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The present work-study the decreasing fluoride ions toxicity on the rat heart via loading them on the chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) surface to form the biologically compatible composite (Cs@NaF). The obtained nanocomposite was characterized by different techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), zeta potential, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The biochemical parameters in the albino rats perform, where twenty-eight male adult Sprague Dawley rats (average body weight of 150 ± 10 g) were obtained from the Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, then acclimatized for two weeks before the experiment and divided into four groups in galvanized wire cages at room temperature (22-25 °C) with a 12-h photoperiod and fed a well-balanced commercial diet. The blood samples were obtained from the vena cava of the rat heart via estimation of the troponin T, Lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase. Also, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) and hematological measurements have been performed on the rat heart. To express all of the data, the mean and standard error of the mean are utilized by (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. The modified chitosan with fluoride decreases the toxicity of fluoride via improving the rat heart function due to the presence of Cs NPs helped to mitigate some of the negative effects of fluoride therapy.

The incorporation between nano-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and nano-chitosan (Cs) to produce sandwich nanohybrid (SNH) for water treatment and improvement the adsorption of sofosbuvir drug (SOF). The photocatalytic activity and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected with oxidation of organic dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO). The effect of SNH on the release of SOF in blood and inside the cells at pH 7.4 and pH 6.8, respectively were observed by UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The binding constant (Kb) was reported at 0.0035 min−1 and the loading constant at 0.0024 min−1, while the release efficiency was 42.6% at pH 7.4 and 74.7% at pH 6.8. The efficiency of photocatalytic activity against organic dyes MO, MB, and RhB are detected at 2.4% and 1%, and 42%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of SNH has been observed with MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cell line with three concentrations of SNH, where the little concentration has low effect on the HepG2 and high viability, this result was reversed with the high concentration, also the yellow color due to the lysis of the cells. The antioxidant of the SNH was detected by FRAP technique.

The self-assembly of cisplatin (Cis-Pt) and chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) has been synthesized and characterized successfully by different analyses and techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The efficiency of loading Cis-Pt on Cs NPs for decreasing the side effects of Cis-Pt by loading it on Cs NP surface was revealed through histopathological and physiological measurements for the liver, testis, and kidney cells. Self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite (Cis-Pt@Cs) could improve spermatogenic cells, seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue. Kidney examination showed intact glomeruli with a mild increase in capsular space in addition to the intact renal tubular epithelial lining, and liver findings showed improvement in dilation and congestion of the central vein besides mild dilation of blood sinusoids in addition to a mild degree of hepatocyte vacuolation. The serum levels of hepatic, renal, and testicular marker analysis were measured, where Cis-Pt increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activity, urea, creatinine, and decreased testosterone levels, while synthesized self-assembly appeared normalized levels. From the results, the self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite decreases and improves the side effects of Cis-Pt.

In this work, the performance of a modified double slope still (MDSSS) was evaluated compared to conventional single slope one (CSS). The modifications depended on different additives, namely: copper chips, copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles/fluid, and paraffin wax as phase change material (PCM). First, the proposed materials were characterized to determine the thermophysical properties and the best ratios. As resulted, the copper chips, and nano-enhanced materials (water and PCM) had higher thermal conductivity than bulk water, and pure materials, respectively. Beyond the characterization, three cases of MDSSS were investigated compared to CSS: copper chips immersed in CuO/water nanofluid (1.5 wt%) (case I), integrating pure PCM container below the basin containing the previous materials (case II), and using nano-based PCM (15 wt%) instead of the pure PCM (case III). Moreover, the thermo-economic performance was evaluated by determining the efficiencies of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and the freshwater cost. As found, all cases showed good performance improvements, and case III was the best from both production and thermo-economic considerations. For this case, the productivity, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency were enhanced by 113, 112.5, and 190%, respectively, relative to CSS. In addition, the freshwater production cost was saved by 35.3%.

