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Liposomal formulations represent a significant advancement in the field of oncology, providing innovative solutions for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. These nanoscale carriers, made of phospholipid bilayers, enhance drug stability and allow for targeted delivery to tumor tissues, thereby improving the therapeutic index of anticancer medications. By altering the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of these drugs, liposomes help reduce systemic side effects while increasing the concentration of therapeutic agents at the tumor site. Recent developments in liposomal technology have led to the creation of targeted liposomes, which can bind specifically to cancer cells, enhancing treatment accuracy. This review examines the various applications of liposomes in cancer treatment, discusses important clinical trials, identifies challenges in formulation and delivery, and considers future directions for integrating liposomal therapies into routine oncology practice. As ongoing research progresses, liposomes are poised to play a crucial role in advancing cancer treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. Additionally, we discuss the challenges associated with their clinical translation and future perspectives in optimizing liposome formulations for personalized cancer therapies.

Introduction Depression is increasingly recognized as a major global health issue, driven by neurobiological, genetic, and environmental factors. Despite extensive research, understanding depression remains challenging due to its complexity and the lack of biomarkers. Recent studies highlight a link between depression and metabolic disturbances, emphasizing the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Purpose This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) in treating depression, focusing on its impact on neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalances, and synaptic dysfunction. Materials and Methods A systematic review was conducted by analyzing literature from databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, covering studies from 2003 to 2024. The review focused on keywords related to GLP-1, depression, and diabetes. Description of the State of Knowledge This section discusses the neurobiological mechanisms of depression, including neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalances, and impaired neurogenesis. It highlights the potential of GLP-1 agonists to address these issues and improve mood and cognitive function. Conclusion The review concludes that GLP-1 holds promise as a therapeutic target for depression. Beyond its metabolic roles, GLP-1 can influence brain regions involved in mood regulation, enhance neurogenesis, reduce neuroinflammation, and improve neurotransmitter balance. These effects suggest that GLP-1-based therapies could offer new treatment options for depression, potentially improving outcomes beyond traditional antidepressants.

Introduction and purpose: Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common dermatological condition that primarily affects fair-skinned individuals due to cumulative ultraviolet light exposure, potentially leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). AK therapy is divided into two main branches: lesion-directed therapy (cryotherapy, lasers, and surgical methods) and field cancerization-directed therapy (photodynamic therapy and topical agents). Unfortunately, the occurrence of local skin reactions (LSRs) and the therapy duration counted in weeks disrupt patient compliance. This study aims to review the clinical trials concerning the efficacy, safety, and adverse effects of tirbanibulin, a novel promising treatment for AK, which led to its approval and therapeutic development. Materials and methods: Literature available in PubMed and GoogleScholar databases were reviewed using the following keywords: actinic keratosis; actinic keratosis treatment; tirbanibulin. Results: Tirbanibulin's mechanism involves inducing apoptosis by inhibiting microtubule polymerization, which distinguishes it from other treatments that often cause significant inflammation. Clinical trials demonstrate its high efficacy in clearing AK lesions with a favorable safety profile, leading to regulatory approval. The ease of use and short therapy duration (5 days) ensure patient compliance and satisfaction with the treatment. Conclusion: Further longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm the long-term benefits and positioning of tirbanibulin in AK therapy. Raising public awareness about AK and the importance of early treatment with effective options like tirbanibulin is crucial for improving public health outcomes.

