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The inability of almost all rubber tree nursery growers to distinguish between the different rubber tree clones in a budwood garden (JBG) often leads to clonal mixtures. This makes the application of latex harvesting technology unsuitable, which negatively impacts the yield and / or the economic life of the plantations. To overcome this problem, a clonal identification method based on the use of seven (7) morphological criteria in JBG (budwood garden) was developed. Knowing that the morphological criteria are influenced by the environment, the visual recognition of the plants seems approximate or inefficient. In order to check the effectiveness of the morphological criteria, five (5) rubber tree genotypes from two JBGs (budwood gardens) were characterized both morphologically and by microsatellite markers. Characterization by microsatellites was carried out on twelve (12) loci and involved a sample of 25 individuals per genotype. This first study on the use of microsatellite markers revealed that three (3) microsatellite markers (Hb36, Hb43 and Hb110) best discriminate the genotypes (GT1, PB217, IRCA41, IRCA230 and IRCA331) cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire. It also showed that an individual declared non-compliant by the morphological method has 89% chance of being genetically non-compliant, one could be mistaken by 11% in declaring an individual non-compliant while it is genetically compliant (type I error). In addition, an individual declared compliant by the morphological method has a 76% chance of being genetically non-compliant, one could also be mistaken by 24% in declaring compliant while it is genetically non-compliant (type II error).

This study was undertaken to identify the microsatellite markers characteristic of rubber tree genotypes, producers of natural rubber. Twelve pairs of microsatellite primers obtained from expressed sequence tags (EST), available in the GENBANK genomic bank, were used to screen a sample of 40 individuals, that is, 8 per genotype. These microsatellite loci are di, tri or tetranucleotides, patterned perfect, imperfect, compound or complex. This study on the GT1, PB217, IRCA41, IRCA230 and IRCA331 genotypes, recommended in Ivory Coast, showed that it is possible to characterize them by using three microsatellite loci, such as Hb36, Hb43 and Hb110. The abundance of repeats observed in the genome of rubber tree clones was similar to those reported in other works. These can be exploited and used in rubber tree clonal improvement programs.

La qualité des noix brutes de cajou est un facteur déterminant dans la fixation de leurs prix d’achat et de vente. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la qualité des noix de cajou afin de contribuer à l’amélioration des traitements post-récoltes desdites noix et la revalorisation des revenus des planteurs. Sur 208 échantillons du département de Korhogo, les paramètres de qualité ont été déterminés selon la norme ivoirienne PNI 4595. La valeur minimale des taux d’humidité moyens est 5,6±1,4% tandis que la valeur maximale est 5,8±1,8% avec une moyenne globale de 5,7±1,8%. Les grainages moyens sont 182±13 noix/kg, 179±13 noix/kg, 180±15 noix/kg, 179±12 noix/kg et 181±12 noix/kg respectivement pour les zones 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 et 5 avec une valeur moyenne de 180±13 noix/kg. Concernant les taux de défauts moyens, ils varient entre 11,96±4,59% et 13,90±5,65% avec pour moyenne générale 13,10±5,08%. Les valeurs de l’out-turn oscillent entre un minimum de 44,87±3,65 lbs et un maximum de 45,90±2,62 lbs avec une moyenne globale de 45,42±2,78 lbs. Les proportions de noix de bonne qualité sont 54%, 66%, 64%, 64% et 69% respectivement pour les zones 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 et 5 avec une proportion globale de 64%. La qualité des noix de cajou produites dans le département de Korhogo, est moyennement bonne. English title: Assessment of the quality of cashew nuts (Anacardium occidental L.) produced in the division of korhogo in Côte d’Ivoire The quality of raw cashews is a determining factor in setting their buying and selling prices. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of cashew nuts in order to contribute to the improvement of post-harvest treatments of said nuts and the revaluation of the income of the growers. On 208 samples, from the division of Korhogo, the quality parameters were determined according to the Ivorian standard PNI 4595. The minimum value of the average moisture contents is 5.6±1.4% while the maximum value is 5.8±1.8% with 5.7±1.8% as the overall average of the division of Korhogo. The average grainings are 182±13 nuts/kg, 179±13 nuts/kg, 180±15 nuts/kg, 179±12 nuts/kg and 181±12 nuts/kg respectively for zones 1; 2; 3; 4 and 5 with an average value of 180±13 nuts/kg. Concerning the average defect rates, they vary between 11.96±4.59% and 13.90±5.65% with the general average being 13.10±5.08%. The out-turn values fluctuate between a minimum (44.87±3.65 lbs) and a maximum (45.90±2.62 lbs). The average of this parameter in the division of Korhogo is 45.42±2.78 lbs. The proportions of good quality nuts are 54%, 66%, 64%, 64% and 69% respectively for areas 1; 2; 3; 4 and 5 with an overall proportion of 64%. The quality of the cashew nuts produced in the Korhogo division is moderately good.

