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Background: Limited data exists regarding the association between dietary patterns and asthma. This study aims to determine the relationship between empirically derived dietary patterns and the likelihood of asthma among a large population of children and adolescents living in central Iran. Methods: A total of 7667 of male and female students aged 6-14 from 48 public and private schools in YAZD urban areas entered the current cross-sectional study. Data on dietary intakes, as well as asthma symptoms and other possible confounders, were collected using a self-administered questionnaire filled by parents. Factor analysis was applied to find major dietary patterns. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for asthma development across quintiles of dietary patterns. Results: Two main dietary patterns were established. A "traditional diet" was determined by meat, fish, fruits, cooked vegetable, raw vegetable, legumes, cereals, bread, macaroni, rice, margarine, butter, olive oil, milk, yogurt, egg, nuts, potato, and a "westernlike diet" was characterized by high intakes of simple sugars, fast food(hamburger), fast food (pizza), soft drinks, jelly, chocolate and biscuits of cocoa, ice cream, and sauce. After adjusting for potential confounders, individuals in the top quintile of traditional diet were 0.31 times less likely to have asthma than those in the lowest quintile (OR=0.69; 95% CI: 0.47-1.00). Moreover, individuals in the top quintile of traditional diet were 0.43 times less likely to have wheezing compared with those in the lowest quintile (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.46-0.70). However, individuals in the top quintile of the western diet were 0.35 times more likely to have wheezing than those in the lowest quintile (OR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.10-1.66). Conclusions: According to the results, a traditional diet might be associated with lower odds of asthma; however, a western-like diet might be adversely associated with asthma symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE) refers to a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed her baby and it is a key factor during breastfeeding. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between BSE and its related factors with the history of COVID-19 during childbirth in breastfeeding mothers. Methods: The present ambidirectional cohort study was conducted on 60 breastfeeding mothers who were divided into two study and control groups. Participants were selected randomly from referrals to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, Iran. To collect data, a BSE questionnaire a checklist consisting of midwifery-demographic and baseline characteristics were completed through interviews. Chi-square test, t-test, univariate binary, and multivariable logistic regression were applied for analysis. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Although the study and control groups were homogeneous in terms of baseline characteristics, they differed significantly in terms of delivery type of, NICU admission, and skin contact as midwifery-demographic factors (P<0.01). Breastfeeding self-efficacy mean score (BSES) in the control and study groups were 52.33 and 39.56, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). According to univariate binary logistic regression analysis, type of delivery, NICU admission, and COVID-19 were significantly related to poor BSE (P<0.05). Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis, a positive test result for COVID-19 during childbirth was the only statistically significant predictor of BSES (P=0.02). Conclusion: In the present study, the positive test result for COVID-19 was the only significant predictor of BSE during childbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is essential for growth and vitamin D deficiency is important issue in adolescent girls as they have a limited rapid growth period .This cross sectional study was done on 167 female students in secondary guidance school in 2006. Growth Parameters, taking supplementary vitamin D, using sunscreen creams and the type of housing and their avoidance from exposure to sunlight was recorded. Symptoms such as weakness, muscle pain, cramp and early fatigability were asked. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was measured by RIA method, level less than 20ng /ml was considered as deficiency and less than 8ng/ml as sever deficiency. Study showed only 67 girl(40%) have normal vitamin D level,60% suffered vitamin D deficiency (95% CI 52.3-67.5) and 21% out of them suffered sever deficiency (95% CI 14.8- 27.2).No correlation existed between vitamin D level and BMI in our students.There was a correlation between taking supplementary vitamin D and the serum level of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (P 0.05)"nPresent study showed that despite the fact that Yazd is a sunny city most of the days even in winter; prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among growing female is concerning and requires preventive interference.

