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The superficial palmar arch is an important anatomical structure that contributes to the arterial supply of the palmar side of the hand in the upper extremity. However, there is limited information on the embryological morphological structure of the superficial palmar arch in the literature. We studied the types of the superficial palmar arch and determined their variations by dissecting 80 upper extremities of 40 formalin-fixed human fetuses (19 males, 21 females) 18-37 weeks of age. The types and variations of the superficial palmar arch were examined, and the median artery was imaged. The superficial palmar arch type was complete in 58 hands (72.5%) and incomplete in 22 hands (27.5%). The complete group consisted of type A (47.5%), type B (16.25%), type C (3.75%), type D (1.25%), and type E (3.75%). On the other hand, the incomplete group consisted of type F (15%), type G (8.75%), type H (2.5%), and type I (1.25%). A median artery that originated from the ulnar artery and passed through the carpal tunnel during its course was detected in two hands (2.5%). Knowledge of the superficial palmar arch variations will contribute to hand microsurgery particularly in vascular graft and free flap application interventions for arterial bleeding in the palmar region.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the glucocorticoid prednisolone, the mycophenolic acid prodrug, azathioprine, and the fungi fermentation end product, mycophenolate mofetile on the embryological development of rats. Nine day-old rat embryos were cultured in rat serum containing prednisolone at varying concentrations (5-30 µg/ml) for 48 h. The test groups were cultured separately in rat serum containing 0.3-10 µg/ml azathioprine and 1-10 µg/ml mycophenolate mofetile. Embryonic development parameter effects of both drugs in combination with prednisolone (20 µg/ml) were studied using morphological methods, with special attention given to the incidence of malformations. The genotoxic effects of agents evaluated with the TUNEL test revealed that prednisolone is not a cause of developmental toxicity. The maximum safe dose of prednisolone that could be used in combination with other immunosuppressive agents was determined to be 20 µg/ml. Azathioprine was found to be toxic and teratogenic for the rat embryos beginning at a dose of 1 µg/ml. Dose-dependent toxic and teratogenic effects of mycophenolate mofetile were detected at doses lower than normal clinical ones.

Bilateral atresia of the external acoustic meatus is a rare condition. It is a subtype of congenital aural atresia, which comprises a spectrum of developmental ear abnormalities. In this case report, we present the computed tomography (CT) findings of a patient with this congenital anomaly and emphasize the importance of the findings with regard to treatment options. CT revealed bilateral atresia of the external acoustic meatus in coronal and axial sections of an 8-year-old boy was admitted to hospital due to hearing loss. No congenital anomaly was detected in the middle and inner ear structures. Early detection of congenital aural atresia is critical. Speech retardation and accompanying anomalies associated with hearing loss may be seen in these patients. CT is essential for the diagnosis and classification of congenital bilateral aural atresia, identification of concomitant ear anomalies, and determination of the appropriate surgical treatment method.

The anatomy of the superior orbital fissure is very important because of the spaces it connects, the regions it is adjacent to, and the structures it contains. We aimed to study the width, length and types of the structure, their change according to gender, body sides, and age. The fissure shape has many variations that are not easy to systematize. Therefore, it was aimed to classify them with various reference points determined for the first time, identify their types and determine their incidence. An objective and comprehensive classification was used on 3-dimensional images using multidetector computed tomography. We retrospectively evaluated the orbit and paranasal sinus computerized tomography images of 200 individuals (age range: 3 months-90 years;106 female, 94 male). The shape of fissure were identified and classified, it is length and width were measured. There was no statistical difference in the length of the fissure according to gender on both sides, and in width only on the left (p˃0.05). On the right side, it was statistically significantly wider in female (p˂0.05). While the fissure types were grouped based on observation in the literature, they were defined more comprehensively according to different shape features by giving a certain reference lines by us for the first time and evaluated over seven types. The most common shape for both sides was racket-shaped type (right: 24.5%, left: 26%), while the least common was narrow type (right: 1%, left: 2%). Thus, the shape variations of structure have gained a systematic typing criterion for the first time with the definitions in our study.

