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Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential preventive effect of Danshen Dripping Pills (CDDP) on contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) in patients with coronary heart disease after stent implantation. Additionally, we aimed to explore the relationship between simple inflammatory markers and CIAKI. Methods: A total of 423 coronary heart disease patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Department of Cardiology at Tianjin Chest Hospital between 2020 and 2022 were initially selected for the study. After exclusion criteria were applied, propensity score matching was used to select 217 patients, with 103 patients in the CDDP group and 114 patients in the control group. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the incidence of CIAKI between the two groups. Results: The incidence of CIAKI was significantly lower in the CDDP group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that CDDP had a preventive effect on CIAKI (OR = 0.327; 95% CI: 0.067-0.915; P = 0.036). Furthermore, the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) was found to have a non-linear relationship with CIAKI occurrence, with a low LMR associated with a higher risk of CIAKI (OR = 0.662; 95% CI: 0.458-0.955; P = 0.028). A cut-off value for LMR still needs further exploration. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that CDDP may have a preventive effect on CIAKI in patients undergoing stent implantation after PCI. Furthermore, LMR, as a simple systemic inflammatory marker, may be a predictive factor for CIAKI. These findings could have important implications for the clinical management of CIAKI in patients with coronary heart disease.

Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing coronary arteriography/percutaneous coronary intervention (CAG/PCI). We evaluated whether preoperative fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients who underwent CAG/PCI influenced the occurrence of CIN. From June 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021, 687 patients were divided into five groups based on their preoperative FBG levels. Blood samples were collected at admission and at 48 hours and 72 hours after the procedure to determine serum creatinine levels. The P value for trend was used to analyze the trend between preoperative FBG levels and the increased risk of CIN. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to exclude the influence of confounding factors, and some high-risk confounders were selected for subgroup analysis. The results of our cross-sectional study show that elevated preoperative FBG levels are independently associated with the risk of CIN in diabetic and pre-diabetic patients undergoing CAG/PCI. Furthermore, the incidence of CIN gradually increases with the rise in preoperative FBG levels. Patients with elevated preoperative FBG at admission should be carefully monitored and more active measures should be taken to prevent CIN.

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has become a common cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in elderly patients. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a type of anti-ischemic drug developed in recent years, which can reduce the incidence of CIN. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of TMZ in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly patients with renal insufficiency undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and to explore the mechanism of action. Methods: A total of 310 elderly patients with renal insufficiency undergoing elective PCI were enrolled and randomly assigned to a control group (n = 155, hydration only) and a TMZ group (n = 155, 20 mg thrice daily orally 24 hours before and 72 hours after PCI). The primary endpoint of the study was the incidence of CIN, which was defined as an increase of 25% or more, or an absolute increase of 0.5 mg/dL or more in serum creatinine from baseline value, at 48 to 72 hours following the exposure to contrast media (CM). Results: The incidence of CIN was significantly lower in the TMZ group than that in the control group (3.2% vs. 9.7%, p = 0.021). There was no difference regarding the incidence of major adverse events during hospitalization between the TMZ group and control group (1.9% vs. 2.6%, p = 1.000). Binary logistic regression results showed that TMZ was protective factors of CIN (OR = 0.274; 95% CI: 0.089–0.847; p = 0.025). Conclusion: Therefore, we came to the conclusion that prophylactic administration of TMZ can prevent the occurrence of CIN in elderly patients with renal insufficiency undergoing PCI and has a certain protective effect on the renal function of patients. According to the experimental results and the mechanism of TMZ on cardiomyocytes, we speculate that TMZ increases kidney glucose metabolism, reduces fatty acid oxidation, and also has a protective effect on kidney free radical damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Background: The aim of this research was to use the Mehran risk score to classify elderly diabetics with coronary heart disease to assess the preventive effect of trimetazidine on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in different risk population. Methods: An uncompromised of 760 elderly diabetics that went through PCI were included in this research. The patients were first divided into three groups in the light of MRS: low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk group, then randomized into trimetazidine group and the control group respectively. The first endpoint was the amount of CIN, which is described as a rise in serum creatinine levels by ⩾44.2 μmol/L or ⩾25% ratio within 48 or 72 hours after medication. Second endpoint included differences in creatinine clearance rate (CrCl), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), cystatin-C (Cys-C), and the incidence of major adverse events after administration. Results: In the three groups, the incidence of CIN in trimetazidine and control group was 5.0% versus 4.9%(χ2 = 0.005, p > 0.05), 8.0% versus 18.0% (χ2 = 7.685, p 2 = 4.376, p Conclusion: Our study confirmed that trimetazidine can be considered for preventive treatment of CIN occurrence in elderly diabetics with moderate and high-risk population, while there is no obvious advantage compared with hydration therapy in low-risk patients.

