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Existing theories of democratic reversals emphasize that elites mount actions like coups when democracy is particularly threatening to their interests. However, existing theory has been largely silent on the role of elite social networks, which interact with economic incentives and may facilitate antidemocratic collective action. We develop a model where coups generate rents for elites and show that the effort an elite puts into a coup is increasing in their network centrality. We empirically explore the model using an original dataset of Haitian elite networks that we linked to firm-level data. We show that central families were more likely to be accused of participating in the 1991 coup against the democratic Aristide government. We then find that the retail prices of staple goods that are imported by such elites differentially increase during subsequent periods of nondemocracy. Our results suggest that elite social structure is an important factor in democratic reversals.

We present photometric data of five near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) obtained in the framework of the NEO Rapid Observation, Characterization, and Key Simulations (NEOROCKS) project. The selected asteroids are (351545) 2005 TE15, (438908) 2009 XO, (501647) 2014 SD224, 2015 FC35, and 2016 CO247. Light curves were obtained for all the asteroids using the 0.46-m TAR2 telescope at the Teide Observatory (OT), and spectrophotometric data in g, r, i , z |$_s$| filters were obtained for asteroids (438908) 2009 XO and (501647) 2014 SD224 using the MuSCAT-2 instrument attached to the 1.52-m Carlos Sanchez Telescope also at the OT. We derived the rotational period of the five NEAs using Fourier series analysis of the rotational light curves. We found |$P = 10.6035 \pm 0.0010$| h for (351545) 2005 TE15, |$7.9140 \pm 0.006$| h for (501647) 2014 SD224, |$3.4211 \pm 0.0075$| h for 2015 FC35, and |$4.800 \pm 0.005$| h for 2016 CO247. We observed two periodic variations for (438908) 2009 XO, a long one with two possible periods of |$P_1 = 157.2 \pm 0.4$| h and |$P_2 = 304.0 \pm 0.4$| h and a large amplitude of 0.881 mag, and a short one with a period of |$P = 13.448 \pm 0.008$| h. Radar data suggest that (438908) 2009 XO could be a contact binary and its double period points towards a non-principal axis rotator. Finally, we used the spectrophotometric data to obtain colours and taxonomic classification for (438908) 2009 XO and (501657) 2014 SD224, concluding that both NEAs are S-type objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back ground: Urinary Incontinence is also called leaky bladder/ sometimes involves a strong, uncontrollable urge to urinate. Life style of daily passengers includes hurry, anxiety and stress to catch the train to travel long distances for education or occupation purpose. Many people may feel discomfort to use washroom more frequently. Objectives: To assess prevalence of urinary incontinence and socio-demographic profile and risk factors of daily passengers in Prakasam district suffering with urinary incontinence, who travelled in trains during study period. Methodology: A Cross sectional observational study conducted among 160 daily passengers from August 1st to September 30th 2021 in Ongole, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh. A pretested semi structured questionnaire is used to assess socio demographic profile and risk factors of urinary incontinence among study participants. Questionnaire for urinary incontinence for diagnosis [QUID] is applied for diagnosing urinary incontinence among study participants. Simple random technique was applied to choose study participants. Results: Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence was 29.66%. Almost half of the study participants (47.2%) mentioned the urinary continence when they had cough or sneezing. Mean age of study participants was 21.7 years and ranged between 17 to 76 years. Pearson correlation test revealed a strong significant positive correlation between QUID Urge score and QUID stress score. (r = 0.40, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Urinary incontinence significantly high in the age group > 30 when compared to others. At the same time urinary incontinence significantly high among study participants having smoking history. People who had high stress score had high prevalence of urinary incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Awareness of workplace bullying and its potentially detrimental effects is increasing. Numerous studies have highlighted the problem within the medical field. However, limited studies exist within the South African doctor workforce, and fewer within specific disciplines. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and impact of workplace bullying among anaesthetists within the eThekwini public sector. Methods: This was a survey-based study, incorporating the use of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) to probe the prevalence of bullying objectively and subjectively, with open-ended questions to reveal the impact. Demographic data was also collected. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to analyse the quantitative data, and the qualitative data was analysed thematically. Results: Workplace bullying was experienced objectively by 38.66% of respondents and subjectively by 32.77%. Women were twice as likely to be bullied than men. Registrars and senior consultants were also more likely to be bullied than medical officers. Having more than five years of experience increases the risk. The negative impact of workplace bullying on personal life, job or career, and patient care is presented. Aspects affected include physical and mental well-being, personal relationships, job satisfaction and performance, and the quality of patient care. Conclusion: Workplace bullying is a concern within our medical context. Its effect on personal well-being and patient care can be deleterious. Root causes must be investigated, and strategies developed to mitigate this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dental Cognitive BehaviourTherapy (dental CBT) is a talking therapy for adults and children aimed to reduce a patient's anxiety specifically related to dentistry. The Modified Dental Anxiety Score (MDAS) allows an objective measurement of the patient's level of anxiety pre and post CBT. Aims: The objective was to assess the effectiveness of the CBT service within Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust (BCHC) Community Dental Services (CDS). The aims were to assess the number of patients with a pre- and post-CBT MDAS recorded, the success of CBT and the anxiety management modalities used to facilitate treatment. Methods: A retrospective analysis of internal CBT referrals between January 2018 to December 2022. Results: 135 referrals were identified. 