It is aesthetically important that the auricle has a natural and beautiful shape. The sizes, position and symmetry of normal auricle are used for different purposes in different disciplines. A deformation in the auricle of neonates and its size or location on the face may indicate a possible anomaly. The aim of this study is to investigate the normal sizes, anomaly types, anomaly rates and the relationship between hearing screening test results and auricular anomaly of the neonatal auricle. The length, width, angle, and distance measurements of the auricle were made in neonates (n = 550). Anomaly types of auricle were observed. Goniometer was used to measure angles; digital caliper and ruler were used to measure lengths. Anomalies were detected by the method of observation. In the morphometric data of the neonatal auricle, differences were determined in length and width values in terms of gender. Various types of anomalies were observed in the right ear of 96 participants and in the left ear of 103 participants. Normal auricle size, position and symmetry are important for surgical reconstructions, hearing aid design, producing data banks on gender, age and ethnicity, and providing reference information for multiple diagnostic and forensic procedures. Recognition and early detection of auricular anomalies play an essential role in clinical diagnosis and their correction with special devices.

The hyoid is a U shaped bone with a backward concavity. Locates at the lower edge of the mandible and lies parallel to the floor — functions as an attachment point for muscles and soft tissues of head and neck. The aim is to examine the variations and ossification of the hyoid. This study was performed retrospectively in 2010 - 2013 on 200 CT images. 3D volume rendering images of pure hyoid bone created from the axial CT images in 1 mm slice thickness. The morphological variation count was 23; ossification variations were 9 cases. No difference observed by gender, but there are differences between the age groups for ossification. Ossification rates were found as; partial 34 %, unilateral 33%, complete 22%, early 11%. Most of the morphologic variation were belong to minor horn (57%), variations of major horn were 30%. The clinical importance of hyoid bone has realized in recent years. Due to the close relationship of this bone with the muscles, ligaments, fascias, sternum, clavicles, its dysfunction can lead to general problems. Studies about the variations of hyoid bone found to be quite low, and we believe that our research will contribute to the content of literature.

Uterus'un nadir görülen varyasyonlarından olan uterus didelphys, müllerian füzyonun gerçekleşmemesi sonucu oluşmaktadır. İlk olarak 1925 yılında Wilson tarafından rapor edilmiştir. Bu varyasyonda, iki ayrı cavitas uteri ve iki cervix uteri longitudinal vajinal septum ile birleşmektedir. Müllerian kanal anomalileri literatürde %0,1- 3,5 sıklıkta bildirilmektedir. Uterus didelphys ise bu anomalilerin % 5’ini oluşturmaktadır. Müllerian kanal malformasyonlarına %20 oranında renal anomaliler eşlik etmektedir. Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi’ne dismenore şikayeti ile başvuran 21 yaşındaki kadın hastanın dinamik kontrastlı pelvik MR ve difüzyon MR görüntüleri incelemesinde uterus didelphys bicollis varyasyonu belirlendi. Genellikle uterus didelphys olguları asemptomatik olup bazen dismenore, tekrarlayan abortus veya infertilite gibi şikayetlere sebep olabilirler. Uterus anomalilerin teşhisinde MR görüntüleri çok değerlidir. Uterus varyasyonları olan kişilerde muayene ve görüntüleme teknikleriyle özellikle gebelik öncesinde tanı konulması komplikasyonların önlenmesi açısından oldukça önemlidir., The uterus didelphys, which is one of the rare variations of uterus, is the result of the failure of mullerian fusion. It was first reported by Wilson in 1925. In this variation, two separate uterine cavities and two cervix are associated with longitudinal vaginal septum. Müllerian canal anomalies are reported in the literature at a frequency of 0.1 to 3.5%. Uterus didelphys constitute 5% of these anomalies.Renal anomalies are accompanied by 20% müllerian canal malformations. Dynamic contrast-enhanced pelvic MRI and diffusion MRI images of a 21-year-old female patient who was admitted to Selcuk University Medical Faculty with dysmenorrhea. Uterus didelphys bicollis variation was determined. Generally, cases of uterus didelphys are asymptomatic and may cause dysmenorrhea, recurrent abortion or infertility. MR images are very valuable in the diagnosis of uterine anomalies. It is very important to diagnose with uterine variations by examination and imaging techniques, especially before pregnancy, to prevent complications.