X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging can produce three-dimensional and high-resolution anatomical images without invasion, which is extremely useful for disease diagnosis in the clinic. However, its applications are still severely limited by the intrinsic drawbacks of contrast media (mainly iodinated water-soluble molecules), such as rapid clearance, serious toxicity, inefficient targetability and poor sensitivity. Due to their high biocompatibility, flexibility in preparation and modification and simplicity for drug loading, organic nanoparticles (NPs), including liposomes, nanoemulsions, micelles, polymersomes, dendrimers, polymer conjugates and polymeric particles, have demonstrated tremendous potential for use in the efficient delivery of iodinated contrast media (ICMs). Herein, we comprehensively summarized the strategies and applications of organic NPs, especially polymer-based NPs, for the delivery of ICMs in CT imaging. We mainly focused on the use of polymeric nanoplatforms to prolong circulation time, reduce toxicity and enhance the targetability of ICMs. The emergence of some new technologies, such as theragnostic NPs and multimodal imaging and their clinical translations, are also discussed.

Contrast-associated nephropathy (CIN), the third main reason of the acute kidney injury (AKI) in inpatients, is a potentially severe side effect of angiography and the preventive role of nicorandil on CIN is still controversal. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the preventive role of different doses of nicorandil on CIN in patients experiencing cardiac catheterization compared with hydration. We recorded outcomes from 330 patients who were randomly divided to either a double-dose (30 mg/day) nicorandil group or to a usual-dose (15 mg/day) nicorandil group or a control group (hydration only). The primary endpoint of the current research was the occurrence of CIN, which is defined as a relative elevation of SCr level of 25% above the baseline or an absolute increment of SCr of more than 44.2 µmol/L (0.5 mg/dL) within 48 or 72 h after contrast medium exposure. Additional endpoints were the changes in BUN, SCr, Cys-C, eGFR, and CRP level within 48 h after contrast agent exposure and major adverse events occurring during hospitalization and 14 days of follow-up. 6 out of 111 patients (5.4%) had contrast-induced nephropathy in the double-dose group and it occured 11 out of 107 patients (10.3%) in the usual-dose group, 16 out of 112 patients (14.3%) in the control group. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of CIN between the double-dose group and the control group at 48 h after taking the radiocontrast medium (p = 0.026) while no such significant difference observed in the usual-dose group and the control group (p = 0.367), the double-dose group and usual-dose group (p = 0.180) as well. Daily peri-procedural usual-dose nicorandil could just relieve contrast-induced renal injury, only double-dose nicorandil was associated with a reduced incidence of CI-AKI compared with hydration.

We investigated the preventive effect of nicorandil on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with moderate renal insufficiency undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A total of 250 patients with a creatinine clearance (crCl) ≤60 mL/min undergoing PCI were randomly assigned to either a nicorandil group (nicorandil 10 mg 3 times/d and hydration; n = 125) or a control group (hydration only; n = 125). The first end point was the incidence of CIN defined as an increase in serum creatinine (Scr) levels by ≥0.5 mg/dL or ≥25% within 72 hours after exposure to the contrast medium. The secondary end points were (1) changes in Scr, blood urea nitrogen, and crCl and (2) the incidence of major adverse events during hospitalization. The incidence of CIN was 1.6% (2/125) in the nicorandil group and 9.6% (12/125) in the control group ( P = .011). There was no obvious difference in the incidence of major adverse events during hospitalization between the nicorandil and the control group (4.0% vs 4.8%, P = 1.000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that nicorandil was a protective factor for CIN (odds ratios = 0.126, 95% confidence interval: −19.996 to −0.932, P = .012). Prophylactic administration of nicorandil may prevent against CIN in patients with moderate renal insufficiency undergoing PCI.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary arteriography /percutaneous coronary intervention. In this study, we evaluated whether preoperative fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic and prediabetic patients who received CAG/PCI impacted the occurrence of postoperative CIN.Methods: We reviewed the incidence of preoperative FBG and postoperative CIN in 3437 patients with CAG/PCI from January 1, 2019, to May 28, 2021 in Tianjin Chest Hospital. Patients were divided into 5 groups based on their preoperative FBG levels. Blood samples were collected at admission and at 48 h and 72 h after operation to determine the serum creatinine levels of patients. P for trend was used to analyze the trend between preoperative FBG levels and the increased risk of CIN. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to exclude the influence of the confounding factors, and some high-risk confounders were selected for subgroup analysis.Results: We found that patients with elevated preoperative FBG levels had higher body mass index (BMI), received PCI more often, and had higher basal SCr levels. The incidence of CIN in the 5 groups of patients was 6.7%, 10.5%, 17.5%, 18.4%, and 23.2%. The trend test was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) (1.000, 1.425, 2.489, 2.704, 3.234). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that in the main high-risk subgroups including BMI, PCI, hypertension, and age>65, patients with elevated preoperative FBG levels (≥150 mg/dL) had a higher risk of CIN. There was a significant relationship between higher preoperative FBG levels and greater risk for CIN in patients with HbA1c 6.5%-8.0% (P=0.007) and HbA1c 8.0%-9.5% (P=0.011). Conclusions: Results of our cross-sectional study shows that elevated preoperative FBG levels are independently associated with the risk of CIN in diabetic and prediabetic patients undergoing CAG/PCI, and that the incidence of CIN gradually increases with an increase in preoperative FBG levels. Therefore, patients with elevated preoperative FBG at admission should be carefully monitored and more active measures should be taken to prevent CIN.

