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Background Cancer is considered one of the most predominant causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world and colorectal cancer is the most common fatal cancers, triggering the second cancer related death. Despite progress in understanding carcinogenesis and development in chemotherapeutics, there is an essential need to search for improved treatment. More than the half a century, cytotoxic and cytostatic agents have been examined as a potential treatment of cancer, among these agents; remarkable progresses have been reported by the use of the snake venom. Snake venoms are secreting materials of lethal snakes are store in venomous glands. Venoms are composite combinations of various protein, peptides, enzymes, toxins and non proteinaceous secretions. Conclusion Snake venom possesses immense valuable mixtures of proteins and enzymes. Venoms have potential to combat with the cancerous cells and produce positive effect. Besides the toxicological effects of venoms, several proteins of snake venom e.g. disintegrins, phospholipases A2, metalloproteinases, and L-amino acid oxidases and peptides e.g. bradykinin potentiators, natriuretic, and analgesic peptides have shown potential as pharmaceutical agents, including areas of diagnosis and cancer treatment. In this review we have discussed recent remarkable research that has involved the dynamic snake venoms compounds, having anticancer bustle especially in case of colorectal cancer.

Worldwide the infectious diseases are a major threat to the human population. However, the most important parameter is the prompt and sensitive diagnosis of pathogens. Therefore, tremendous efforts have been made for the development of rapid and portable detection techniques. The identification and treatment of infectious diseases at the nano and molecular levels is a hard task to achieve because of the scarcity of effective probes for characterization and recognition of biomarkers of these pathogens. Nonetheless, if it made possible simultaneous diagnosis and treatment at the specific spot, i.e., theranostics can be beneficial for treating the disease at a cellular level and can be helpful to understand the disease system. However, for theranostics a sensing system should be able to detect and measure biomarkers quickly. In this regard, aptamers (oligonucleotide polymers consist of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or RNA) have displayed the ability to be used as probes for the recognition of various targets at molecular level. DNA and RNA have the capacity of doing much lot than just keeping genetic information and therefore are also known as functional nucleic acids. Aptamer-based biosensors would be an attractive format because they can be developed for various molecules using the same sensing format. Therefore, the aptasensors utilizing aptamers for various bacterial infections have stimulating theranostic potential as well. In this chapter, the potential of aptamers as theranostic agent for bacterial infections has been discussed. The advantages and limitations of aptamer-based theranostics for the development of personalized medicine are also discussed.

Cognitive deficiency and oxidative stress have been well documented in aging disorders including Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Caralluma tuberculata methanolic extract (CTME) on cognitive impairment in mice induced with d-galactose. In this study we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of CTME on cognitive impairment in mice induced with d-galactose by conduction of behavioral and cognitive performance tests. In order to explore the possible role of CTME against d-galactose-induced oxidative damages, various biochemical indicators were assessed. Chronic administration of d-galactose (150mg/kgd, s.c.) for 7 weeks significantly impaired cognitive performance (in step-through passive, active avoidance test, Hole-Board test, Novel object recognition task and Morris water maze) and oxidative defense as compared to the control group. The results revealed that CTME treatment for two weeks (100, 200 and 300mg/kg p.o) significantly ameliorated cognitive performance and oxidative defense. All groups of CTME enhanced the learning and memory ability in step-through passive, active avoidance test, Hole-Board test Novel object recognition task and Morris water maze. Furthermore, high and middle level of CTME (300 and 200mg/kg p.o) significantly increased Total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, neprilysin (NEP), and β-site AβPP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression while Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) activity and Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and the level of Aβ1-42 and presenilin 1 (PS1) were decreased. The present study showed that CTME have a significant relieving effect on learning, memory and spontaneous activities in d-galactose-induced mice model, and ameliorates cognitive impairment and biochemical dysfunction in mice.