We aimed to research in detail the morphology of the facet orientation (FO) and tropism (FT) in degenerative diseases. This study consisted of patients with disc degeneration (DD) and with lumbar spondylolisthesis (LS) as well as a control group without these two diseases. The group of patients with DD was separated by DD grades. Vertebral body and intervertebral discs’ (IVDs) morphometric values, facet joint osteoarthritis (OA) grading, FO and FT were examined in all the groups. All measurements were applied to MRIs of 353 patients. There was a significant difference in facet angle values between the groups at L4–L5 (FO: p = 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between FO at L4–L5 and L4 vertebral body anterior posterior diameter and L5 mid-vertebral body height, in 353 patients (p = 0.003; p = 0.010). Facet joint OA grading scores were lower in the control group than in the disc degeneration patient (DDP) and LS groups (p

WOS: 000434304300093, PubMed: 29461369, Aim: This study aims to reevaluation the linear and angular measurements of mandibles with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) that is a new method and used frequently in recent years. Materials and Methods: The archived MDCT images of 100 adult patients (age range, 15-74 years) without mandibular operation and trauma history were evaluated retrospectively. Mandibular ramus heights, maximal mandibular length, mandibular symphysis height, mandibular angles, and mandibular foramen distance measurements were performed on MDCT images. All measurement parameters were analyzed by gender, age groups, and sides. Results: Mandibular linear length measurements were higher in males than in females (P

The mental foramen and lingual vascular canals are related to vessels and nerves in the mandibular body. The aim of the present study was to determine the number and location of these structures and to make measurements of them. The archived Multidetector Computed Tomography images of 100 adult (15- to 70-year-old) patients were evaluated retrospectively. The diameters of the mental foramens and their distances from the front, back, upper and lower reference points were measured. The distribution of mental foramens with respect to the teeth was also researched. The presence of lingual vascular canals, and the number of median and lateral canals was determined, and the length of the median lingual vascular canals measured. All measurement parameters were analyzed by gender, side and age group. Eleven patients demonstrated a total of 15 accessory mental foramen. Median lingual vascular canals were observed in 100% of cases, with lateral lingual vascular canals determined in 32%. Significant differences were observed in the results of different gender groups (P

Objectives: The sternum is located in the middle of the anterior wall of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts; manubrium, body (corpus) and xiphoid process. Since it is an easy bone to scan, it can be used for age and sex determination in forensic medicine. The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of the sternum according to age and gender. Methods: This study was performed retrospectively on 700 CT images. 3D volume rendering images of sternum were created from the axial CT images at a 1 mm slice thickness. Results: There were significant differences in sternum measurements according to age and sex. The xiphoid process was identified under three different types. Ossification between the manubrium and sternum body showed significant differences according to age and sex. Conclusion: Data collected from a single bone is important for age and sex prediction especially in forensic medicine. These data taken from a large series may also contribute to evaluation of variations in sternal morphology.

Objectives: The ratio of the diameter of pulmonary trunk (PT) to the diameter of the ascending aorta (AA) is used to evaluate cardiopulmonary diseases. Different values have been reported for the normal value of PT:AA ratio (to be less than 0.9, 1 or 1.4). In this study, we aimed to investigate the diameters of the PT, right (RPA) and left pulmonary artery (LPA), AA, right (RMB) and left main bronchus LMB) using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and to determine reference values for PT:AA according to age and sex in normal healthy adults. Methods: Thoracic CT images of 200 individuals, (103 males, 97 females; age 18–89 years), without cardiopulmonary pathology and surgery, were retrospectively evaluated using MDCT. Diameters of PT, RPA, LPA, AA were measured at the level of the pulmonary artery bifurcationand PT:AA ratio was calculated. Results: The mean diameters of PT, AA, RPA, LPA, RMB, LMB were found as 2.7±0.51 cm, 3.25±0.63 cm, 1.98±0.46 cm, 1.81±0.43 cm, 1.73±0.35 cm, and 1.66±0.55 cm, respectively. The mean value of PT:AA ratio was 0.84±0.18 cm in males and 0.86±0.13 cm in females. Conclusion: Determining the normal values of related measurements will contribute to diagnosis and treatment of cardiopulmonary diseases.

WOS: 000487459600032, PubMed: 31302743, Purpose We aimed to determine the position and size of the sphenoid sinus (SS) in our study and compare the results of the measurements relative to age, gender, and the presence of pituitary adenoma using multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT). Methods We retrospectively evaluated the paranasal sinus computerized tomography (CT) images of 200 individuals (age range of all the individuals 4-84 years; 101 females, 99 males; age range of individuals with pituitary adenoma 15-63 years; 15 females, 9 males) with 24 pituitary adenomas. The shape of SS were identified and classified, volume were measured by MDCT also for individuals with pituitary adenoma. Results It was determined that the volume averages were significantly affected by the type of SS. Among all the individuals studied, the sellar type of SS was most frequently observed (41.5%), followed by the postsellar type (38.5%), and the least observed was the presellar type (9%). The volume of the SS is bigger in males than females although the volume is not affected by the presence of pituitary adenomas. The development of the SS continues until the age of nine. Conclusion The morphology and morphometry of the SS show individual differences. These anatomic variations are important for decision making and application for surgical interventions (especially transsphenoidal surgery).