The target is a novel nano-combination membrane (NCM) via Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb

There is no clear data about the optimum thicknesses, band gaps, and charge densities of Cu2O thin films to fabricate solar cells. Therefore, here, Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) program ...

The present work-study the improvement of the loading and release efficiency of sofosbuvir drug (SOF) for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) by the combination process with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) basket to form a novel self-assembly βCD-SOF which load on the chitosan nanoparticle (Cs NPs) to form a novel hybrid composite (Cs@βCD-SOF). The characterization process performs for confirming the formation of hybrid composite with various methods. The loading efficiency of SOF is performed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which is reported at 94.54% for Cs@βCD-SOF, while in the reverse case the efficiency is βCD-SOF@Cs 65.2%. The binding constant (K

Recently, nanotechnology has been greatly developed to provide the aquaculture industry with new beneficial nanomaterials to improve the health and welfare of aquatic animals. Herein, an eight-week experiment was designed to examine the dietary impacts of sodium butyrate nanoparticles (SB-NPs) on the hematological profile, blood proteins, immunological indices, antioxidant capacity, and expression analysis of cytokines and antioxidant-related genes in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were randomly assigned into 5 experimental groups (3 replicates per group) and were fed diets supplemented with 5 levels of SB-NPs as 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg kg-1. The results revealed that supplementing diets with SB-NPs (1.0-2.0 mg kg-1) significantly elevated erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit values, total albumin, globulin, serum lysozyme activities, and total immunoglobulin M values compared with the control group. Notably, the highest levels of the parameters mentioned above were noticed in the group fed diet supplemented with 1.5 mg kg-1 SB-NPs. Moreover, dietary SB-NPs modulated the fish's antioxidant defense mechanisms, whereas there was a significant increase in hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities along with a significant decline in hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations in fish groups fed diets supplemented with SB-NPs (1.0-2.0 mg kg-1). A significant upregulation of antioxidant enzyme genes (gpx and sod), anti-inflammatory cytokine (il-10), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1β and il-8) were noticed in liver tissues of SB-NPs groups (0.5-1.5 mg kg-1). The highest mRNA expression folds of the above genes were recorded in the fish group fed diet supplemented with 1.5 mg kg-1 SB-NPs. In this context, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation with SB-NPs can boost the antioxidant status and immunity of O. niloticus. However, further research studies are still recommended.

The self-assembly of cisplatin (Cis-Pt) and chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) has been synthesized and characterized successfully by different analyses and techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The efficiency of loading Cis-Pt on Cs NPs for decreasing the side effects of Cis-Pt by loading it on Cs NP surface was revealed through histopathological and physiological measurements for the liver, testis, and kidney cells. Self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite (Cis-Pt@Cs) could improve spermatogenic cells, seminiferous tubules, and Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue. Kidney examination showed intact glomeruli with a mild increase in capsular space in addition to the intact renal tubular epithelial lining, and liver findings showed improvement in dilation and congestion of the central vein besides mild dilation of blood sinusoids in addition to a mild degree of hepatocyte vacuolation. The serum levels of hepatic, renal, and testicular marker analysis were measured, where Cis-Pt increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activity, urea, creatinine, and decreased testosterone levels, while synthesized self-assembly appeared normalized levels. From the results, the self-assembly hybrid nanocomposite decreases and improves the side effects of Cis-Pt.

We herein report the supramolecular self-assembly of a water soluble porphyrin, namely, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio)porphyrin-tetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP), on the surface of graphene oxide (GO). The fabricated GO nanosheet and GO@TMPyP hybrid material composite have been characterized by using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques, e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The steady state absorption measurements of the GO@TMPyP self-assembly showed a significant red shift (∼20 nm) compared to those of the control TMPyP in water. The steady state fluorescence measurements showed a significant fluorescence quenching of the singlet excited state of TMPyP in the presence of GO. These findings suggest the electron transfer reaction from TMPyP to GO. The time resolved fluorescence measurements showed a considerable decrease in the lifetime of the singlet state of TMPyP in the presence of GO, from which the rate and efficiency of the electron transfers from TMPyP to GO were determined to be 1.93 × 109 s−1 and 91%, respectively. The transient absorption measurements showed a considerable quenching of the triplet excited state of TMPyP in the self-assembly. All these findings confirm the occurrence of efficient electronic interactions between TMPyP and GO in both the ground and excited states. In addition, the fabricated GO@TMPyP showed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) mixed dye pollutants in water under visible light irradiation.

