Search

Background: Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn (Myrtaceae) has been traditionally used by the local tribes of the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India, for the treatment of diabetes. Objective: This study aimed to isolate the major phytoconstituents from the S. densiflorum fruits and to perform computational studies for chemical reactivity and biological activity of the isolated compound. Materials and Methods: Two different compounds were isolated from ethanolic extract of S. densiflorum fruits and purified using HPLC. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of their 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC, HRESIMS, and FT-IR data. Further, the chemical reactivity of the compounds was analyzed by density functional theory calculations and its therapeutic role in diabetic management was examined by comparing the structure of isolated compounds with previously reported bioactive compounds. Results: Of the two compounds ((6,6 & 1-kestopentaose (1) and 6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5- trihydroxy- 6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyoxane-2,4,5-triol)(2)). β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase and β-amylase inhibition activity of the compounds were predicted by structure activity relationship. Conclusion: Structure-activity relationship analysis was performed to predict the therapeutic role of isolated compounds. These computational studies may be performed to minimize the efforts to determine the therapeutic role of natural compounds.

A solvent-dependent chemodivergent approach was established for the synthesis of 6,12-methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocin-13-ylmethanones and 2,3,4-trisubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines involving two distinct multicomponent processes under basic conditions. The AB2 three-component and A2B2 four-component reactions between 2-aminoarylaldehydes and aryl methyl ketones under basic conditions afforded 6,12-methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocin-13-ylmethanones (up to 95% yield) and trisubstituted tetrahydroquinolines (up to 84% yield), respectively, based on the nature of the solvent employed. The skeletal diversity and complexity were attained in these high atom- and step-economical processes by creating four new bonds in a single synthetic operation from readily available simple starting materials.

A novel synthetic strategy for the construction of substituted imidazoles from acetophenones and benzylamines via N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) - catalysis was reported. This reaction can be performed under solvent-free condition without pre-functionalization of substrates. Various substituted acetophenones and benzylamines were converted to its corresponding imidazoles with good to excellent yields.

Modern technologies such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, and material science are combined together to develop a vast number of potential molecules for various biological applications. In many new reactions, transition metal complexes such as alkenylidene and allenylidenes are reported as key intermediates producing a wide range of products. Hence here, we discuss the synthetic applicability of transition metal complexes. Metal oxide nanoparticles have been paid special attention in the field of biomedical therapeutics, bioimaging, and biosensing due to their unique nature, good catalytic behavior, high surface area, biocompatibility, and excellent mechanical stability. As these materials are nontoxic and eco-friendly, they are used in many medical applications like medical implants, cancer therapy, wound dressings, contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and as a vehicle to deliver the drug. In this chapter, we also discuss the significance of various metal oxides and their role in delivering the drug and other biomedical applications.

In recent decades the roles of metals and metal complexes in the medicinal field are increasing due to their clinical and commercial importance. Most of the metal ions act as the essential components in many biological processes. In particular, metals like silver, copper, gold, ruthenium, and platinum possess good antimicrobial activity as well as anticancer property in both micro and nanoscales. Owing to the potential medicinal applications of metal complexes, recently researchers have focused their interest on synthesizing metal-based complexes in order to develop potential multi-targeted drugs especially in the case of anticancer applications. In this chapter, we discuss the significance of various metals and metal-based complexes for biomedical applications.

The scientific and industrial sectors largely focus on the development of new bio-based materials with advanced technological applications. Among the various materials reported, assembled system with specific architecture displayed the potential in electronic, medical, pharmaceutical and food industries. In particular, soft materials derived from renewable resources as structuring agents in edible oils or bio-compactable medium are extensively used in drug delivery, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries because of their thermoreversibility, mechanical stability and biocompatibility.

Context Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn (Myrtaceae) has been traditionally used by local tribes of the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India, for the treatment of diabetes, however, no definitive experimental studies are available. Objective This study investigates the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of S. densiflorum (EFSD) fruits in streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Acute oral toxicity and oral glucose tolerance were assessed in normal rats. The antidiabetic, antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activities were investigated in STZ - NA-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were orally administered with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg b.wt), EFSD (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg b.wt) for 28 d. Further, changes in the blood glucose level (BGL), biochemical parameters, antioxidants were observed and histology of pancreas was performed. Results No toxicity and lethality were observed. Results of the following parameters are represented by treated versus disease control (STZ + NA) groups. BGL (161.33 ± 22.8 versus 476.17 ± 56.58 mg/dl), glycosylated haemoglobin (5.285 ± 0.19 versus 8.05 ± 0.55%), urea (40.32 ± 1.96 versus 75.37 ± 2.91 mg/dl), uric acid (1.2 ± 0.07 versus 2.16 ± 0.05 mg/dl), total cholesterol (89.3 ± 5.14 versus 139.7 ± 5.95 mg/dl) and triglycerides (79.65 ± 2.52 versus 108.9 ± 3.61 mg/dl) were significantly decreased, whereas haemoglobin (11.75 ± 0.73 versus 7.95 ± 0.42 g/dl), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (14.2 ± 1.11 versus 6.97 ± 0.84 mg/dl), total protein (45%) and liver glycogen (87%) were significantly increased in EFSD-treated diabetic group. Significant changes were observed in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in EFSD-treated groups (p