Arkus aorta varyasyonları disfaji ve stridor gibi klinik belirtiler verebildiği gibi tamamen rastlantısal olarak da tespit edilebilir. Bu varyasyonlar radyolojik incelemeler ve cerrahi operasyonlar sırasında karışıklıklara yol açabildiği için anatomistler, radyologlar ve cerrahlar tarafından bilinmesi gereklidir. Bu yazıda, 50 yaşındaki bir erkeğin göğüs bilgisayarlı tomografisi görüntüsünde izlenen sağ arkus aort ve ayna görüntüsü dallanması sunulmaktadır. Sağ aortik arkın üçlü anomali görüntüsü; solda truncus brachiocephalicus varlığı, sağda truncus brachiocephalicus yokluğu ve sağ taraftaki arterlerin önce a. carotis communis dextra daha sonar a. subclavia dextra olmak üzere ayrı orijin almalarından oluşmaktaydı., Aortic arc variations may cause some clinical symptoms like dysphagia and stridor or may be determined incidentally. These variations may cause commotions during radiologic examinations and surgical operations. Thus, anatomists, radiologists and surgeons should be aware of them. In this paper, we present a case of a right aortic arch with mirror image branching observed in a computed tomography image of a 50 year-old man. The triple anomaly of the right aortic arch consisted of a left brachiocephalic trunk, the absence of a brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and the separate origins of the arteries on the right side, with the right common carotid artery preceding the right subclavian artery.

WOS: 000302190500034, The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the maxillary artery (MA) and its branches. Fourteen sides of Turkish adult cadavers were dissected. The specimens were classified according to the relation between MA and the lateral pterygoid. After the removal of the lateral pterygoid, parts and branches of MA were exposed. We classified the branching patterns of MA in the pterygopalatine fossa. The calibers and lengths of the arteries, and the distance between the zygomatic arch and MA, and between the infratemporal crest and MA were measured. The MA was found superficial to the lateral pterygoid in 57.2%. The inferior alveolar artery (IA) was arisen from MA before the middle meningeal artery (MM) in 35.7%, after MM in 35.7%. The IA and MM were arisen from the same area of MA in 14.3 %. In other two cases IA was arisen from the beginning of MA (14.3%). According to the contours of third portion of MA, we classified "Y" type (50%), "intermediate-T" type (14.3%), and "M" type (35.7%). This reinvestigation of the clinical anatomy of MA may provide useful information to the head and neck surgeons, dentists, neurosurgeons and radiologists related with this region.

Isırık, hayvan ya da insan dişleri ile oluşturulan yaralanma türüdür. İnsanlar tarafından oluşturulan ısırık yaraları ile kavga, tecavüz, cinayet ve çocuk istismarı gibi durumlarda karşılaşılmaktadır. Isırık izleri genellikle kollar, boyun, göğüsler, gövde, yanaklar ve bacaklarda görülmektedir. Altında kemik ya da kıkırdak dokusunun yer aldığı bölgelerde dişler cilde penetrasyon gösterir ve doku kaybı meydana gelebilir. Isırık ile doku kaybının en sık meydana geldiği bölgeler kulak kepçeleridir. İnsan ısırığı ile parmak amputasyonu ise son derece nadir karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Bu yazıda sunulan olgu 28 yaşında erkektir. İki ay önce kavga esnasında sol el orta parmağının ısırılma öyküsü vardır. Yapılan muayenede, sol el 3. parmak distal falanks uç kısmında doku kaybı nedeniyle yaklaşık 1 cm’lik kısalık tespit edilmiştir. Çekilen sol el grafisinde 3. parmak distal falanks orta kısımdan itibaren kemik defekti olduğu görülmüştür. Olgu, literatürde nadir olarak bildirilen benzer olgular ile karşılaştırılarak tartışılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Adli tıp, insan ısırığı, amputasyon.