The Mehran risk score (MRS) was used to classify patients with coronary heart disease and evaluate the preventive effect of alprostadil on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention. The patients (n = 1146) were randomized into an alprostadil and control group and then divided into 3 groups on the basis of the MRS: low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk groups. The primary end point was the occurrence of CIN (alprostadil + hydration vs simple hydration treatment); secondary end points included serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance rate, cystatin C, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, proteinuria, and differences in the incidence of major adverse events. In the low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk groups, the incidence of CIN in the control and alprostadil group was 2.9 versus 2.6% ( P = .832), 11.4 versus 4.9% ( P = .030), 19.1 versus 7.7% ( P = .041), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alprostadil treatment was a favorable protective factor for moderate-risk and high-risk CIN patients (OR = 0.343, 95% CI: 0.124-0.951, P = .040). Alprostadil can be used as a preventive treatment for moderate- and high-risk CIN patients classified by the MRS. The reduction of CIN by alprostadil may be related to an anti-inflammatory effect.

Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing Coronary arteriography (CAG)/percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study aimed to evaluate whether pre-procedural glucose levels in diabetic patients who received CAG/PCI had an impact on the occurrence of postoperative CIN. We reviewed the incidence of pre-procedural glucose and postoperative CIN in 532 patients with CAG/PCI from June 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021 in Tianjin Chest Hospital, and divided the preoperative pre-procedural glucose levels into 5 groups. Blood samples were collected at admission, 48h and 72h after operation to measure the serum creatinine (Scr) value of patients. We found Patients with elevated pre-procedural glucose had higher BMI, and they were more often on therapy with PCI. They also had higher basal, 24h and 48h Scr. (Table 1) The incidence of CIN in the 5 groups of patients were: 6.9%, 10.7%, 14.1%, 20.1%, 26.0%. (p = 0.030) The multivariate analysis confirmed that in the main high-risk subgroup, patients with elevated pre-procedural glucose levels (≥ 158mg/dl) had a higher risk of CIN disease. (Fig. 2) Trend test showed the change of HR (1.000, 1.646, 2.285, 3.227, 4,788). (Table 2) We come to the conclusion that in diabetic patients undergoing CAG/PCI, elevated pre-procedural glucose is independently associated with the risk of CIN, and with the increase of pre-procedural glucose level, the incidence of CIN gradually increases.

Backgrounds: Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing Coronary arteriography (CAG)/percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the gold standard to measure blood glucose control, which has important clinical significance for evaluating blood glucose control in diabetic patients in the past 3 months. This study aimed to evaluate whether preoperative hemoglobin a1c levels in diabetic patients who received CAG/PCI had an impact on the occurrence of postoperative CIN.Methods: We reviewed the incidence of preoperative HbA1c and postoperative CIN in 670 patients with CAG/PCI from January 1, 2020 to October 30, 2020, and divided the preoperative HbA1c levels into 5 groups. Blood samples were collected at admission, 48h and 72h after operation to measure the Scr value of patients. Categorical variables were compared using a chi-square test, and continuous variables were compared using an analysis of variance. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the percentages when the expected frequency was less than 5. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to exclude the influence of confounding factors and P for trend was used to analyze the trend between HbA1c levels and the increased risk of CIN. Results: Patients with elevated HbA1c had higher BMI, FBG and LDL-C, and they were more often on therapy with hypoglycemic agents, Insulin and PCI. They also had higher basal, 24h and 48h Scr. (Table 1) The incidence of CIN in the 5 groups of patients were: 9.8%, 11.9%, 15.2%, 25.3%, 48.1%. (pConclusions: Studies have shown that in diabetic patients undergoing CAG/PCI, elevated HbA1C is independently associated with the risk of CIN, and with the increase of HbA1C level, the incidence of CIN gradually increases.