The work explains the development of the optical and electrochemical properties of Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) via the incorporation with the modified membrane of graphene oxide /carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (GO@CMC) to form the modified nanomaterials (GO@CMC.Y2O3). The nanohybrid materials (NHM) were characterized and the improvement properties were tested with UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) and potentiostat apparatus. The optical properties of (GO@CMC.Y2O3) NHM have been studied with improving in the efficiency of the electron transfer through the photocatalytic process, where NHM was tested with degradation efficiency of the methylene blue dye (MB) and calculation the efficiency. The rate constant of the degradation process (kob) with different times was recorded at 12×10−4, 16×10−4, 25×10−4, and 40×10−4 min−1 for Y2O3 NPs, CMC@Y2O3, GO@Y2O3, and GO@CMC.Y2O3, respectively. The efficiency of photodegradation with MB were 9%, 32%, 43%, and 52% for Y2O3 NPs, CMC@Y2O3, GO@Y2O3, and GO@CMC.Y2O3, respectively after exposure to the source of light for 80 min. The improved optical properties enable the NHM to promise a candidate modified membrane for removal the organic pollutant. The improved electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry technique, where cyclic voltammetry (CV), Tafel plot, and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been detected, the results enable the NHM to promise candidate for energy storage and supercapacitors application.

The electron density, electrochemical, and dielectric properties of the promising GO@TiO2.ZnO.Ag hybrid nanomaterial (HNM) (Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), Zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), and Titanium dioxide (TiO2NPs)) which incorporated on graphene oxide (GO) have been investigated and studied for antifouling materials and energy storage applications. The photocatalytic process of this promising HNM was disclosed and evidenced by the removal of mixed organic pollutions (Methyl orange (MO), Methylene blue (MB), and Imidacloprid pesticide) by quenching of absorption band of mixed pollution compounds under visible light. The electrochemical properties of HNM were measured by cyclic voltammetry analysis, also the dielectric permittivity (e′) and dielectric loss (e″) and electric conductivity (σac) for GO@Ag, GO@ZnO, GO@TiO2, GO@TiO2.ZnO, and GO@TiO2.ZnO.Ag HNM were investigated with different frequencies. The dielectric properties showed increasing in dielectric permittivity values that due to the high electron transfer and small size of metal oxides, also the role of the graphene oxide surface. The results confirm that HNM is a promising candidate to use in energy storage, electronics applications, and antifouling materials.

Self-assembly of Sofosbuvir drug (SOF) anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) with bio-polymeric nanoparticles such as chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) and polyvinyl alcohol nanoparticles (PVA NPs), the novel composites have been characterized successfully by different analysis such as Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) and Fourier Transmittance Infrared (FT-IR). The improvement of the Sofosbuvir effect as a result of loading drug on the bio-polymer NPs surface has been detected by the UV–Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The improvement of SOF efficiency was revealed via studying the drug release of SOF from biopolymers NPs surface at pH 7.4, UV–Vis spectra used for the releasing process. The binding constant (Kb) value was reported at 0.000055 and 0.3613 min−1 for Cs and PVA NPs respectively. Also, the value of KSV was documented at 0.0014 and 7.16 min−1 for Cs@SOF and PVA@SOF hybrid nanocomposite. The incorporation rate (k) of SOF on the surface of biopolymer nano molecules was calculated to be 0.00812 and 0.0165 min−1 for Cs and PVA NPs, respectively. Besides the observed value of (n) was close to the unit 0.74 and 0.86 for Cs and PVA NPs, respectively. The SOF released from Cs NPs surface was documented at 0.09 mg after 24 h, while PVA NPs reported at 0.7 mg at the same time and the release efficiency is 56.5 and 73% for Cs@SOF and PVP@SOF, respectively. From the results, we suggest Cs/SOF and PVA/SOF hybrid nanocomposites have spectroscopic results that make them promising candidate drugs, but need to the clinical trials.