We aimed to describe the distribution of the motor branches of the median and ulnar nerves that innervate the superficial flexor muscles in detail, as well as to determine any communication between these two nerves in a series of 100 human fetuses. This study was performed on 200 upper limbs from 100 fetuses. However, the motor branches of the median nerve were determined on 50 upper limbs because of the developmental properties of medial epicondylar muscles. The motor branch, which innervates the pronator teres, is classified into two types and four subtypes. The flexor carpi radialis branch arose as a single branch in 30% of the cases. The innervation of the flexor digitorum superficialis was also performed by a single muscular branch in 88% of the cases and by two branches in 12% of the cases. The ulnar nerve was classified into two types according to the number of muscular branches in the forearm. Martin–Gruber anastomosis was observed in 7.5% of the cases. These results show differences from classical definitions regarding the muscular branching patterns of the median and ulnar nerves. We suggest revisiting the classical descriptions of innervation patterns of pronator teres, palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis muscles, since the variations observed in their innervation patterns are more diverse than has been described.

The course and branches of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) were dissected in 140 human fetal arms. The MCN entered the superior, middle, and inferior part of coracobrachialis in 43%, 37%, and 17% of arms, respectively, and the remaining 3% did not pierce coracobrachialis. The motor branches to biceps were classified as follows: Type 1 (83.6%): a single branch that bifurcated to supply the two heads of biceps; Type 2 (14.3%): two separate branches each innervating one head of biceps; Type 3 (2.1%): a single branch that bifurcated to supply each head of biceps plus an additional branch that innervated the distal part of biceps. The motor branches to brachialis were classified as follows: Type 1 (93.6%): a single branch to brachialis; Type 2 (6.4%): a single branch that bifurcated into two branches both supplying brachialis. Communications between the MCN and the median nerve (MN) were observed in 10% of specimens, of which three types (A, B, C) could be identified depending on their origin and union. In the most frequently observed type (B, 50% of cases) the communicating branch arose from the proximal part of the MCN and joined the MN in the middle or distal part of arm. The data presented here will be of use to surgeons, especially pediatric surgeons who undertake surgical procedures in the axilla and arm.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the toxic and teratogenic effects of cyclosporine A and tacrolimus and their combinations with prednisolone using an in vitro rat embryo culture technique. Cyclosporine A (4-40 μg/ml), tacrolimus (1-20 μg/ml) and combinations of these drugs with prednisolone (20 μg/ml) at different concentrations were tested. Cyclosporine A and its combination with prednisolone were determined to have toxic effects on embryonic growth after 10 μg/ml. When used alone, the lowest dose of tacrolimus had embryotoxic effects on the total morphological score and number of somites. It was determined that cyclosporine A caused hematoma at 4 μg/ml and higher doses, and tacrolimus especially at 20 μg/ml caused an open neural tube beside hematoma. It was observed that cyclosporine A at 40 μg/ml dose initiated apoptotic effects at a very low rate, prednisolone increased this effect, tacrolimus led to excessive apoptosis after 15 μg/ml, and this effect did not change with prednisolone supplement. We are of the opinion that the doses should be determined carefully when cyclosporine A and tacrolimus are required to be administered to pregnant women with prednisolone combination, as prednisolone increases the toxic effects of cyclosporine A, and increases teratogenic effects of tacrolimus.