We investigated the preventive effect of alprostadil on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A total of 300 patients with creatinine clearance (crCl) ≤60 mL/min undergoing PCI were randomly assigned to alprostadil or a control group. The primary end point was the incidence of CIN defined as an increase in serum creatinine (Scr) levels by ≥0.5 mg/dL or≥ 25% after administration of the contrast media within 72 hours. The secondary end points were (1) changes in Scr and crCl within 72 hours and (2) the incidence of major adverse events during hospitalization. The incidence of CIN was 2.7% (4/150) in the alprostadil group, and 8.7% (13/150) in the control group (χ2 = 5.05, P = .043).There was no difference regarding the incidence of major adverse events during hospitalization between the alprostadil group and control groups (2.7% vs 4.0%, P = .750). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alprostadil was an independent protective factor for CIN (odds ratio = 0.136, 95% confidence interval: 0.020-0.944, P = .044). Prophylactic administration of alprostadil may prevent CIN in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing PCI.

To investigate the preventive effect of probucol combined with hydration on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with coronary heart disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A total of 641 patients undergoing PCI were randomly assigned to either a probucol group (probucol 500 mg twice daily and hydration; n = 321) or a control group (hydration only; n = 320). The primary endpoint was the incidence of CIN, defined as an increase in serum creatinine (Scr) by ≥ 44.2 μmol/L or ≥ 25% within 72 h after the administration of contrast agent. Secondary endpoints were changes in Scr, cystatin-C (Cys-C), creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), C-reactive protein (CRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) within 72 h, and major adverse events during hospitalization or the 14-day follow-up period. The incidence of CIN was 4.0% (13/321) in the probucol group and 10.9% (35/320) in the control group. The probucol group had lower Cys-C and higher Ccr at 48 and 72 h after PCI compared with the control group. At 48 and 72 h following the operation, Cys-C and CRP were lower in the probucol group compared with the control group, but Ccr, SOD, and GSH were higher. There were no differences in the incidence of major adverse events during hospitalization or the 14-day follow-up between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that probucol was an independent protective factor for CIN. Probucol combined with hydration more effectively decreased the incidence of CIN in patients with coronary heart disease undergoing PCI compared with hydration alone.

Background The role of alprostadil on the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) still remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of short-term alprostadil on the incidence of CIN in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A total of 480 patients with coronary heart disease undergoing PCI were enrolled in our study and randomly assigned to two groups. The control group (n = 240) was given only hydration therapy and the alprostadil group (n = 240) received intravenous administration of 20 ug/day (diluted with 100 ml normal saline) from 0.5∼1 hr before to 3 days after operation on the basis of hydration. The primary endpoint of the study was the incidence of CIN, which was defined as an increase in SCr concentration ≥ 44.2 umol/l or ≥25% above baseline within 48 hr∼72 hr after exposure of contrast media. Results The incidence of CIN was significantly lower in the alprostadil group than that in the control group (6.25% vs 11.67%, P = 0.038). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alprostadil was the protective factor of CIN (OR = 0.699, 95% CI 0.542–0.902, P = 0.006). The benefits against CIN were consistent in prespecified high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus (P = 0.003). In addition, we also found that hs-CRP and blood homocysteine values after PCI were significantly lower in the alprostadil group than those in the control group. Conclusion Prophylactic administration of alprostadil may prevent against CIN in coronary heart disease patients undergoing elective PCI, particularly in high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of nicorandil on the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with coronary heart disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.This study randomized 300 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention to receive conventional treatment in the control group (hydration only; n = 150) vs. nicorandil therapy (nicorandil 10 mg three times daily plus hydration; n = 150). The primary endpoint was the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy, defined as rise in serum creatinine ≥44.2 μmol/L or25% above baseline within 72 hours after exposure to contrast administered during percutaneous coronary intervention. Secondary endpoints included differences in post-percutaneous coronary intervention serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine clearance rate, cystatin-C, and occurrence of major adverse events.Contrast-induced nephropathy incidence was 3.3% (5/150) in the nicorandil group vs. 10.7% (16/150) in the control group (P0.05). At 48 and 72 hours after contrast administration, cystatin-C levels were significantly lower and creatinine clearance rate were significantly higher with nicroandil therapy compared to conventional treatment (all P values0.05). No statistical difference was observed in the incidence of major post-procedure side effect events in hospital and fourteen days of follow-up period between the nicorandil group and control group (3.3% vs. 4.0%, P0.05).Compared to conventional treatment, oral nicorandil therapy was associated with less contrast-induced nephropathy and improved renal function following contrast administration during percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the research was to investigate the preventive effect of nanoliposomes on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in New Zealand rabbits and to provide a theoretical basis for clinically effective prevention and treatment of CIN and the development of new contrast agents. METHODS: A total of 48 New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups randomly, there were 12 rabbits in eacj group: (I) control group; (II) contrast group; (III) hydration prevention group; and (IV) nanoliposome group. The changes of serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were messured before and after injection of iopromide. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect inflammatory and oxidative stress indexes, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipoprotein (NGAL), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Twenty-four hours after injection of the contrast medium, the rabbits were killed and the pathological changes were observed under an electron microscope. RESULTS: There were statistical significances in sCr and BUN values among the four groups at both 8 hours and 24 hours after injection of the contrast medium. Serum NGAL and TNF-α levels were also significantly different among the four groups (P

