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Complement is both evolutionary and scientifically old. It predates the adaptive immunity by some 600 million years and was first described in 1905 by Jules Bordet and Paul Ehrlich. For the most of its, the existence complement system has been ignored by most scientists and clinicians due to the perception of it being complicated and its relevance for the pathogenesis of human disease being unclear. With the recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of pegcetacoplan for both paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and geographic atrophy (GA), avacincaptad pegol for GA and iptacopan and danicopan for PNH, we are at a crucial juncture for complement-targeting therapies. A number of companies and academic institutions are developing next-generation complement therapies, which is resulting in an increasingly competitive landscape. If one looks at the serum complement cascade, all 3 pathways now have biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry players with 1 or multiple clinical-stage inhibitors that are expected to be FDA approved within the next few years. Furthermore, with the limited number of clinically validated targets in complement-mediated disease, the competition in this space is set to further intensify in the coming years. In this review, we will discuss the timeline of the academic discoveries that led to the development of the current crop of FDA-approved complement therapeutics. We follow with a discussion of an increasingly crowded complement therapy space and of the scientific advances that have emerged in recent two decades underpinning future innovation, including advances in our understanding of complement biology, such as local and intracellular complement, emerging complement targets, combinational approaches of complement and non-complement therapeutics to unlock new disease indications and new technologies such as gene therapy. We will also give a comprehensive overview of the gene therapy landscape and how it can be utilized to target complement dysregulation.

Abstract E‐glass fibers are widely preferred due to ease of processing and its low cost, which has substantial scope in the fields of electronics and electrical insulation applications. Because of its low strength and corrosion resistance, use of E‐glass fibers is limited in aerospace and automotive applications. There is a need for enhancing the properties of the composite to overcome such limitations. Therefore, an attempt is made to introduce multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as fillers into E‐glass fibers to meet the industry needs. In the current study, woven glass fiber of 5 layers and multi‐walled nano carbon fillers of 2, 4 and 6 by wt%, LY556 epoxy resin, and HY951 hardener were used to prepare 4 different type of composites along with the neat epoxy glass fiber reinforced polymer composites (GFRP). The hand‐layup route was used in the composite preparation due to its low cost, technological feasibility, and simple process setup. The developed samples were characterized for mechanical properties via tensile, flexural and impact tests. Tribological characteristics were performed by air jet erosion test. Chauvenet's criterion is applied for identifying the outliers (if any) from the data of repeated test properties. Taguchi's L9OA (orthogonal array) is selected for obtaining optimal hybrid composite, which yield better mechanical properties. Empirical relations are developed for the material properties in terms of process variables. The sample (4 wt% MWCNT) exhibited enhancement of 17.27% in tensile strength, 6% of impact strength and 7.3% of flexural strength when compared with neat epoxy GFRP. This hybrid composite is considered for thermal aging and observed at 60°C, 8% increase in tensile, 7% increase of impact and 15% in flexural strength due to the precipitation on carbon nano tubes along the gain boundaries. The present study recommends 4% MWCNT fillers in developing hybrid glass epoxy polymer composites for use in aerospace, automotive and civil construction industries due to economic and technological feasibility. Highlights Utilize low‐cost E‐glass fibers in electronics and electrical insulation applications. Improve composite properties for aerospace and automotive industries. Develop hybrid glass epoxy composites with 2 to 6 wt% MWCNT fillers. Examine wear characteristics under air jet erosion and study the impact of thermal aging on mechanical properties. Apply Chauvenet's criterion for outlier identification in measured properties datasets.

Introduction: It is well-established that obesity plays a significant role in the development of metabolic syndrome. Visfatin is a novel adipocytokine predominantly secreted in adipose tissue, associated with a wide range of biological effects including glucose and lipid metabolism. Visfatin levels are significantly linked to inflammation and the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Unfortunately, the roles of visfatin in obesity, particularly in the Indian population, are scarce. Aim: To study the role of serum visfatin in diagnosing metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adults. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India, between September 2022 and October 2023. A total of 200 subjects (50 controls, 50 overweight individuals, 50 obese individuals without metabolic syndrome, and 50 obese individuals with metabolic syndrome), aged 20-70 years, were enrolled as study participants. Anthropometric parameters, lipid profiles, and fasting glucose were analysed using an auto analyser. Serum visfatin levels were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test, and categorical data were analysed using the Chi-square test. Correlation analysis was done by Pearson's correlation at a significance level of 5%. Results: The control group consisted of 17 males and 33 females with a mean age of 41.5±13.4 years, the overweight group consisted of 13 males and 37 females with a mean age of 37.1±10.9 years, the obese without metabolic syndrome group consists of 16 males and 34 females with a mean age of 40.6±12.7 years, and obese with metabolic syndrome group had 23 males and 27 females with a mean age of 42.0±9.2 years. Serum visfatin levels (ng/mL) were significantly elevated in the overweight (1.7±0.3), obese without metabolic syndrome (4.3±3.2), and obese with metabolic syndrome (10.9±6.6) groups compared to the controls (1.0±0.2). Serum visfatin levels were positively correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=0.51, p