Les descripteurs qualitatifs ont été toujours négligés dans les études de caractérisation du cocotier surtout chez les écotypes de type Grand. Cet article se propose de mettre en évidence la contribution de six caractères morphologiques de type qualitatif dans la description et la typologie de 18 populations de cocotier Grand plantées dans la collection internationale de Côte d’Ivoire. Pour y arriver les stipes, les inflorescences, les fleurs femelles et les fruits ont été observés. Compte tenu à la fois de leurs fortes valeurs d’indice de diversité de Shannon normalisé (H’ variant entre 0,93 et 0,99) et faibles valeurs d’indice de diversité de Simpson (D variant entre 0,24 et 0,28), les caractères formes du fruit et de la noix débourrée ont été les plus discriminants. Les résultats de la classification des populations de cocotier Grand de la collection de Côte d’Ivoire utilisant les caractères qualitatifs sont en désaccord avec la structuration admise et fournie antérieurement à partir des marqueurs morphologiques quantitatifs et moléculaires microsatellites (SSRs). Bien que longtemps marginalisé dans l’étude de la diversité génétique des écotypes Grand de cocotier, l’apport des caractères qualitatifs dans l’identification de ces accessions de la collection de Côte d’Ivoire est discuté. Aussi, l’intérêt du recours aux descripteurs qualitatifs comme alternative aux marqueurs moléculaires pour le suivi de la pureté des accessions de cocotier au champ pendant les cycles de régénération est souligné.© 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. English abstract Qualitative morphological descriptors have always been neglected in coconut population’s characterization, especially in Tall coconut varieties. This paper proposes the contribution of six qualitative traits in the description and typology of 18 Tall coconut populations planted at the international field genebank of Côte d'Ivoire. Relatively to high values of standardized index of Shannon Weaver diversity H' (0.93 to 0.99) and low values of Simpson diversity index D (0.24 to 0.28), the two qualitative traits that are fruit and husked nut shapes were more discriminating. The results about clustering of the Tall coconut populations in Côte d'Ivoire genebank using all studied qualitative characters were in disagreement with the clustering assumed and provided before from quantitative traits and SSRs molecular markers. Although a long time marginalized in the genetic diversity studies, the contribution of the qualitative traits in the identification of Tall coconut populations in international field genebank of Côte d’Ivoire has been discussed. Also, the interest of recourse of the qualitative descriptors as alternative to the molecular markers for purity follow-up of the coconut accession during the cycles of field genebank regeneration is clearly underlined.

Agromorphological diversity structure of the elite shea trees identified in village lands and conserved in situ in the districts of Bagoue and Tchologo by the shea breeding program of the University of Peleforo Gon Coulibaly (UPGC, Cote d’Ivoire), are not known. In the present study, we characterized the agromorphological parameters of 220 elite shea trees using a set of 12 quantitative traits. The results showed that elite shea trees population has been structured into three morphological clusters or genetic pools that do not overlap with the original geographic areas. Morphological Cluster I contain elite shea trees with small trunk diameters carrying large leaves and producing fewer fruits per tree. Morphological Cluster II consisted of elite shea trees with stronger trunks bearing small leaves and producing a high number of fruits per tree. Morphological Cluster III regrouped elite shea trees of medium trunk diameters carrying medium sized leaves; fruit production level is intermediate compare to preceding groups. The elite shea trees of morphological Clusters II, which are more interesting from an agronomic point of view, can be used as grafting trees for the production of high-yielding grafted plants for farmers in Cote d'Ivoire. Key words: elite shea trees, genetic improvement, phenotypic variability, Northern Cote d’Ivoire.

After previously showing rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescence and foliar bio-fertilizer mixture as a suitable practice in improving maize and soybean crops development and dry biomass, this study thus embark on predicting the above-mentioned plants dry biomass feature through their yield and growth parameters by assessing P. fluorescence activities on foliar bio-fertilizer in an arid agro-climate. For this purpose, several scripts and functions from our previous computational statistic pipeline, developed in R programming environment were partially used for statistical survey. Several multiple linear regression models have been achieved aimed at understanding the links between maize and soybean crops (i) dry biomass, (ii) yield and (iii) growth features as well as highlights the synergic roles of rhizobacteria microorganisms and foliar bio-fertilizer on that relationship. Findings, revealed as expected, a significant difference in term of crops development between plants from seeds without treatment and those from seeds under (i) rhizobacteria, (ii) rhizobacteri + foliar bio-fertilizer mixture and (iii) foliar bio-fertilizer treatments (p