The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of high-dose atorvastatin on the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous intervention and observe the incidence of cystatin C (CyC)-based CIN. A total of 496 patients with ACS were randomly assigned to either the control group (247 patients receiving conventional dose atorvastatin 10 mg daily from 1 day before to 3 days after contrast administration) or the high-dose atorvastatin group (249 patients receiving atorvastatin 40 mg daily for the same perioperative period). The baseline characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. The primary end point of serum creatinine (SCr)-based CIN occurred in 31 patients in the control group and 16 patients in the high-dose atorvastatin group (12.6% vs 6.4%; P = .02). Cystatin C–based CIN developed in 90 patients in the control group and 46 patients in the high-dose atorvastatin group (36.4% vs 18.5%; P < .001). A multivariable analysis revealed that high-dose atorvastatin was independently associated with a decreased risk of CIN. Our study demonstrated that prophylactic treatment with high-dose atorvastatin reduced the risk of both SCr and CyC-based CIN and suggested that CyC was a more reliable marker for early diagnosis of CIN compared with SCr.

cultured in the presence of healthy subject erythrocytes (Fig. 1). The production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p70 was higher in LPS-stimulated iDCs cultured in the presence of patient erythrocytes than in those cultured in the presence of healthy control erythrocytes (Pb.05) whereas IL-10 did the contrary (Pb0.001) (Fig. 2A). LPS-stimulated iDCs cultured in the presence of patient erythrocytes increased the proliferation of allogeneic CD4+ T cells evaluated by H-methyl-thymidine incorporation in a standard mixed lymphocyte reaction (Fig. 2B). To sum up we state that erythrocytes from patients with carotid atherosclerosis fail to control DC maturation. Changes in their integrity and functions, probably due to erythrocyte exposure to high oxidative stress generated by atherosclerotic risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, may cause the impairment of erythrocyte immunomodulatory activity, thus contributing to atherosclerotic plaque progression and destabilization. We suggest that the altered expression of CD47 at erythrocyte surface, or its loss due to vesiculation, could represent themainmechanism determining the functional impairment of patient erythrocytes in their cross-talk with DCs.

BACKGROUND The prophylactic efficacy of statin pretreatment for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains controversial. The aim of the study was to perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effectiveness of short-term moderate or high-dose rosuvastatin pretreatment in preventing CIN. METHODS We included RCTs comparing short-term moderate or high-dose rosuvastatin treatment versus low-dose rosuvastatin treatment or placebo for preventing CIN. The primary endpoint was the incidence of CIN within 2 to 5 days after contrast administration, and related-parameters including serum creatinine (SCr), cystatin C (CysC), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), urine microalbumin (mALB) were also extracted. RESULTS Fifteen RCTs with a total of 2673 patients were identified and analyzed. Patients who received moderate or high-dose rosuvastatin pretreatment had a 55% lower risk of CIN compared with low-dose rosuvastatin pretreatment or placebo group based on a fixed effect model (RR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.35-0.58, P

We developed a risk score for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in elderly patients (n = 668) before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Another 277 elderly patients were studied for validation. Based on the odds ratio, risk factors were assigned a weighted integer; the sum of the integers was the risk score. Among the 668 elderly patients, 105 (15.7%) experienced CIN. There were 9 risk factors for CIN (with weighted integer): estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 2 (4), diabetes (3), left ventricular ejection fraction 70 years (2), myocardial infarction (2), emergency PCI (2), anemia (2), and contrast agent volume >200 mL (2). The incidence of CIN was 3.4%, 11.9%, 36.9%, and 69.8% in the low-risk (≤4), moderate risk (5-8), high-risk (9-12), and very-high-risk groups (≥13). The model demonstrated good discriminative power in the validation population ( c statistic = 0.79). This score can be used to plan preventative measures.