Background: Mental disorders can significantly impact maternal health and neonatal health and development. This study investigated maternal anxiety, depression, and stress during pregnancy concerning their children's development. Methods: In this follow-up study, all pregnant women with gestational age > 12 weeks referring to an obstetrics and gynecology clinic affiliated with Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences over six months were included. Data on mothers were collected using a personal information questionnaire and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-42 standard questionnaire. Finally, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the children of 73 mothers were included in the study. Infant development was assessed based on the Persian version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) at six months postpartum. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis. Statistical analyzes were carried out using SPSS 21. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In this study, 39.7%, 63%, and 56.2% of women suffered from depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. In this study, a significant relationship was found between antenatal maternal depression and gross motor (P: 0.022), fine motor (P: 0.003), personal-social (P: 0.009), and communication skills (P: 0.0180). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between maternal anxiety and personal-social (P: 0.012) and gross motor domains (P: 0.008). Also, a significant association was observed between personal-social skills and maternal stress (P: 0.030). Conclusion: As shown by the results, antenatal maternal mental illness can interfere with the development of children. Therefore, paying attention to the mental health of pregnant women is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several studies have investigated the role of PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms in the etiology of pediatric sepsis, but the results are inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis to assess for any associations. Methods: A comprehensive literature search on PubMed, web of science, and CNKI database was conducted up to April 15, 2020. Results: There were twelve case-control studies involving seven studies with 860 cases and 1144 controls on PA-1 4G/5G and five studies with 1602 cases and 1585 controls on ACE I/D. PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of pediatric sepsis in the global population. Stratified analysis by ethnicity showed a significant association in the Caucasians children. Conclusions: The meta-analysis suggests that the PAI-1 4G/5G and ACE I/D polymorphisms may be risk factors for development of pediatric sepsis in the global population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Previous studies have provided conflicting evidence implicating the IL-13 polymorphism and pediatric asthma. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to combine and analyze the available studies to provide more accurate conclusions. Methods: A comprehensive retrieval in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CNKI was performed up to February 05, 2020. Results: A total of 39 case-control studies including 15 studies with 4,968 cases and 7,091 controls were on +1923 C > T, ten studies with 3,175 cases and 2,983 controls on -1112 C > T, and 14 studies with 4,476 cases and 5,121 controls on +2044 A > G were selected. Pooled data showed that the IL-13 + 1923 C > T, −1112 C > T and +2044 A > G polymorphisms were significantly associated with risk of pediatric asthma. The IL-13 + 1923 C > T (Asians and Africans), −1112 C > T (Caucasians) and +2044 A > G (Asians) polymorphisms were more frequently associated in these ethnic groups. Conclusions: Our pooled data indicated that IL-13 + 1923 C > T, −1112 C > T and +2044 A > G polymorphisms were correlated with risk of pediatric asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This meta-analysis evaluates the correlation between the IL-6 -174 G > C polymorphism and susceptibility of childhood sepsis. Methods: We searched PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, CNKI, SID, SciELO databases until December 30, 2019 to identify all eligible studies. Results: A total of 17 studies with 1,287 cases and 2,482 controls were identified. Pooled data revealed that there was no significant association between the IL-6 -174 G > C polymorphism and risk childhood sepsis in the overall population. When stratified analysis was carried out by age group of cases, no associations were found in neonates and pediatrics. However, in ethnicity-based subgroups, a significant association was found in Caucasians and Africans. Conclusions: There was no significant association of the IL-6 -174G > C polymorphism with susceptibility to sepsis in childhood overall, but there was an association with the Caucasian and African ethnic subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kawasaki Disease (KD) is a multifactorial condition at the junction of infectious diseases, immunology, rheumatology, and cardiology. The aim of this study is to derive a more precise estimation of the association of TNF-α rs1800629, CASP3 rs72689236 and FCGR2A rs1801274 polymorphisms with risk of KD. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI databases were searched to identify all relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using CMA 2.2 software. Results: A total of 25 studies including eleven studies on TNF-α rs1800629, five studies on CASP3 rs72689236 and nine studies on FCGR2A rs1801274 were selected. Overall, pooled data revealed that CASP3 rs72689236 and FCGR2A rs1801274 polymorphisms were significantly associated with an increased risk of KD. However, there was no significant association between TNF-α rs1800629 and KD. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggested that CASPS rs72689236 and FCGR2A rs1801274 polymorphisms may modulate individual susceptibility to KD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute poisoning is a common cause of emergency department visits in childhood and can increase children's morbidity and mortality. Since the causes of child poisoning in different parts of Iran may differ due to cultural differences, this study was conducted to evaluate the most common causes of poisoning in Yazd. This retrospective cross-sectional study is based on the medical records of children less than 18 years of age admitted to the pediatric emergency department at Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd during 2018. The collected data included demographic information, the cause, and the outcome of acute poisoning. Out of 105 cases, 61.9% were boys. The highest poisoning rates were in the age group of 1 to 4 years (55.2%). In 50% of the participants, the family size was five or more, and 91% had Iranian nationality. Drugs were identified as the most common causes of poisoning (51.4%), and opioid analgesics were the most frequent drugs. The most common complaint at the time of referral in patients was the loss of consciousness (33%). The mean hospital stay was 56 hours, and no death was reported. According to the findings of this study in Yazd, the probability of accidental poisoning in boys under four years and due to different types of drugs, especially opioids, was higher than others. It seems that increasing parents' awareness about keeping drugs used by family members in a safe place and out of children's reach is essential in preventing poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract- Vitamin D is an essential hormone for growth and development of bones in children. There is a lot of evidence for deficiency of this vitamin in Middle East females. This study conduct to find a way to combat deficiency in girls during rapid growth phase of puberty in academic year. One hundred and two Middle School girls who had not consumed any vitamins supplement have been participated in this randomized clinical trial. They allocated randomly in two case groups who received 50,000 or 100,000 IU vitamin D3 in October and three months later in January or in control group who received vitamin E. At the end of winter blood samples for 25-hydroxyvitamin D were checked. The mean of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were 5.5±1.5 ng/ml, 15.2±6 ng/ml, 23.0±6.8 ng/ml in control, 50,000 and 100,000 IU vitamin D groups respectively (P<0.05). Neither dosage of vitamin D could raise 25-hydroxyvitamin D above 20 ng/ml in all cases. However, none of the students in 100,000 IU of vitamin D3 had severe deficiency in winter. Headache, dizziness, and weakness were the most common complain after vitamin D consumption, but no difference between groups detected (P>0.05). Urine calcium/creatinin ratio was equal in case and control groups (P>0.05). 100,000 IU of vitamin D3 every three months (equal to 800IU/day) can raise 25-hydroxyvitamin D above 12 ng/ml in all cases but for area with high prevalence of sever deficiency, dosage more than 100,000 IU every three months or shorter interval recommended to achieve optimal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency distribution of antibiotic therapy according to lumbar puncture outcome in hospitalized children. Methods: This study was conducted on 94 children undergoing lumbar puncture. All data were extracted from medical records. Administration of primary treatments and initial diagnosis including febrile convulsion, meningitis, and encephalitis in these patients were based on a physician's opinion. Results: The majority of subjects were diagnosed with febrile convulsion. Antibiotic treatment before lumbar puncture was taken by 58 children. After lumbar puncture, 35 children discontinued antibiotic therapy, two patients were switched to another antibiotic treatment and 21 subjects continued antibiotic medication. In addition, 36 children did not take antibiotics. Positive PCR was found in four cases from the encephalitis group. Conclusion: After lumbar puncture, antibiotic treatment was continued in 23 cases, whereas administration of antibiotics could be justified only in four cases based on positive PCR. Given that antibiotic treatment of our subjects was initiated prior to lumbar puncture but it was changed in two cases and continued in 21 cases after the medical procedure, conducting lumbar puncture seemed to be not very useful in these patients, assuming that laboratory signs or symptoms could justify an antibiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the state of hydration in infants during the weaning period in dry and hot climates in the center of Iran., Methods: Using a refractometer, 162 urine specific gravity (USG) was measured from 400 infants, between 4 to 6 months old. They were chosen among infants who visited the primary clinics in the city of Yazd, Iran for routine vaccination during the summer and winter of 2005. A questionnaire was filled out on air conditioning system and diet from mothers. A USG >1.020 was accepted as dehydrated, and a USG <1.010 as well hydrated., Results: Thirty-one percent of the infants were dehydrated, and 34% were well hydrated, infants were more dehydrated in summer (p<0.05). Twenty-seven percent of them started solid food without water supplementation, and dehydration was significant in most of them (p<0.05). We could not determine which type of air conditioning devices now used at home affect water status, but there was a trend toward dehydration in those using both fan and cooler (p=0.096)., Conclusion: In the desert area in the center of Iran, during weaning, approximately one third of the infants are exposed to the danger of dehydration. Our primary health care provider should consider the priority of water during weaning when water supplementation is safe.