In this work, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) macrostructure has been incorporated with graphene oxide nanosheet (GO) to form a hybrid composite as a modified surface for antifouling membrane and supercapacitor applications. The hybrid nanomaterial (HNM) has been synthesized successfully and characterized via various tools, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A modified surface of Graphene oxide/ Cellulose (GO@CMC) has been studied by cyclic voltammetry technique for detecting the electrochemical properties, supercapacitor, and energy storage. Also, the optical properties of the modified antifouling surface of the HNM membrane were detected by UV-spectroscopy apparatus for water treatment applications. For proving the easily, the electron transfer of GO@CMC via the photocatalytic process for degradation of organic and inorganic pollutions, such as methylene blue (MB) dye. The cytotoxicity of fabricated HNM has been studied with two cell lines such as Breast Cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and the other was Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), the following results have been obtained: - A good electron transfer has been detected with GO@CMC HNM. - Easily the photocatalytic process with organic compounds pollution. - GO@CMC HNM has effects observably on the cell lines of MDA-MB-231 and HepG2. - Results demonstrated that the fabricated HNM is promising electrode material for supercapacitors application and energy storage.

A novel nanohybrid material (NHM) of magnesium oxide nanoparticle (MgO NPs) and modified antifouling membrane surface of graphene oxide nanosheet (GO) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) has been created via precipitation and ultrasonication methods, then characterized via various techniques for a novel antifouling membrane for water treatment, and supercapacitor applications for energy applications. The electrochemical properties of nanohybrid material (NHM) have been synthesized successfully by the cyclic voltammetry technique for detecting charge transfer, supercapacitor, and energy storage. Also, the optical properties of NHM antifouling nanomembrane have been detected by zeta potential and UV-spectroscopy apparatus for the following the generation of electrons, charge transfer, and formation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) for oxidation of the organic materials pollutants for water treatment. The electron transfer of GO@CMC.MgO has been revealed via the photocatalytic process for the degradation of organic and inorganic pollutions. The supercapacitor and energy applications have been detected via the measurements of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by Nyquist plots, the following results have been obtained: - A good electron transfer has been detected with GO@CMC.MgO NHM. - The photocatalytic process with organic compounds pollution has been detected. - The supercapacitor and energy application have been revealed. The Results demonstrated that the fabricated NHM is promising electrode material for supercapacitor applications, energy storage and water treatment.

Copper oxide/zinc oxide as a novel hybrid nanocomposite based on graphene oxide surface have been fabricated successfully to improve the photocurrent and electrochemical properties for copper oxide nanoparticles. Copper sulfate was dropped wised to a hot solution of potassium hydroxide to form copper oxide nanorod quantum dots followed by inserting it into a solution of graphene oxide to fabricate graphene oxide/copper oxide nanocomposite. Zinc oxide nanorods have been added to fabricate graphene oxide/copper oxide/zinc oxide hybrid nanocomposite. The fabricated nanomaterials have been characterized by various tools successfully and the optoelectronic and electrochemical properties were investigated employing absorption, cyclic voltammetry, current-voltage, and photoluminescence measurements. The improving electrical properties and photosensitivity of fabricated graphene oxide/copper oxide/zinc oxide hybrid nanocomposite were observed and the results showed that it has higher efficiency for the degradation of organic pollution compared to copper oxide nanorod and graphene oxide/copper oxide nanocomposite. The results of current-voltage and photoluminescence measurements showed that graphene oxide/copper oxide/zinc oxide has the highest photocurrent and the lowest photoluminescence intensity which indicates the lowest recombination that confirmed the higher performance of the carrier charge separation. Moreover, the simulated efficiency of about 24% is obtained for graphene oxide/copper oxide/zinc oxide heterojunction. Therefore, these results indicate that graphene oxide/copper oxide/zinc oxide hybrid nanocomposite is very promising as a new candidate with higher efficiency for anti-fouling and solar cell applications.