Introduction and purpose Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common abdominal conditions leading to hospital admissions worldwide. It is characterized by an inflammatory reaction triggered by the premature activation of trypsinogen and other enzymes, resulting in pancreatic autodigestion. While most cases of AP are mild and self-limiting, approximately 15-20% of patients develop severe AP with organ failure, which is associated with a mortality rate of up to 30%. In recent years, the impact of intestinal microbiome dysregulation on various diseases has been increasingly debated. This study aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis and progression of acute pancreatitis. Material and methods This review is based on materials collected from the PubMed database. We conducted a search using the following keywords: "acute pancreatitis," "microbiome," and "dysbiosis," focusing on articles published between 2018 and 2024. Results Studies have demonstrated a relationship between gut dysbiosis and various disorders, including digestive, metabolic, and even cancer-related conditions. It is well-established that the pancreas is closely connected to the intestines, and its exocrine function can influence the composition of the gut microbiome. This interaction is often referred to as the “gut–pancreas axis.” Conclusion The interaction between the pancreas and intestinal microbiota is believed to play a role in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. Further research into this relationship could lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Breast cancer is the most common neoplasma affecting women. Over, the past few years, the incidence of breast cancer has significantly increased, including among young women. Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) Her2 negative (HER2-) early stage breast cancer can be successfully treated using the currently available treatment methods based on endocrine theraphy (ET). However, if we consider early stage breast cancer with high risk of recurrence or metastatic disease, endocrine therapy alone may be insufficient. Unfortunately, resistance to drugs is observed in both adjuvant and palliative endocrine therapy, therefore there is a need for new treatments that are both effective and less toxic than conventional chemotherapy. One of the most successful applications of this strategy has been the use of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6 inhibitors alongside endocrine therapy significantly enhance its effectiveness. This combination has been shown to substantially increase progression-free survival while maintaining relatively low levels of toxicity. One of them is abemaciclib, whose efficacy will be shown in this research work.

Introduction and purpose Vegan and vegetarian diets are popular due to health, ethical, and ecological benefits, but they risk nutrient deficiencies. This article reviews research on supplementation to meet the nutritional needs of adults on these diets. It provides recommendations for different life stages, including pregnancy, aging, and physical activity, and highlights the risks of excessive or inadequate supplementation, stressing the need for personalized dietary approaches.. Material and method A systematic review of the past decade's literature focused on peer-reviewed articles from databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. It included studies on adults adhering to vegan or vegetarian diets, evaluating supplementation's effects on nutrition and health. The review encompassed observational studies, interventions, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews, using keywords such as "vegan diet," "vegetarian diet," "supplementation," "nutrient deficiencies," and "adult health." State of knowledge Research shows that well-planned vegan or vegetarian diets can be healthy for adults, but often need supplementation to prevent nutrient deficiencies. Clinical studies confirm the efficacy of supplements. Specific groups, like pregnant and lactating women and those with regular physical activity, may need extra vitamins and minerals. Excessive supplementation poses health risks, so a personalized approach considering individual needs, health status, age, and lifestyle is crucial. Conclusions A well-balanced vegan or vegetarian diet, supported by appropriate supplementation, can be beneficial for the health of adults. A personalized approach to supplementation is essential, taking into account specific nutritional needs, pregnancy, health status, age, and lifestyle. Regular monitoring of nutritional status and adjusting supplementation to the body's current needs is crucial for maintaining optimal health.

Introduction and purpose Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent digestive condition marked by symptoms like abdominal discomfort, bloating, and irregular bowel movements. Sodium butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid recognized for its anti-inflammatory effects and benefits to gut health, has gained attention as a potential treatment for IBS. This review seeks to assess the existing research on the effectiveness and safety of sodium butyrate in managing IBS. Material and methods This work was based on a review of the literature available on PubMed. We included studies corresponding to the keywords: sodium butyrate, irritable bowel disease, butyric acid. Results Research has shown that sodium butyrate supplementation significantly alleviated abdominal pain, bloating, and overall IBS symptoms compared to a placebo. Notable improvements were seen in both visceral pain sensitivity and gut permeability. Furthermore, combining sodium butyrate with probiotics may offer additional benefits. The treatment was generally well-tolerated, easily accessible, and cost-effective. Conclusion Sodium butyrate shows promise as a therapeutic option for managing IBS, with studies indicating its effectiveness in reducing symptoms and enhancing gut health. However, more extensive, well-structured clinical trials are required to validate these results, determine optimal dosage, and assess long-term safety and efficacy.

