Search

The incidence of complications of spine surgery varies among different studies; also, there is a conflict regarding the risk factors of such complications. The complications of spine surgery can impact the outcome of the patient and affect the patient’s quality of life permanently. The present study aimed at reviewing the complications of spine surgery. This review involved an online research process in searching for scientific articles related to the subject under interest using scientific websites and several keywords. The selection of articles was based on the inclusion criteria. There were 12 articles included to write the current review; the review is written under five titles in the discussion part. The incidence and types of spinal surgery complications vary depending on different studies and risk factors. Complications of spine surgery range from minor complications to major complications. Determining the outcome of complications is difficult due to the lack of accepted standards for the outcome assessment in spine surgery.

Evaluation of level of consciousness has become essential for anticipation of sepsis and septic shock. Both the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and the quick SOFA score utilize the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) for screening of sepsis. Objectives: the aim of this review is to determine and study the role of Glasgow coma score in anticipation of sepsis and septic shock. Methods: To achieve this aim, we have searched online database, namely PubMed and Cochrane Library for studies and review articles assessing the significance of assessment of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for anticipating sepsis or septic shock. Thirteen appropriately-related studies were selected for review. Results: Disturbed sensorium was found to be a sensitive early indicator for sepsis, thus GCS is used for assessment of both the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and quick SOFA scores qSOFA scores. Lower GCS scores were associated with high mortality rates. Discussion: Encephalopathy is an early sign of sepsis and septic shock. Glasgow Coma score (GCS) was a good indicator of neurological dysfunction evaluated by the SOFA and qSOFA scores. The use of GCS was also a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis. Some researchers, however, reported that GCS was not the best tool for measuring brain dysfunction in sepsis. Conclusions: Glasgow coma score can anticipate sepsis and septic shock, and predict the outcome of sepsis.