Background: Depression is a major contributor to sickness globally and is often associated with a decline in social, occupational, and interpersonal performance. Depression is more prevalent in young adults going through this transition since late adolescence and early adulthood are the life stages when people make significant decisions in a number of areas. Objective: This cross sectional study was done in September-November 2023 with objective to find out prevalence of depression and risk factors associated with depression among College going Adolescents [16-19 years] in the Urban area of Vizianagaram city, Andhra Pradesh. Methodology: A Semi structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio demographic characteristics. Study participants were screened using Beck’s Depression Inventory Questionnaire (BDI –II) to gather information regarding depression & its risk factors. Results: The overall prevalence of depression was found to be 58.4%; in which 117(28%) were having mild depression, 63 (15.3%) were having severe de pression and 64 (15.1%) were having moderate depression. The study showed a highly significant association between levels of depression and selected demographic variables such as Age in years, No. of persons in their family, BMI, Socio- economic status, Father’s education, Father’s occupation and Parents with any addictions. Conclusion: There is a need for college students to be educated about depression in order to improve recognition and diagnosis. Also student counselling service offering mental health assistance needs to be established at colleges.

Summary: Stemness and pluripotency are mediated by transcriptional master regulators that promote self-renewal and repress cell differentiation, among which is the high-mobility group (HMG) box transcription factor SOX2. Dysregulated SOX2 expression, by contrast, leads to transcriptional aberrations relevant to oncogenic transformation, cancer progression, metastasis, therapy resistance, and relapse. Here, we report a post-transcriptional mechanism by which the cytosolic pool of SOX2 contributes to these events in an unsuspected manner. Specifically, a low-complexity region within SOX2’s C-terminal segment connects to the ribosome to modulate the expression of cognate downstream factors. Independent of nuclear structures or DNA, this C-terminal functionality alone changes metabolic properties and induces non-adhesive growth when expressed in the cytosol of SOX2 knockout cells. We thus propose a revised model of SOX2 action where nuclear and cytosolic fractions cooperate to impose cell fate decisions via both transcriptional and translational mechanisms.

Genetic resources are the foundation of American agriculture’s ongoing success—the diversity, security, health, and genetic integrity of these resources must be safeguarded. However, in contrast to other crops, protecting, managing, and using collections of woody landscape plant genetic resources present significant challenges. These include conservation of at-risk populations that have high genetic diversity, evaluation of taxa with an unknown potential to invade, and management of large specimens that have long generation times and often recalcitrant or difficult-to-store seeds. The wide diversity of taxa and the limited number of specialist curators and scholars present further challenges. Thus, effective collection, preservation, evaluation, and distribution of woody landscape plant germplasm require substantial and specialized resources. The most fundamental challenge is simple: too many built landscapes have low taxonomic diversity and are often dominated by a single taxon, or monoculture. In turn, these taxonomically and genetically depauperate landscapes are vulnerable to a host of biotic and abiotic threats and are less likely to provide ecosystem and societal services for which they were designed. To develop more resilient landscapes, there is an urgent need to expand taxonomic diversity, which requires the horticultural community to effectively acquire, curate, evaluate, distribute, and use diverse woody landscape plant genetic resources. The role of the US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) Woody Landscape Plant Crop Germplasm Committee (WLPCGC) is to identify vulnerabilities and threats that compromise WLP crops in the United States and make recommendations for prioritization of germplasm acquisition, evaluation, research, and management priorities through regular interaction with stakeholders. Due to the breadth of genera and shifting plant genetic resource needs of the nursery industry, it is impractical to list specific threatened or priority genera in a broadly applicable crop vulnerability statement. Instead, the WLPCGC has identified themes of threats and vulnerabilities providing a foundation upon which to support prioritization as threats to specific genera emerge.

A 30-year-old female, with no prior co-morbidities, presented with chief complaints of headache for 4 days, deviation of the angle of the mouth towards the right side for 4 days, vomiting for 1 day and altered sensorium for 1 day. On general physical examination, her vitals were normal. Her Glasgow Coma Scale was E4V5M6. Neurological examination showed left-sided hemiplegia and left facial palsy. Diffusion-weighted imaging–magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive of acute infarct. Complete haemogram showed anaemia, thrombocytopenia; leucocytosis with 60% promyelocytes. Diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukaemia was made. The patient was started on injection arsenic trioxide. However, the patient lapsed into a deep coma and started to bleed in the form of ecchymotic patches. Non-contrast computed tomogram brain was suggestive of right capsuloganglionic bleed with midline shift coagulation profile suggested of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The patient later succumbed to death.