This study was aimed at determining major accessory fissures (MAF) and absence or incompleteness of lobar or major fissures (MF) during routine forensic autopsies. Prior to starting this prospective study, forms were prepared to collect data on pulmonary lobes and fissures. In this study, 420 lungs of 210 autopsy cases were examined for incompleteness and absence of MF and complete accessory fissures. Horizontal fissures were incomplete in 18 right lungs. Incomplete oblique fissures were noted in three right and two left lungs. Unidentified abnormal fissures were determined in one left lung and five right lungs. The most common fissural abnormality was less than half complete horizontal fissure. Four right lungs had four lobes and two left lungs had three lobes because of complete accessory fissures. The number of lobes in the left and right lungs and the morphological features of both incomplete MF and MAF were determined in detail and the variations were photographed. It is concluded that, in addition to studies on computed tomography scans, autopsy series are useful for determining the variations of MF and MAF of the lungs in different populations., Cilj ove studije bio je utvrditi glavne pomoćne pukotine te odsutne ili nepotpune lobarne ili glavne pukotine tijekom rutinske forenzične obdukcije. Prije početka ove prospektivne studije pripremljeni su obrasci za prikupljanje podataka o plućnim režnjevima i pukotinama. U ovoj studiji su odsutne ili nepotpune glavne pukotine te potpune pomoćne pukotine ispitane na 420 pluća u 210 obdukcijskih slučajeva. Horizontalne pukotine su bile nepotpune u 18 desnih pluća. Nepotpune kose pukotine utvrđene su u trima desnim i dvama lijevim plućima. Neidentificirane nenormalne pukotine utvrđene su u jednom lijevom plućnom krilu i pet desnih plućnih krila. Manje od pola potpune horizontalne pukotine bila je najčešća nenormalnost pukotina. Četiri desnih plućnih krila imalo je četiri režnja, a dvoja lijevih plućnih krila tri režnja zbog potpunih pomoćnih pukotina. Broj režnjeva u lijevim i desnim plućima te morfološka obilježja nepotpune glavne pukotine i glavne pomoćne pukotine točno je utvrđen, a varijacije su fotografirane. Zaključuje se da su uz kompjutorsku tomografiju obdukcijski slučajevi korisni za određivanje varijacija glavnih plućnih pukotina i pomoćnih glavnih pukotina u različitim populacijama.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and non-irritant gas occurring as a product of incomplete combustion and it is lighter than air. Intoxication with this gas is usually seen during the winter months depending on unsuitable chimney stoves or heaters burned as charcoal in a closed environment. CO intoxication is a serious condition, it can result in death or severe neurological disorders. In rare cases of CO intoxication, after the short-term recovery period after acute treatment, late neurological syndrome may develop. In this syndrome, a variety of neurological and/or psychiatric symptoms accompanied by hyperintense lesions in the subcortical white matter especially in the basal ganglia in typical cranial computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are observed. Prognosis of patients is closely associated with white matter lesions on brain MRI. In this study, the presence of periventricular hyperintensity on T2-weighted images in cranial MRI as late neurological syndrome sign that developed after carbon monoxide intoxication in a 65 year old female patient is presented. It is known that CO poisoning has serious harms in the acute period. In these cases it should be kept in mind that, as defined in our case, late neurological syndrome symptoms may occur after about a month from intoxication. Therefore, regular follow-up of patients should be performed and they need to be re-evaluated in terms of forensic reports.Keywords: Carbon monoxide, neurology, forensic medicine, imaging.

WOS: 000336654600008, Three foramina can be identified in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone: The foramen rotundum (FR), foramen ovale (FO) and foramen spinosum (FS). In addition, there may be another foramen called foramen ovale accessorium or foramen vesalius (FV) which connects the middle cranial fossa to the fossa pterygoidea (pterygoid fossa). It is described as an opening with smooth walls in front and medial to foramen ovale which leads to an oblique channel directed towards the fossa pterygoidea. FV was present between FO and FR in 14 (31.8%) of 44 dry and 6 (33.3%) of 18 cadaver skullbase sides (total 20 (32.3%) of 62). The diameter values of foramens on both the right and the left side were observed to be almost symmetrical. FR's distance from the midline on the left side was greater than the right side. Also, the distance between FO and the petrous apex and the distance between FS and the petrous apex were greater on the left side. On the right side the distance between FO and FR, and the distance between FO and FS were greater. Also, the distance between FR and the petrous apex was greater on the right side. Anatomical variations in appearance size and distance of FR, FO, FS and FV are of great surgical importance. In conclusion, we can infer that the information provided with this study can help the neurosurgeon and anatomist to increase the knowledge about anatomy of middle cranial fossa.

Rutin öğrenci diseksiyonlarımızda, bir erkek kadavranın sol üst ekstremitesinde arteriyel ve müsküler varyasyonlar gözlendi. Arteria radialis'in yüzeyelde olduğu, arcus palmaris superficialis'in sadece a. ulnaris tarafından oluşturulduğu, m. palmaris longus'un yoklu- ğu ve m. extensor digiti miniminin üç adet tendona sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Varyasyonlar embriyolojik kökenli olduğundan aynı bölgede farklı yapılarda normalin dışında görünümler birliktelik gösterebilir. Bu yüzden anatomik ve klinik çalışmalarda bir varyasyon tespit edildiğinde aynı bölgede diğer yapılarda da farklılık gözlenebileceği akılda tutulmalıdır., During our routine dissection studies we observed arterial and muscular variations in the left upper limb of an adult male cadaver. In this case we observed the superficial radial artery, the superficial palmar arch was formed by the ulnar artery along, the palmaris longus muscle was absent and the extensor digiti minimi muscle had got three tendons. Variations in the same area may be observed in different structures as the variations are embryological origin. For this reason, when a variation is detected in anatomic and clinical studies, it should be kept in mind that differences may be observed in the other structures in the same area.