Novel hybrid nanocomposites have been designed, fabricated, and characterized successfully, that fabricated via a decoration of graphene oxide nanosheet surface (GO) by the nanoparticles (NPs) via the sol-gel and ultrasonication methods. Hybrid nanocomposites utilized for improving and increasing the production of fish wealth and return economically via performance improvement of the aquatic environment and assess the effects of dietary on the aquaculture system such as physiological aspects, growth, immune, enzymatic activities, and disease resistance. 1 mg/kg of examined nanocomposites used to feed the tilapia that classified into four groups each group has 15 fish/aquarium which has an average weight of about 15.03 ± 0.04 g, the experiment performed at eight weeks. Enhanced antioxidant activity and physiological aspects via evaluation of gene expression of tilapia liver and spleen SOD tissues, that fed on fabricated nanocomposites for three months, also histomorphology of tilapia tissue was examined. The antioxidant ability of GO@Se and GO@Se.ZnO nanocomposite due to the potent antioxidant capacity of selenium nanoparticles and zinc nanoparticles can be an excellent alternative to conventional zinc in feeding. The histopathological finding revealed severe degeneration in intestinal villi at 24 h and liver at a one-week post-challenge with Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) gram-positive bacteria in all groups.

In this piece of work, an attempt to solve the global energy crisis by presenting advanced thermal energy storage technology was experimentally investigated. To enhance the thermal performance of paraffin wax as phase change material (PCM), nanoparticles (NPs) were utilized at 3% wt. concentration in mono and hybrid form: copper oxide (CuO) NPs, cobalt oxide (Co3O4) NPs, and CuO@Co3O4 nanocomposite (NC). All the fabricated materials were detailly characterized via SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, and DSC analyses. Beyond, outdoor experiments, under direct/indirect solar exposure, were conducted to determine the thermal performance of the nano-enhanced PCM specimens compared to pure PCM. For each experiment, direct/indirect solar absorption, four specimens were prepared: pure paraffin wax, nano-CuO-enhanced paraffin wax, nano-Co3O4-enhanced paraffin wax, and nano-CuO@Co3O4-enhanced paraffin wax. As result, all nano-based PCM cases had better performance than pure PCM. Among them, the nano-CuO@Co3O4-enhanced PCM recorded the highest temperature, at noon, with an enhancement ratio of 14.15% compared to that of pure paraffin wax.

The fabrication, characterization, and antibacterial activity of novel nanocomposites based on graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets decorated with silver, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and zinc oxide nanoflowers were examined. The fabricated nanocomposites were characterized by various techniques including X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible light absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial activity of the GO–metal oxide nanocomposites against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria was examined by using the standard counting plate methodology. The results showed that the fabricated nanocomposites on the surface of GO could inhibit the growth of microbial adhered cells, and consequently prevent the process of biofilm formation in food packaging and medical devices. To confirm the antibacterial activity of the examined GO-nanocomposites, we examined their interactions with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Upon addition of different amounts of fabricated GO-nanocomposites, the fluorescence intensities of the singlet states of BSA and ctDNA were considerably quenched. The higher quenching was observed in the case of GO–Ag–TiO2@ZnO nanocomposite compared with other control composites.