Introduction and purpose Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a prevalent abdominal condition that leads to hospitalizations worldwide. It involves an inflammatory response caused by the premature activation of trypsinogen and other enzymes, leading to the pancreas digesting itself. While most AP cases are mild and resolve on their own, around 15-20% of patients experience severe AP with organ failure, which carries a mortality rate of up to 30%. In recent years, the influence of gut microbiome imbalances on various diseases has gained attention. This study aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis. Material and methods This review is based on information gathered from the PubMed database. We performed a search using the keywords: "acute pancreatitis," "microbiome," and "dysbiosis," with a focus on articles published between 2018 and 2024. Results Research has shown a link between gut dysbiosis and a range of conditions, including digestive, metabolic, and cancer-related disorders. The pancreas has a well-documented connection with the intestines, with its exocrine activity affecting gut microbiome composition. This relationship is commonly known as the "gut–pancreas axis." Conclusion The interplay between the pancreas and gut microbiota is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. Continued investigation into this connection may pave the way for novel diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Introduction and purpose A pilonidal cyst also known as a pilondial sinus, is an inflammatory condition that occurs in the intergluteal region, which can lead to serious infections. It most commonly affects young men, with risk factors including the presence of hair in this area, excessive sweating, obesity, and poor hygiene. Symptoms include a lump, pain, and purulent discharge from openings in the skin. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history, a physical examination, and often an ultrasound. The aim of this paper is to present and compare the available methods for treating pilonidal cysts. Materials and methods Literature available in PubMed databases were reviewed using the following keywords: ‘’Pilonidal cyst’’, ‘’Hair cyst’’, ‘’Abscess’’, ‘’Treatment of pilonidal cyst’’,’’ Bascom II method’’,’’ Limberg flap’’,’’ Suchorski technique’’, ‘’V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction’’,’’ the Karadakis’’ Results The available treatment methods can be divided into conservative and invasive approaches. Conservative methods include hair removal and improved hygiene. Among the surgical methods, there are traditional excision techniques and modern methods such as excision using the Bascom II method, Limberg flap, Suchorski technique, or V-Y or Z skin flap reconstruction. The Karadakis method, which involves shifting a skin flap, is particularly effective for obese patients. Conclusion Treatment of pilonidal cysts depends on the stage and symptoms. Abscesses require urgent surgical intervention, while asymptomatic cysts can be treated conservatively or surgically.

Introduction and purpose Achalasia is the most prevalent primary esophageal motility disorder, marked by improper relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increased resting pressure in the LES, and a lack of peristalsis in the esophagus. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation, chest pain, and weight loss. Due to the nonspecific nature of these symptoms, diagnosis can be delayed by several years. Since the underlying cause of achalasia is still unknown, treatment options focus on alleviating symptoms by targeting the lower esophageal sphincter. Materials and methods This paper is based on a literature review sourced from PubMed, using the following keywords: achalasia, POEM, laparoscopic cardiomyotomy, pneumatic dilation, and botulinum toxin injection. Results Various treatment options are available for achalasia, each offering unique features and results. The main approaches include Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM), Laparoscopic Myotomy (LM), Botulinum Toxin Injection, and Pneumatic Dilation (PD). Conclusion Each treatment differs in its level of invasiveness, duration of symptom relief, risk of complications, and the likelihood of requiring additional interventions. The selection of the most suitable option is influenced by individual patient factors, such as the type and severity of achalasia, overall health, and personal preference

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. It affects a large proportion of the general population leading to a negative effect on the quality of life. The pathophysiology of IBS is not fully known. There are several therapies currently used in the treatment of IBS. They vary from changing dietary habits to antibiotic therapy and must be personalized.

Introduction and purpose Hemorrhoidal disease is one of the most common proctological problems worldwide. The etiology of hemorrhoidal disease has not been fully explained. Authors note that lifestyle factors and dietary habits are primarily responsible for hemorrhoidal disease. These include: a low-fiber diet, constipation, a sedentary lifestyle, and suboptimal body position during defecation commonly observed in Western societies. Due to the high prevalence of the disease in the population and the associated decrease in quality of life, outpatient procedural treatments that are highly effective and allow for a quick return to normal activity are very popular among patients. The aim of this study is to discuss non-surgical methods of hemorrhoid treatment. Material and methods This paper was based on a review of materials available on PubMed, searched using the following keywords: “hemorrhoids”, “sclerotherapy”, “rubber band ligation”, „infrared coagulation”, „laser hemorrhoidoplasty”, „Doppler guides hemorrhoidal artery ligation”. Results In recent years, there has been a significant development in non-surgical techniques for treating hemorrhoids, which are widely used in patients with grade I-III hemorrhoids and can be performed in an outpatient setting or during short hospital stays with the use of regional anesthesia, such as: Sclerotherapy, rubber band ligation, Infrared coagulation, Laser hemorrhoidoplasty, Doppler Guides Hemorrhoidal Artery Ligation. Conclusion In conclusion, non-surgical methods for the treatment of hemorrhoids offer a range of effective alternatives to conventional surgery. The choice of treatment should be individualized, taking into account the severity of the hemorrhoidal disease, patient preferences, and the potential for complications.