Accessory spleens (AS) may be formed during embryonic development when some of the cells from the developing spleen are deposited along the path from the midline, where the spleen forms, over to its final location on the left side of the abdomen. An accessory spleen is usually near the spleen's hilum, but it may be embedded partly or wholly in the tail of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and distribution of AS during routine forensic autopsies. AS were investigated in 720 consecutive autopsy cases. Fifty-four AS were found in 48 (6.7%) cases. AS were found in hilum of the main spleen in 28 cases, the great omentum in 13 cases, the pancreas in 5 cases, and the pelvis in 2 cases. There were two AS in two cases and three AS in another two cases. Awareness of the possible presence of AS is important because when splenectomy is performed for some conditions such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura, failure to remove the AS may result in the failure of the condition to resolve. Additionally, during medical imaging, AS may be confused for enlarged lymph nodes or neoplastic growths. In conclusion, autopsy series are useful for determining the incidences and the other features of AS in different populations, in addition to those studies using CT scans and those studies obtained during laparoscopic or open surgeries. Clin. Anat. 24:757-762, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss. Inc

WOS: 000290913400015, Variations in the branches of the abdominal aorta were determined during a routine abdominal region dissection of a 70-year-old male cadaver. Left gastric artery arose as the first root from antero-lateral of aorta. Coeliacomesenteric trunk occurred as a thick root. After 29.9mm, coeliacomesenteric trunk bifurcated as coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. Coeliac trunk bifurcated as splenic artery and common hepatic artery. These multiple variations which change the normal anatomic structure of the abdominal aorta have to be kept in mind by surgeons, radiologists and anatomists.

WOS: 000283274500043, A rare case of unilateral third head of sternocleidomastoid and an extra muscle levator claviculae were determined unilaterally in a 70-year-old male cadaver during the routine dissections. In the left neck side, it was observed that the sternocleidomastoid muscle also had a third part in addition to known sternal and clavicular heads and levator claviculae muscle which arose from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of the 3rd cervical vertebra and attached to the posterior margin of the clavicle. An awareness of this variations may be important because of its close relationship with neurovascular structures during neck operations.

WOS: 000283274500049, Variations of vessels and nerves in the left neck side, of 65 year old male cadaver, during the routine dissections, were detected. It was observed that the linguofacial trunk originated from external carotid artery and that the ascending pharyngeal artery originated from the occipital artery. It was determined that after the laryngeopharyngeales rami originated from the superior cervical ganglion, the branch wound around the origin of the superior thyroid artery. As an additional variation, the internal jugular vein divided. The cervical ansa and the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle passed through the parts of the vein. We think that these type of variation can entail important difficulties during radiologic and surgical procedures of the neck region. To know these anatomical variations, is important for the anatomist and surgeons.

WOS: 000287942500003, PubMed: 21343686, Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of the rabbit knee as a small joint model for the human interphalangeal and metacarphophalangeal joints of the hand. Methods: The proximal joint surface areas of 47 middle phalanges, the proximal and distal joint surface areas of 90 proximal phalanges, and the distal joint surface areas of 42 metacarpals of various human cadavers were calculated and compared with the distal femoral and proximal tibial joint surface areas of 20 knee of 10 New Zealand white rabbits by a photogrammetric method. Results: The mean joint surface area of the rabbit proximal tibia was larger than the proximal joint surface area of the middle phalanx, the distal joint surface area of the proximal phalanx, the proximal joint surface area of the proximal phalanx, and the distal joint surface area of the metacarpal. The mean joint surface area of the rabbit distal femur was larger than that of the middle phalanx, but similar to the proximal joint surface area of the proximal phalanx, and that of the distal metacarpal and distal proximal phalanx. Conclusion: The rabbit knee is not suitable model for the human interphalangeal and metacarphophalangeal joints of the hand. There is still a lack of an appropriate animal model for the small joints of the hand.

In this study, median nerves (MNs) and ulnar nerves (UNs) were dissected in 200 palmar sides of hands (left and right) of 100 (50 male, 50 female) spontaneously aborted fetuses with no detectable malformations. The fetuses, whose gestational ages ranged from 13 to 40 weeks, were dissected under an operating microscope. The MN divided first into a lateral ramus and a medial ramus and then formed a common digital nerve. The first common digital nerve trifurcated in all of the studied cases. The branching patterns were classified into two types (Type 1 and Type 2) based on the relationship with the flexor retinaculum (behind/distal of it). A communication branch between the UNs and MNs in the palmar surface of the hand was found in 59 hands (29.5%). The proper palmar digital nerves were numbered from p1 to p10, starting from the radial half of the thumb to the ulnar half of the little finger, and these nerves exhibited six types of variations. The present data obtained from human fetuses will aid in elucidating the developmental anatomy of the nervous system and provide hand surgeons with a more complete anatomical picture to help them to avoid iatrogenic injuries. Clin. Anat. 23:234–241, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