Feed supplementation is so important to sustain the aquaculture industry. Research studies showed that sodium butyrate used as a feed supplement could improve the growth and health condition of fish. It is hypothesized that the use of sodium butyrate nanoparticles (SB-NP) as a feed supplement may improve the overall fish performance and welfare status than the ordinary-sized one. The current study was done to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with SB-NP on growth, digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histomorphometry, and expression of some growth-related genes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Fish (25.3 ± 0.35 g) were fed on diets supplemented with 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg SB-NP/kg diet up to apparent satiation (thrice per a day) for eight weeks. Growth–stimulating effects of dietary SB-NP were significantly noted in regard to the final body weight, weight gain percentage, and specific growth rate with optimum levels of 1.0–1.5 mg SB-NP/kg diet. Furthermore, fish groups fed on diets supplemented with SB-NP significantly enhanced the feed intake over those fed on the control diet alongside with no significant differences in feed conversion ratio among the experimental groups. Pairwise comparisons with the control group showed that serum amylase, lipase, and protease activities were significantly increased (P

A novel hybrid nanomaterial (HNM) (GO@CuO.γ-Al2O3) was manufactured where the thermal and electrical performances were comprehensively appraised investigated. The combination nanomaterial (NM) was achieved through the loading of Graphene oxide nanosheet (GO) with other NMs quantum dots (QDs); namely: Copper oxide (CuO) nanorod, and Aluminum oxide (γ-Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs). X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Zeta potential were employed to characterize properties of the fabricated nanomaterials. The results confirmed the formation and loading of NM QDs successfully on the GO surface. Different nanofluids were prepared from mono NMs (GO, CuO, and γ-Al2O3), and hybrid NMs (GO@CuO, GO@γ-Al2O3, and GO@CuO. γ-Al2O3) with water as base fluid, aiming to evaluate the thermal conductivity. Different concentrations of the nanofluids (0.0625, 0.125, and 0.2%) were investigated within a temperature range of 20–50 °C. For (GO@CuO.γ-Al2O3), compared to water, maximum enhancement in thermal conductivity (22.56%) was achieved with 0.2% concentration and 50 °C. These results indicate that GO@CuO.γ-Al2O3 as nanofluid is very favorable for solar collector heaters. The current-voltage (I–V) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed to investigate photocurrent generation and the electron-hole pair recombination. The results showed that GO@CuO nanocomposite has more ability to produce photocurrent rather than the other nanocomposites, where the current of GO@CuO nanocomposites is higher than GO@Al2O3·CuO nanocomposite. GO@CuO nanocomposite has the lowest PL intensity, which shows lower charge carrier recombination and higher light harvesting. The I–V and PL results indicate that GO@CuO nanocomposite is a gifted material for solar cell applications. Consequently, GO@Al2O3·CuO and GO@CuO nanocomposites are very promising candidates with higher performance for solar energy applications.

Low cost electrodeposition method was employed to grow Cu2O nanostructure thin films on different conductive substrates (Au, ITO, and FTO). Here for first time, influence of substrate on morphology, structural, and optical properties of electrodeposited thin films as active layer for solar cell applications were investigated employing scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Uv–vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. The results indicate single-phase formation of polycrystalline cubic structure of Cu2O thin film on the three substrates. Only the (111) diffraction plane was appeared on ITO and Au substrates demonstrating a good crystal quality. The formed Cu2O on Au substrate have the smallest grain sizes and highest surface area. Optical results show that the fabricated Cu2O films have band gap of 2.03, 2.03 and 1.93 eV for Au, ITO, and FTO substrates respectively. The grown Cu2O crystals on Au substrate have the lowest PL intensity that indicate the higher performance to separate the photogenerated carriers and lowest recombination rate as well as high crystal quality. I–V characteristic curves of the fabricated thin films showed that samples have a non-linear rectification behavior while Cu2O deposited on Au substrate has the highest forward current. I–V results confirmed and supported all the other obtained results from XRD, SEM, and PL techniques. Therefore, the results designate that the electrodeposited Cu2O thin film on Au substrate is the most favorable for solar cell applications.