56% had a pre-MDAS score, of these 85% were between 20 to 25, indicating high anxiety (>19). Post-CBT MDAS scores reduced to between 5 to 14 for 85% of patients (indicating low I moderate anxiety). After having CBT 45% of patients had dental treatment with local anaesthetic (LA) alone and 35% with inhalation sedation (IHS). Conclusions: CBT is effective in the treatment of dental anxiety and therefore allows patients to receive treatment from their general dental practitioners (GDP) and step down from general anaesthetic (GA) / intravenous sedation (IVS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every day variations in rectal filling in prostate cancer radiotherapy can significantly alter the delivered dose distribution from what was intended. The goal of this study was to see if the time of treatment delivery affected the rectal filling. This is a retrospective study which included 50 patients with localized prostate cancer treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) to the primary and regional lymph nodes. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) image-sets were done for all patient's daily setup verification. The radiation therapist contoured the rectum on all CBCT image sets. The rectal volumes delineated on CBCT and the planning CT image sets were compared. The change in rectal volumes between morning and afternoon treatments were calculated and compared. A total of 1000 CBCT image sets were obtained on 50 patients in the morning and afternoon. The percentage variation of the CBCT rectal volumes over the planning CT scan was 16.57% in the AM group and 24.35% in the PM group. The percentage change in rectal volume was significantly lesser in AM group compared to PM group and therefore morning treatments may result in dose distribution that is close to the intended dose distribution. In prostate cancer radiotherapy our study suggests that a simple technique of changing the time of treatment from afternoon to morning can help to reduce the rectal volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While behavioural abnormalities are fundamental features of Rett syndrome (RTT), few studies have examined the RTT behavioural phenotype. Most of these reports have focused on autistic features, linked to the early regressive phase of the disorder, and few studies have applied standardised behavioural measures. We used a battery of standardised measures of behaviour and functioning to test the following hypotheses: (1) autistic behaviour is prominent throughout childhood in RTT; (2) autistic features are more salient in individuals with milder presentation; (3) severity of autistic behaviour is associated with a wider range of behavioural problems; and (4) specific "MECP2" mutations are linked to more severe autistic behaviour. Methods: Eighty "MECP2" mutation-positive girls with RTT (aged 1.6-14.9 years) were administered: (1) the Screen for Social Interaction (SSI), a measure of autistic behaviour suited for individuals with severe communication and motor impairment; (2) the Rett Syndrome Behaviour Questionnaire (RSBQ), covering a wide range of abnormal behaviours in RTT; (3) the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS); and (4) a modified version of the Rett Syndrome Severity Scale (RSSS). Regression analyses examined the predictive value of age and RSSS on autistic behaviour and other behavioural abnormalities. T-tests further characterised the behavioural phenotype of individual "MECP2" mutations. Results: While age had no significant effect on SSI or RSBQ total scores in RTT, VABS Socialization and "Composite" scores decreased over time. Clinical severity (i.e. RSSS) also increased with age. Surprisingly, SSI performance was not related to either RSSS or VABS "Composite" scores. Autistic behaviour was weakly linked with the RSBQ Hand behaviour factor scores, but not with the RSBQ Fear/Anxiety factor. Clinical (neurological) severity did not predict RSBQ scores, as evidenced by the analysis of individual "MECP2" mutations (e.g. p.R106W, p.R270X and p.R294X). Conclusions: Our data suggest that in RTT, autistic behaviour persists after the period of regression. It also demonstrated that neurological and behavioural impairments, including autistic features, are relatively independent of one another. Consistent with previous reports of the RTT phenotype, individual "MECP2" mutations demonstrate complex associations with autistic features. Evidence of persistent autistic behaviour throughout childhood, and of a link between hand function and social skills, has important implications not only for research on the RTT behavioural phenotype, but also for the clinical management of the disorder

Central to the argument about the influence of media on learning is how this influence is measured or ascertained. Conventional methods which comprise the use of true and quasi-experimental designs are inadequate. Several lessons can be learned from this observation on the media debate. The first is that, conventional methods of ascertaining the impacts of media and the instructional method on learning achievement are inadequate. Secondly, that alternative approaches to research are needed to ascertain any such impact. Thirdly, and most importantly, the influence of media on learning need not be limited to its impacts on cognitive outcomes alone. Information and communications technology can influence and support many other aspects of learning and teaching such as the presentation of complex subject matter content, learner motivation, learner independence from the time, place and pace of learning and teaching activities, and individualized and group-based learning and teaching. A useful framework for capturing these affordances is presented in this article. Its focus is on the opportunities or affordances of information and communications technology for learning and teaching activities. The concept of "affordance", which was first articulated by James Gibson within the context of his work on perception, refers to what various technologies and their unique attributes offer learning and teaching activities. This article presents the nature, myths, miracles, and concerns of the four methods for capturing technology affordances: (1) Self-paced learning offline; (2) Self-paced learning online; (3) Group-based learning asynchronously; and (4) Group-based learning synchronously.