While the alternative transcription and splicing mechanisms have long been known for some genes like oncogenes, their prevalence in almost all multi-exon genes has been recently realized with the increasing application of high-throughput experimental methods, named Next Generation RNA Sequencing (NGS). Henceforth, understanding the regulation of these processes in comparisons between cell types and cancer requests, sensitive and specific bioinformatics as well as bio-statistic approaches, that is, Cufflinks/Cuffdiff, DEXseq and RESEM, detecting gene transcript/isoforms and exons abundance is necessary. Isoforms and exons expression analysis by NGS is complicated by several sources of measurement variability causing numerous statistical defies. Here, with the purpose of minimizing this statistical challenge, we integrated both Cufflinks/Cuffdiff and DEXseq bioinformatics approaches assessing whole alternative splicing (AS) events, focusing on alternative transcripts regulation and their exons modulation respectively, by processing our previous prepared Estrogen Receptor β (Erβ+ and Erβ-) breast cancer (BC) cells, stimulated by estradiol (E2). Results showed that Estradiol (E2) induced Erβ+ BC (Erβ+E2), exhibited dissimilar reply as opposed to the other’s analyzed BC cell lines in terms of intragenic, exons and junction reads count ratio. Relationship analysis between expressed genes and transcript isoforms, suggested a substantial role of alternative promoters in AS event occurrence in Erβ+ BC as opposed to Erβ- BC. Indeed, merging Cufflinks/Cuffdiff and DEXseq approaches, 79 multi-exon genes were detected as statistically differentially modulated (spliced) in Erβ+ hormone induced BC cell line, and around 38% of these spliced genes claimed to be induced by alternative promoters. The present survey discriminated between several cancer specific alternative splicing genes like LIFR a BC metastasis suppressor, PBX1 a pioneer factor defining aggressive Erβ- BC and PHLPP2 a tumor suppressor, as exhibiting significant exon modulation in early AS occurrence in hormone responsive Erβ+ BC exclusively. Although, our findings supported dissimilar reply comparing both Cuflinks/Cuffdiff and DEXseq approaches called AS events, it is noteworthy to underline their relative agreement, evaluating spliced genes functional annotation as well as their complementarity performing whole AS survey. This study therefore proposed the integration between Cufflinks/Cuffdiff and DEXseq tools as a reasonable complementary methodology assessing full AS pattern in hormone responsive Erβ BC cells. Key words: Cufflinks/Cuffdiff, DEXseq, RNA-Seq, alternative splicing (AS), exons, transcript isoforms, estrogen receptor β (ERβ), breast cancer (BC) cells.

The survey aims at assessing current managing status of organizations involves in the conservation of local genetic diversity of rice, maize, sorghum and pearl millet in seedbanks located in northern Côte d’Ivoire. An investigation was conducted with 100 respondents in charge of cereal seedbanks managing from Ferkessedougou and Ouangolodougou areas. The results at regional scale revealed two co-existing informal and formal systems for seedbanks management in these areas. The farmers’ seedbanks system or informal system was the main source of cereal seed supply for farmers and more important than the national or formal seedbank system. Only, farmers’ seedbanks of two crops, rice and maize were found in visited localities. The management of these farmers’ seedbanks was enabled by associations or cooperatives gathering more men (78.27%) than women (21.73%). Ninety percent (90%) of respondents were identified as saving 1 to 3 traditional varieties of cereal in these seedbanks managed by farmers in the studied region. The reveled difficulties in the farmers’ seedbanks management appeared mainly as informally organized seed system that must be a complementary approach to formal system or national seed system for genetic diversity preservation of local cereal varieties and also as a distribution channel of improved cereal varieties.

Teak (Tectona grandis L.f; Verbenaceae) is a diploid species (2n=36). It is native to the tropical deciduous forests of India, Myanmar, Thailand and Laos. Snuffed for its aesthetic physical properties and its qualities, teak is becoming increasingly important in the forest plantation development in Côte d'Ivoire. To preserve the genetic resources of this species and ensure the supply of genetically superior quality germplasm for improvement and plantations, a core collection of superior genotypes with large genetic diversity is a prerequisite. This paper reports the use of site-specific recombinase (SSR) technology using microsatellite DNA markers to investigate the level of genetic variability, distribution of genetic variation and genetic relatedness in Tectona grandis grown in Côte d'Ivoire. The proportion of the total genetic variation resides within provenances (80.52 %) with 5.5 % of the variation occurring among populations of one region and 13.98 % among regions. The SSR markers showed a clear differentiation of the populations introduced in Côte d'Ivoire with an Fst = 0.21. The populations coming from the natural area were characterized by three clusters corresponding to South India, North India and Thailand. The study on the origin of African teak was close to North of India. However, Bambuku 7 population was an exception, as it seemed to have some affinity with Thailand populations. The use of SSR markers for conservation of teak forest diversity is discussed.