Abstract We present green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in water using unirradiated and Ag $$^{15+}$$ 15 + ion irradiated phytoextracts of Bergenia Ciliata leaf, Eupatorium adenophorum leaf, Rhododendron arboreum leaf and flower. The use of different plant extracts and their subsequent ion irradiation allow for successful refinement of nanoparticle size and morphology. Due to changes in reducing and capping agents the nanoparticle surface functionalization also varies which not only controls the morphology but also allows for surface oxidation and aggregation processes. In this work, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles which exhibit sizes in the range from 13 to 24 nm and having shapes like spherical, quasispherical, trigonal, hexagonal, cylindrical, dendritic assemblies, and porous nanoparticles. Owing to changes in the size and shape of the nanoparticles, their direct bandgap (2.05 eV - 2.48 eV) and local surface plasmon resonance (420 nm - 490 nm) could also be tuned. These nanoparticles are examined as SERS substrates, where their enhancement factors, limit of detection for methylene blue, and SERS substrate homogeneity have been tested. It has been observed the nanoparticles synthesized using unirradiated plant extracts present an enhancement factor of 10 $$^6$$ 6 with a limit of detection 10 $$^{-8}$$ - 8 M. Whereas nanoparticles with refined morphology and shapes upon irradiation present high enhancement factors of >10 $$^7$$ 7 and detection limit down to 10 $$^{-9}$$ - 9 M. In addition, uniformity in Raman spectra over the SERS substrates has been obtained for selected Ag NPs substrates synthesized using irradiated extracts with minimum relative standard deviation in enhancement factor < 12%.

This study explores the fabrication and mechanical characterization of AlSi10Mg (Aluminum Silicon 10 Magnesium) reinforced hybrid composites, aiming to enhance performance in aerospace and automotive applications. Using a systematic Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, the Taguchi method was applied to optimize fabrication parameters for improved properties. AlSi10Mg, known for its lightweight and superior strength, was reinforced with varying weight percentages of aluminum, silicon, and magnesium via stir-casting. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal array identified optimal composition levels and processing conditions. Mechanical testing showed that a composition of 70% Al, 20% Si, and 10% Mg achieved the highest tensile strength (269 MPa) and Brinell hardness (87 HB), while 90% Si with 10% Mg showed the lowest tensile strength (176 MPa). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that minimizing agglomeration, voids, and micro-cracks significantly improved performance. The findings demonstrate the Taguchi method’s effectiveness in optimizing AlSi10Mg composites for high-performance engineering applications.

This article introduces an innovative method for optimizing smart manufacturing system (SMS) by combining digital twin technology (DTT) with teaching–learning-based optimization (TBLO). It creates a simulated model of the physical manufacturing environment, enabling real-time monitoring, simulation and analysis. By leveraging the TLBO algorithm, the system enhances the decision-making process for complex manufacturing tasks, facilitating continuous improvement and adaptation to dynamic production demands. The proposed framework aims to minimize production costs, reduce downtime and improve overall efficiency by optimizing key parameters such as resource allocation, production scheduling and machine performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the DT-TLBO approach can reduce production costs by up to 20%, decrease downtime by 30% and improve overall system efficiency by 25%. This innovative combination of advanced technologies offers a promising solution for modern manufacturing challenges, paving the way for smarter, more responsive production environments.

In this study, we enhance the cooling efficiency of electronic systems, addressing the increased heat dissipation due to high-performance microprocessors. The trend of miniaturization in electronics necessitates innovative thermal management solutions. Our research focuses on a convective-radiative porous heat sink embedded with functionally graded material (FGM), designed to improve cooling for consumer electronics. Using numerical simulations and the Galerkin Method to solve thermal models, we examine the thermal properties of FGMs following linear and power-law functions. We examine the effects of the FGM's inhomogeneity index, and convective and radiative parameters, on the thermal execution of the porous heat sink. Results indicate that increasing the inhomogeneity index and enhancing convective and radiative parameters significantly improve thermal efficiency. Additionally, the temperature gradient along the FGM fin remains minimal compared to conventional fins, regardless of the parameters. To validate our findings, we compare our thermal predictions from the Galerkin Method with results from the Runge-Kutta method combined with shooting and homotopy analytical methods, showing strong agreement. This study highlights the potential of convective-radiative porous heat sinks with FGM to significantly improve thermal management in electronic systems.