (linear to 1 x 10-5 M Na+). The slopes of pNa electrodes were affected by pH. They behaved best in a buffer of pH 8. The pNa electrode mechanism is attributed to the charge adsorption of both Na+and OH- ions on the zwitterionic glass surface. The measured potential is the result of the net charge.

A modernized version of the thompson electrode is described. A copper wire is connected to the inner surface of the membrane of a glass electrode with a conductive adhesive resin.