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TA-Swiss, 75/2021, ISBN:978-3-7281-4079-1, ISBN:978-3-7281-4078-4

Beeindruckende Fortschritte im Bereich der Kunstlichen Intelligenz (KI) haben in den letzten Jahren fur Aufsehen gesorgt, aber auch Angste geweckt. Fur Gesetzgeber stellt sich damit die Frage, ob und wie sie den Herausforderungen von KI begegnen wollen. Am 21. April 2021 hat die EU-Kommission einen Vorschlag fur eine Verordnung zur Regulierung von KI prasentiert. Dieser Beitrag zeigt den Handlungsbedarf auf, der im Schweizer Recht besteht, und versteht sich als Anstoss fur eine vertiefte Diskussion und als Aufruf an den Schweizer Gesetzgeber, die Erarbeitung eines Rechtsrahmens zur Erfassung der Herausforderungen von KI zeitnah anzugehen.

This chapter is dedicated to exploring the impact on Swiss administrative law of the pan-European general principles of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE). The chapter claims that the standards stemming from the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights have been adopted in an exemplary way by Swiss authorities. The influence was especially strong in the 1980s and 1990s. The same cannot be said regarding other documents of the CoE, whose impact remains disparate because many aspects of the pan-European general principles of good administration were already part of the national written law. The chapter concludes that despite the exemplary integration of CoE instruments heated debates on the content of these instruments are not excluded from Switzerland.

TA-Swiss, 72/2020, ISBN:978-3-7281-4001-2, ISBN:978-3-7281-4002-9

On January 1, 2017, the Taxation Modernization Act entered into force in Germany. It includes regulations on fully automated taxation procedures. In order to uphold the principle of investigation that characterizes German administrative law, a risk management system can be established by the tax authorities. The risk management system aims to detect risk-fraught cases in order to prevent tax evasion. Cases identified as risk-fraught by the system need to be checked manually by the responsible tax official. Although the technical details of risk management systems are kept secret, such systems are presumably based on artificial intelligence. If this is true, and especially if machine learning techniques are involved, this could lead to legally relevant problems. Examples from outside tax law show that fundamental errors may occur in AI-based risk assessments. Accordingly, the greatest challenge of using artificial intelligence in risk management systems is its control.

This research focuses on the interrelationship between international standards and e-voting projects. With the rise of e-government activities, a multitude of new international standards is discussed or adopted in conjunction with such innovative reform steps. In order to gain a perception which role international standards dealing with legal, organizational and technical aspects play in national contexts and whether they are actually implemented, this essay specifically examines standards used in e-voting projects, as this area can be clearly distinguished from other e-government projects. Case studies in Estonia, Norway, and Switzerland show that there is a general interest in international sources and that real international standards are considered to be more important and “binding” than private organizations’ standards or other documents. In all three countries, the Council of Europe Recommendation on e-voting, the only real international standard in this field, played a role in the respective e-voting projects, but did not coin all phases. Once the international standards were endorsed as national regulations, they only played a minor role for the continuation of the projects. However, they are used for orientation and evaluation purposes.

The eighth volume of the Yearbook of Direct Democracy (Jahrbuch für direkte Demokratie) contains contributions from the fields of educational science, jurisprudence, political science and economics that examine the hierarchical relationship between representative and direct democracy, the role of political education in direct democracy, the role of audit committees as information bodies and the Global Forum for Direct Democracy. The book addresses the emergence and practice of direct democracy in Ireland in the same scope and depth as recent developments in Switzerland, Austria, Germany and the USA. With contributions by Prof. Dr. Gavin Barrett; Dr. Laurent Bernhard; PD Dr. iur. & lic. phil. Corsin Bisaz; Prof. Dr. Nadja Braun Binder; Prof. Dr. Reiner Eichenberger; Andreas Gutmann, ref. jur.; Prof. Dr. iur. Hermann K. Heußner; Bruno Kaufmann, MSSc; Prof. Dr. iur. Arne Pautsch; Prof. Dr. Klaus Poier; Frank Rehmet, Dipl. pol.; Lars Ruchti, MLaw; Barbara Schaub, BLaw; Prof. Dr. Mark Schelker; Univ.-Prof. Dr. iur. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. (Cornell); Prof. Dr. Monika Waldis; Prof. Dr. Fabian Wittreck; Prof. em. Dr. Béatrice Ziegler

Gut vernetzt gut verwaltet. Wer mit Fragen der strategischen Steuerung, des Datenschutzes und des Verwaltungshandelns vor dem Hintergrund der Digitalisierung befasst ist, findet in diesem Band topaktuelle Antworten. Auf dem neuesten Rechtsstand – inkl. DSGVO und der Erklärung von Tallinn. Integrativ und ebenenübergreifend werden gleichermaßen die EU-, Bundes-, Landes- und Kommunalebene behandelt. Gut lesbar eignet sich der Band als Einstiegslektüre und zur Vertiefung. Mit einem Geleitwort der Staatsministerin für Digitalisierung, Dorothee Bär.

On January 1, 2017, the Taxation Modernization Act entered into force in Germany. It includes regulations on fully automated taxation procedures. In order to uphold the principle of investigation in such fully automated procedures, a risk management system can be established by the tax authorities. The risk management system aims to detect risk-fraught cases, and thereby to prevent tax evasion. Cases identified as risk-fraught by the system need to be checked manually by the responsible tax official. Although the technical details of risk management systems are bound to secrecy, such systems are presumably based on artificial intelligence. If this is true, and especially if machine learning techniques, where algorithms self-optimize their programming in case of errors or false results, are involved, this could lead to legally relevant problems. Examples from outside tax law show that fundamental errors may occur in systematic assessments. Accordingly, the greatest challenge of using artificial intelligence in risk management systems is their control.

Der siebte Band des Jahrbuchs fur direkte Demokratie vereint Beitrage aus der Politikwissenschaft, der Rechtswissenschaft und der Philosophie. Die „Turoffnerfunktion“ von Volksinitiativen wird ebenso analysiert wie das katalanische Unabhangigkeitsreferendum, die Entwicklung der direkten Demokratie in Lateinamerika sowie die Frage, inwiefern Burgerbeteiligung und Zufallsprinzip direktdemokratische Verfahren erganzen konnen. Die Landerberichte zur Schweiz und zu Osterreich werden durch eine Studie zum Volksentscheid „Berlin braucht Tegel“ vom 24. September 2017 in Berlin erganzt.