We aimed to compare the myocardial bridges (MBs) both in the coronary angiography and cadavers. Morphological (length, thickness, deepness, the angle between the long axis of vessel and location) and angiographic properties (length, degree of systolic obstruction, frequency) of the MBs were evaluated in 50 adult cadaver hearts and in 1,321 cineangiograms. Myocardial bridges were observed in 32 of the cadaver hearts (64%) and 100 of cineangiograms (7.57%). It was observed that MBs caused significant coronary stenosis in 34 of 100 individuals leading to the prevalence of significant MB to be (2.5%) in angiography. The MBs that are above the left anterior descending artery in cadaver were classified as superficial MB (77.4%) and deep MB (22.6%). In cineangiogram, the average length of MB (MBL) was determined as 10.32 ± 4.62 mm. The presence of MB, MBL and degree of luminal narrowing were not associated with the age and gender. Deepness and thickness were a major determinant of significancy of systolic obstruction by MBs.

SUMMARY: Liver plays an important role in many events such as bile production, blood filtration and metabolic functions. The liver is supplied by the hepatic arterial system. The hepatic arterial system anatomy has a variable structure and the rate of variation is high. In our study, we aimed to determine the diameters and variation of the arteries supplying the liver with multidetector computed tomography images. In this study, hepatic arterial system variations of 500 cases whose abdominal region was imaged with multi- detector computed tomography were evaluated and the diameters of the related arteries were measured. The mean diameters of classical and variational anatomy were determined in this study. According to mean measurements of classical and variational anatomy were abdominal aorta 21.95 mm, celiac artery 7.2 mm, common hepatic artery 4.3 mm, proper hepatic artery 2.93 mm, right hepatic artery 2.92 mm, left hepatic artery 2.51 mm and abdominal aorta 21.85 mm, celiac artery 6.99 mm, common hepatic artery 5.07 mm, proper hepatic artery 3.83 mm, right hepatic artery 2.87 mm ve left hepatic artery 2.09 mm respectively. When evaluated in terms of variations, 85.6 % of the cases had branching according to Type I, 14.4 % of the cases had different branching patterns. Type III (87.5 %) was the most observed variation among them. As a result of the study, it was determined that the arterial diameters vary according to the state of variation and that the arterial diameter of men are greater than that of women.

Kesintili arkus aorta nadir rastlanan, fatal seyirli konjenital kardiyak bir anomali olup, aorta ascendens ile aorta descendens arasındaki bir segmentte atrezinin olması şeklinde tanımlanır ve %98 oranında diğer kardiovasküler anomalilerle birlikte bulunur. Üç tipi mevcuttur. Tip A’ da kesinti, a. subclavia sinistra’nın distalindedir. Tip B’de, a. carotis communis sinistra ile a. subclavia sinistra, tip C’de, a. carotis communis sinistra ile a. carotis communis dextra arasındadır. Selçuk Üniversitesi pediatrik kardiyoloji kliniğine başvuran postnatal 5. gününde bir erkek bebeğin çekilen ekokardiyografisinde; truncus brachiocephalicus’un distalinden itibaren tip B kesintili arkus aorta, ventriküler septal defekt, biküspit aorta, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defekt, annulus aorticus hipoplazisi tespit edildi. Bilgisayarlı tomografi anjiyografisinde ise, a. carotis communis sinistra ile a. subclavia sinistra arasında bağlantı olmadığı görüldü. Bu vakada, arcus aorta anomalisi ve eşlik eden diğer kardiovasküler anomalilerin erken tanı ve tedavisinde radyolojik görüntüleme yöntemlerinin önemi vurgulanmaktadır., Interrupted aortic arch is a rare, fatal, congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by the presence of a segmental atresia between the descending and ascending aorta. In type A, the interruption is distal to left subclavian artery. In type B, between left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery; in type C, between left and right common carotid artery. Interrupted aortic arch is present to 98% with other cardiovascular anomalies. Echocardiography of a male baby at the 5th postnatal day referring to Selçuk University pediatric cardiology clinic revealed; type B interrupted aortic arch starting from distal truncus brachiocephalicus, ventricular septal defect, bicuspid aorta, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect and aortic annulus hipoplasia. The computer tomograpy angiography revealed interruption between left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery. This study highlights the importance of radiologic imaging methods in the early diagnosis and treatment of aortic arch anomaly and accompanying other cardiovascular anomalies.