INTRODUCTION: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common urological malignancy. It accounts for 2% of deaths from all malignancies. Most cases of renal cell carcinoma are diagnosed incidentally during routine ultrasound or CT scans. Most cases are diagnosed in the asymptomatic stage. The presence of symptoms such as lower extremity edema and varicose veins of the seminal vasculature usually indicate the presence of an advanced neoplastic process. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: In this article we reviewed the literature on renal cell carcinoma. We collected and compared information on the epidemiology of risk factors, histological classification and treatment of RCC. STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE: According to GLOBOCAN data, there is an increase in the incidence of RCC in developed countries. In the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, the method of choice is surgical excision of the tumor. A kidney-sparing approach is preferred if the conditions exist. VEGF inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and m-TOR kinase inhibitors are used in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Renal cell carcinoma is the most common urological cancer. By promoting healthy lifestyles, patients can significantly reduce their risk of developing it. The method of choice for treatment is still surgical excision of the tumor.

Introduction and purpose Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a polysaccharide consisting of the disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. The age-related changes in the different anatomical layers of the face can be treated with hyaluronic acid fillers. Knowing the predictable aging changes of the face is crucial as this guides the optimum filler choice. HA is currently the most common used filler worldwide. The aim of the study is to discuss the most common complications following aesthetic medicine treatments with the use of hyaluronic acid. Description of the state of knowledge Filling soft tissues with hyaluronic acid is a popular procedure in the field of aesthetic medicine for patients who want non-invasive rejuvenation. Among the numerous fillers, those with hyaluronic acid (HA) have many advantages: HA is easy to use and its effect is reversible. HA fillers are considered safe, although there may be complications such as: allergic reactions, infections, granulomas, nodules, tyndall effect, ecchymosis and skin necrosis. Many complications with the HA filler are correctable, for example: too little formulation, over-correctionand, asymmetry. Hyaluronic acid fillers are examples of reversible dermal fillers as they can be removed with hyaluronidase. Summary Avoiding complications is a top priority and must start with a thorough understanding of the anatomy followed by a precise injection technique. The ability to recognize complications and manage protocols will allow for their effective treatment.

Introduction and purpose Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) prevents the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction, which causes flaccid muscle paralysis. A non-obvious specialization that uses botulinum toxin is urology. The aim of this article is to present a literature review regarding the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of urological diseases. Description of the state of knowledge In the overactive bladder syndrome, with resistance to oral medications, an alternative is botox injections into the bladder wall, which reduce the intensity of urgency and pollakiuria. Treatment of BPH with botulinum toxin injection may be an alternative to surgical and pharmacological treatment. Intra-articular botox injection causes smooth muscle relaxation and gland atrophy through prostate tissue apoptosis. Clinical studies show promising therapeutic effects of using Botox injections in the treatment of intramural cystitis. It reduces the feeling of bladder pain and the worsening of other symptoms. Panunzio et al. Presented a meta-analysis of prospective studies that showed a statistically significant improvement in pain perception after injection of botulinum toxin into the pelvic structures, compared with baseline values ​​for CPPS, in all cohorts evaluated. Summary Urology uses the entire spectrum of botox possibilities, from myocrelation in the bladder hyperresponsiveness syndrome, through neuromodulation and apoptosis induction in benign prostatic hyperplasia, ending with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in bladder pain syndrome and chronic pelvic pain syndrome.