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Microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria are prosperous producers of secondary metabolites; moreover, they are home to a large number of silent biosynthetic gene clusters, but they are all poorly expressed. Thus, these resultant compounds remain cryptic or unknown. However, since these cluster products have many bioactivities, stimulating their production and gaining access to their related structures are considered a top priority. Here, we summarize the three strategies that have been the topic of current trends. Regulating of genetic investigation, heterogeneous and refactoring cluster expression, as well as elicitor and coculture screening are the strategies utilized to unlock the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). These all help to triggers the manufacturing of innovative metabolites having various functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed the response surface methodology to optimize the extraction conditions for recovering vitamins D2 and K1 from green leafy vegetables using ultrasonication-assisted extraction. The vitamin content was determined using an Accucore C18 column and a UPLC-Q-ToF/MS method. An RSM-I-Optimal design was used for designing the experiment to find the best combination of solvent level (mL), sonication time (min), sonication frequency (kHz), and temperature (°C). The experimental data from a 25-sample set were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis. The extraction models had R2 values of 0.895 and 0.896, respectively, and the probability values (p < 0.0001) indicated that the regression model was highly significant. The optimal extraction conditions were: solvent level of 65 mL, sonication time of 45 min, sonication frequency of 70 kHz, and temperature of 45 °C. Under these conditions, the predicted recovery (%) values for vitamins D2 and K1 were 90.7% and 90.4%, respectively. This study has the potential to use the reported extraction method for routine quantification of vitamins D2 and K1 in the laboratory using UPLC-Q-ToF/MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back Ground: Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used for the first-line treatment of AIDS. Objective: The aim of the present study is to develop and validate a simple, specific, accurate, precise and linear reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination & the quantification of Efavirenz in bulk drug as well as in pharmaceutical formulations. Method: The RP-HPLC method consists of Shimadzu Shim-Pack RP-HPLC column (150mm x 4.6mm, i.d. 5μm) as stationary phase with the mobile phase of 20mM ammonium acetate (pH 3.5): acetonitrile (30:70% v/v) at a flowrate of 0.8ml/min with elution wavelength at 247nm. Result: In this developed method the retention time of Efavirenz was 6.225 ± 0.2min. The linearity of Efavirenz comes at the range of 200-600ng/ml with R2 >0.99. The precision of the developed method was calculated by the Relative Standard Deviation and the result was found to be <2%. The percent recovery was observed between the ranges (98-101%) of which represent the accuracy of the method. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification are 5ng/ml and 15ng/ml respectively. Conclusion: A simple, specific, precise, accurate, rapid and linear RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the estimation and quantification of anti-retroviral drug (Efavirenz) in bulk drug as well as in pharmaceutical formulations as per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. This developed and validated method can further be used for the routine analysis of Efavirenz in various pharmaceutical industries & in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the impact of globalization on private higher education in Malaysia. The impact of globalization and the development of knowledge-based economy have caused much dramatic change to the character and functions of higher education in Malaysia. The major trend is the reforming and restructuring of private higher education in Malaysia to make it more competitive globally. Malaysia and many of the Asia Pacific countries are promoting higher education to the world. However, criticism from world educational councils have highlighted that the impact of globalization on higher education in Asia Pacific countries to follow the ideologies and global practices without developing their own unique systems and disregarding their rich tradition and cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid, selective, and reliable LC-MSn method has been developed and validated for the isolation and structural characterization of the degradation product of darunavir (DRV). DRV, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, was subjected to intrinsic oxidative stress conditions using 30% hydrogen peroxide and the degradation profile was studied. The oxidative degradation of DRV resulted in one degradation product. The unknown degradation product was separated on a Hibar Purospher Ci8 (250 mm x 4.6 mm; 5 pm) column by using 0.01 M ammonium formate (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile as mobile phase in the ratio of 50:50, v/v. The eluents were monitored at 263 nm using a UV detector. The isolated degradation product was characterized by UPLC-Q-TOF and its fragmentation pathway was proposed. The proposed structure of the degradation product was confirmed by HRMS analysis. The developed stability-indicating LC method was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, specificity/selectivity, and linearity. No prior reports were found in the literature about the oxidative degradation behavior of DRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]