Kola nut is chewed in many West African cultures and is used ceremonially. The aim of this study is to investigate some biological effects ofCola nitida’s bark after phytochemical screening. The bark was collected, dried, and then powdered for the phytochemical screening and extractions. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts ofC. nitidawere used in this study. The antibacterial activity was tested on ten reference strains and 28 meat isolatedStaphylococcusstrains by disc diffusion method. The antifungal activity of three fungal strains was determined on the Potato-Dextrose Agar medium mixed with the appropriate extract. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. Our data revealed the presence of various potent phytochemicals. For the reference and meat isolated strains, the inhibitory diameter zone was from17.5±0.7 mm (C. albicans) to9.5±0.7 mm (P. vulgaris). The MIC ranged from 0.312 mg/mL to 5.000 mg/mL and the MBC from 0.625 mg/mL to >20 mg/mL. The highest antifungal activity was observed withF. verticillioidesand the lowest one withP. citrinum. The two extracts have an excellent reducing free radical activity. The killing effect ofA. salinalarvae was perceptible at 1.04 mg/mL. The purified extracts ofCola nitida’s bark can be used to hold meat products and also like phytomedicine.

Objectif : Une enquete ethnobotanique, visant a inventorier les plantes spontanees alimentaires encore presentes dans la region du Fromager (Centre-Ouest) de la Cote d’Ivoire, a ete menee aupres des populations rurales. Methodologie et resultats : Parmi ces especes, sept (7) d’entre elles dont les organes sont les plus consommes par les populations ont fait l’objet d’etude monographique et ont ete retenues pour une analyse comparative des nutriments. Ce sont : Irvingia gabonensis (Kaklou) , Ricinodendron heudelotii (Apki) Beilschmiedia mannii (Bitei), Treculia africana (Blenbledou), Myrianthus arboreus (Ticliti), Sesamum indicum (Mahikor), et Strombosia pustulata (Kle-kor). Les resultats des analyses des organes comestibles se repartissent en oleagineuses Irvingia gabonensis (83,51 %.), Ricinodendron heudelotii (58,76 %.) et Sesamum indicum (65,26 %.), en proteagineuses Beilschmiedia mannii (42,85 %.), Strombosia pustulata (53,03 %.) et Myrianthus arboreus (57,2 %.) et en sucre Treculia africana (23,12 %.). Quant aux feuilles de Myrianthus arboreus , elles ont une teneur tres faible en sucre et peuvent etre conseille aux diabetiques. Conclusion et application des resultats : La connaissance des valeurs nutritionnelles de ces produits contribuera a une meilleure prise de conscience du role essentiel que peuvent jouer les plantes spontanees alimentaires afin de pouvoir contribuer a ameliorer le bien-etre des populations locales en nourriture et en ressources financieres. Mots cles : Plantes spontanees alimentaires, teneur en nutriment, zone forestiere, Cote d’Ivoire.

La presente etude visait a caracteriser les systemes d’exploitation agricoles a base de coton, puis d’evaluer l’importance des vivriers dans ces systemes. Elle a ete conduite sur un echantillon de 40 exploitants agricoles repartis dans 8 villages de Sinematiali. Les resultats ont indique que les systemes dominants sont le mais (3,675 ha) et le coton (3,14 ha). Ensuite viennent, l’arachide (1,125 ha), le riz (0,906 ha) le haricot (0,306 ha), le mil (0,297 ha) et l’igname (0,194 ha). Par ailleurs, le compte d’exploitation revele que les vivriers ont les marges nettes a l’hectare les plus eleves avec respectivement 245 727,5 FCFA, pour le riz ; 58 004,7 FCFA pour le mais ; 209 738,4 FCFA pour l’arachide et 239 472 FCFA pour le mil contre 5 085,1 FCFA pour le coton. L’analyse du ratio de la marge brute sur le cout variable totale montre que 1 FCFA investi sur les parcelles de vivriers rapporte respectivement 4,09 F ; 1,54 F ; 7,44 F et 12,09 FCFA pour le riz, le mais, l’arachide et le mil contre 0,36 FCFA pour le coton. Aussi, cette etude indique que les vivriers contribuent a hauteur de 98%, au revenu annuel du paysan contre 2% pour le coton. Malgre cette faible contribution du coton dans les revenus du paysan, sa culture permet aux exploitants d’acceder aux intrants et aux materiels agricoles modernes pour accroitre les superficies et les rendements agricoles. Mots cles : Systemes de culture, coton, vivriers, marge brute, Cote d’Ivoire.