Inorganic semiconductors become one of the most gifted candidate for photovoltaic applications instead of high cost silicon devices and organics ones. Therefore, in this paper, inorganic CuO/ZnO heteroj unction is simulated as thin layer solar cells employing SCAPS program. Both effect of CuO and ZnO layers thickness on basic parameters of solar cells is investigated deeply. Simulated results of this solar cell device indicate that the absorber layer is responsible for separation process of generated carriers. Higher efficiency of about 23 % could be achieved with 2 μ of CuO thickness and 100 nm of ZnO layer for devices. Generally, the main aspects that controlling the solar cell performance are depletion region width, built-in potential, the charge carrier collection length and generation and recombination rates.

Antioxidant activity has been detected with the HT22 mouse Hippocampal Neuronal cell line. The photocatalytic properties, electrochemical properties and solar cell applications tests of fabricated (Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles-Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle) hybrid nanocomposite based on Graphene oxide nanosheet (GO) have been studied with different techniques. The electrochemical properties revealed by cyclic voltammetry analysis and the photocatalytic study have been evidenced by the interaction of synthesized nanoflower composite (GO@TiO2·ZnO) with mixed dyes (MB and RhB) and, also, with mixed pesticides (Tobaz and Metalxel). Absorbance intensities of examined organic pollution compounds were considerably quenched, this degradation was recorded by using the steady-state UV–Vis spectrophotometer under visible light source. Effect of fabricated GO@TiO2·ZnO hybrid nanocomposite on the HT22 mouse Hippocampal Neuronal cell line was measured and the reducing power activity showed the potential antioxidant property of the fabricate nanocomposite. The results showed that the fabricated hybrid nanoflower composite on graphene oxide (GO) surface has high photocatalytic efficiency for degradation of mixed organic compounds, this composite has been kept the viability of HT22 cells line. The electron-hole pair recombination was evidenced by photoluminescence (PL) analysis, where the fabricated nanocomposite has high electron transfer, so, the tests of solar cell applications have been revealed and confirmed that the fabricated hybrid nanocomposite has activity towards solar cell applications.

Despite progress in the use of electric motors for transportation systems, petro-diesel remains the primary fuel for driving heavy machinery across numerous economic sectors. In this study, the performance, combustion and emissions characteristics, and soot morphology of compression ignition (CI) engine running on diesel fuel, with different nanoparticles were investigated. Three different nanoparticles with a concentration of 50 mg/l were considered. These are graphene oxide (GO), titanium oxide (TiO2) and GO doped with TiO2 (GO-TiO2). The experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder, air-cooled, 4-stroke CI engine at a speed of 2000 rpm, and different engine loads. The soot was sampled from the exhaust line on a fiberglass substrate, using a vacuum pump, and its morphology was observed with a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The results showed a 12% average reduction in fuel consumption for diesel/TiO2 fuel compared to neat diesel. Furthermore, the in-cylinder pressures for all the fuel blends, especially at peak load, are greater than that of neat diesel fuel. The GO nanoparticles led to comparable levels of NOX emissions to those of neat diesel, while TiO2 and GO-TiO2 enhanced the formation of NOX. CO emissions were found to increase with the addition of considered nanoparticles. The fringe length and tortuosity were shown to increase for D100+GO-TiO2 compared to diesel fuel by 11% and 7%, respectively. A sparse fringe pattern was also observed for the D100+GO-TiO2 agglomerate. This indicates a more reactive soot, due to the presence of oxygen atoms supplied by the nanoparticles during combustion.

Electrochemical properties of synthesized ferrous ferric oxide QDs based on graphene oxide (GO@Fe3O4) nanocomposite were studied by Cyclic Voltammetry, current-voltage (I-V) and Photolumencence (PL) analysis. Nanocomposite was characterized by using different techniques, e.g., transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zeta potential. The low band gap of fabricated GO@Fe3O4 has been made more activity than GO, new optical properties and efficiency of this composite due to loading of metal oxide NPs on a high specific surface area of GO that improve the charge transfer between the metal oxides and organic molecules. Photoinduced charge transfer was detected with an efficiency of degradation of Rose Bengal dye within a short period that supported by the tripping process using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The electron-hole pair recombination was evidenced by photoluminescence (PL) analysis and I-V technique, where GO@Fe3O4 has low electron transfer with rose Bengal compared to N719 dye. Effective adsorbent for removal of both Lambda insecticide and heavy metal ions such as Cr (III) from aqueous solution. The adsorption rates were described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the experimental data were fitted well.

The fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and their reaction with Fe3O4 and ZrO2 metal oxides to form two nanocomposites, namely graphene oxide–iron oxide (GO–Fe3O4) and graphene oxide–iron oxide–zirconium oxide (GO–Fe3O4@ZrO2), have been examined. The fabricated nanocomposites were examined using different techniques, e.g.transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, zeta potential measurement and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Compared to GO, the newly fabricated GO–Fe3O4 and GO–Fe3O4@ZrO2 nanocomposites have the advantage of smaller band gaps, which result in increased adsorption capacity and photocatalytic effects. The results also showed the great effect of the examined GO–metal oxide nanocomposites on the decomposition of cationic rhodamine B dye, as indicated by steady-state absorption and fluorescence, time correlated single photon counting and nanosecond laser photolysis techniques. The antibacterial activity of the fabricated GO and GO–metal oxides has been studied against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

A dithiolate-containing a carbamate mononuclear cobalt(II) complex namely, [Co(Boc-S)2] (1), was obtained by the reaction of a methanolic solution of cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate with two equimolar amounts of the deprotonated form of tert-butyl N-(2-mercaptoethyl)carbamate (Boc-SH). The cobalt(II) complex (1) was characterized in the solid state and in solution by using FT–IR, Raman, UV–visible, and EI–mass spectroscopies, as well as thermal and X-ray diffraction studies. Spectral data showed that the carbamate (Boc-SH) acts as a mono-anionic bidentate ligand coordinating the cobalt(II) ion through two imine nitrogen and two deprotonated thiolate sulfur donor atoms in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The thermoanalytical data evidence that the complex is stable up to 165 °C and undergoes complete decomposition, resulting in CoO. TEM imaging of the oxide residue shows its nano size clusters, suggesting that the complex (1) may be used as a precursor for nano-oxides. X-ray powder diffraction patterns evidence an isomorphism among the complex. The redox behavior of the cobalt(II) complex was also investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The reaction of the dithiolate cobalt(II) complex (1) with methyl iodide appears to occur intramolecularly with the cobalt-bound dithiolate, forming the cobalt(II)-bound dithioether complex [Co(Boc–SCH3)2]I2 (2), as a dication complex with a clean second-order reaction of 13.24 × 10−2 M−1·s−1.

Two new dithiolate copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with the ligand tert-butyl N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-carbamate (Boc-SH) were prepared. Their structures were established to be [(Boc-S)2M], where M=Cu (1) and Ni (2) by using elemental analysis, thermal analysis, molar conductivity, FT-IR, Raman, UV/VIS, and ESR as well as EI-mass spectroscopic methods. The X-ray structure of the ligand Boc-SH was also determined. Spectral data showed that the carbamate ligand act as anioinic bidentate through one immine nitrogen and one thiolate sulfur donor atoms. The spectral techniques suggest that both complexes appear to have square planar geometries. The very low electrical conductance of the two complexes supports their neutral nature. The redox behaviors of the obtained complexes were also investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The monomeric nature of both complexes was assessed from their magnetic susceptibility values. The thermoanalytical data evidence that complex (2) is stable up to 165°C and undergo complete decomposition, resulting in NiO as a residual product. The TEM image of the obtained oxide residue showed its nanosize cluster, suggesting that complex (2) may be used as a precursor for the formation of nanooxide. The methylation reactions of the two dithiolate complexes (1) and (2) with methyl iodide appear to occur intramolecularly at the metal(II)-bound dithiolates, forming the metal(II)-bound dithioether complexes [M(Boc-SCH3)2]I2 with clean second-order constants of 7.95×10(-2) and 10.59×10(-2) M(-1) s(-1), respectively.