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Organic agriculture production in Tunisia is relatively recent and was mainly oriented to the export market. However, local market demand is growing for such products. The objective of the current study is to assess consumers’ awareness and consumption of organic food products. A survey was implemented and included 250 respondents from the capital city Tunis. We used descriptive statistics, factor and cluster analysis to analyze the data. The results indicated that respondents’ perceptions towards organic food are positive. Four groups of consumers were identified with respondents from the main three groups have good understanding about organic food products characteristics. However, the proportion of consumers who purchase organic food on a regular basis is quite low (16%). Improving availability and access to organic products through the integration in mainstream sales channels and lower price premiums will help narrowing the gap between the intention to purchase organic products and the actual purchase. Nadhem Mtimet, Asma Souissi, Neama Mhamdi

Over the next few years, Tunisia will face a growing scarcity of water. The concept of a food consumption water footprint has been recently applied to expand knowledge about water management and to respond to problems of food insecurity. In this study, following the Water Footprint Network (WFN) method, we assessed and analysed the food consumption water footprint of Tunisian households by geographical location and by group of food products. We used results from national food surveys to collect the quantities of food consumed and the WFN database containing water footprints of food products specific to Tunisia. We found that the average water footprint for the main consumed food groups has increased by 31% during recent decades, from 1208 m3/capita/year in 1985 to 1586 m3/capita/year in 2010. Despite the decline in cereal consumption in Tunisia, the food water footprint has continued to rise as a result of increased consumption of animal source products. This increase is associated with regional variations in food choices that imply large differences in water footprints. Urban diets present higher water footprints than rural diets proportionally to higher standards of living. This study provides a new perspective on the water footprint of food consumption in Tunisia by using dietary data at the household level and demonstrated significant variability in water footprints due to different food consumption modes, and socio-economic and geographic characteristics. Future food consumption trends will likely create more pressure on water resources, especially in Tunis city and coastal areas of Tunisia. Special measures related to price policies, sensitization of consumers, and changes in production systems may have to be taken by policy makers to reduce the water footprint in order to improve food security strategies and water management in Tunisia.

Population growth and rising affluence increase the demand for agricultural commodities. Associated growth in production increases dependency on natural resources in countries that attempt to meet part or all the new demand locally. This study assesses the impact of changing meat and milk production on natural resource use in Kenya under three plausible scenarios of socio-economic development, namely Business-As-Usual (BAU), Sustainable Development (SDP) and Kenya Vision 2030 (V2030) scenarios. The IMPACT model is used to develop projected livestock production parameters for meat and milk. The BAU and SDP represent standard scenarios for Kenya of a global economic model, IMPACT, while V2030 incorporates in the model features specific to Kenya’s medium-term national development plan. We use calculations of water footprint and land footprint as resource use indicators to quantify the anticipated appropriation of water and land resources for meat and milk production and trade by 2040. Though camel dairy production numbers increase the most by quadrupling between 2005 and 2040, it is cattle dairy production that significantly determined gains in production between the scenarios. Productivity gains under the SDP scenario does not match the investments made thereby leading to only slightly better values for water and land productivity than those achieved under the BAU scenario. Improvement in land productivity is the most dramatic for shoat milk production in the arid and semi-arid systems under the V2030 relative to the BAU scenario and is the least marked for milk production by cattle in the humid system under the V2030 relative to the BAU scenario. By quantifying water and land productivity across heterogenous production systems, our findings are aimed at aiding decision-makers in Kenya and other developing countries to understand the implication of strategies aimed at increasing domestic agricultural and livestock production on water and land resource both locally and through trade with other countries.

Human food and animal feed can contain many different hazards, which may be biological, chemical, or physical. In most countries, there are regulations that limit the levels of these hazards permitted in food and feed so as to protect consumers. Optimally, the levels specified in the standards should make the food safe enough for everyone to consume, and often this is done by carrying out a risk assessment, based on scientific evidence of the levels that can be considered safe and the amount of contaminated products consumed. However, for some substances, especially carcinogens, it is difficult to calculate how much is safe to consume and some groups of people, such as small children or pregnant women, may be more sensitive than the population at large. While imposition of standards is motivated by health benefits, standards also have costs. These include the costs of compliance and verification, which translate- into increased costs of purchase and reduction of the products available. In this paper we summarize current standards in sub-Saharan Africa related to aflatoxins, a priority hazard, and discuss their coherence and evidence-base. Next, using our recent research findings, we estimate the health risks of consuming foods contaminated with aflatoxins in Kenya. We also estimate the negative health and economic effects that would arise from strict application of different standards for aflatoxins. We discuss the results in light of health and nutrition goals.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an endemic transboundary disease of cattle controlled by vaccination, with a vaccine characterized by low efficacy and safety. To contribute towards its eradication, social scientists have sought ways of improving the delivery and adoption of the vaccine, whereas vaccine scientists have attempted to develop safer and more efficacious vaccines. To understand the status of CBPP vaccine delivery and the effect of gender on vaccine adoption, qualitative and quantitative data were collected from vaccine delivery stakeholders, including men and women cattle owners from north-eastern Kenya. The results indicate that the main constraints to vaccine delivery include restricted distribution due to stringent government regulation and the need for a cold supply chain, which is exacerbated by poor transport infrastructure. On vaccine adoption, men and women accepted the vaccine, but men were willing to pay significantly higher prices than women because they were significantly wealthier.

Tunisia, like most countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, has limited renewable water resources and is classified as a water stress country. The effects of climate change are exacerbating the situation. The agricultural sector is the main consumer (80%) of blue water reserves. In this study, to better understand the factors that influence the food water footprint of Tunisian consumers, we used a multiple linear regression model (MLR) to analyze data from 4853 households. The innovation in this paper consists of integrating effects of socio-economic, demographic, and geographic trends on the food consumption water footprint into the assessment of water and food security. The model results showed that regional variations in food choices meant large differences in water footprints, as hypothesized. Residents of big cities are more likely to have a large water footprint. Significant variability in water footprints, due to different food consumption patterns and socio-demographic characteristics, was also noted. Food waste is also one of the determining factors of households with a high water footprint. This study provides a new perspective on the water footprint of food consumption using “household” level data. These dietary water footprint estimates can be used to assess potential water demand scenarios as food consumption patterns change. Analysis at the geographic and socio-demographic levels helps to inform policy makers by identifying realistic dietary changes.

An integral part of the pig and pork value chain in Uganda is trader activity. This article reports on a study that quantifies the nature of these traders in Mukono district, a major pig and pork m...

Virtual water (VW) refers to freshwater that may be imported or exported via goods that are traded on international markets. VW trade could be considered as a potential solution for water scarcity in countries facing risks of water shortage. This paper aims to assess virtual water content and economic indicators of water use in wheat and olive at various bioclimatic stages in Tunisia. Data was collected from a sample of 113 wheat producers and 123 olive producers, through a survey including technical and economic questions. Olive is chosen as it is the raw material for olive oil, the most strategic exported agricultural product, while wheat is the main imported agricultural product. A water footprint network methodology is used to estimate water productivity and VW flows. Results indicate that by importing wheat, Tunisia is saving up to 1.39 Billion cubic metres (km3) of water. Olive oil exports correspond to 2.44 km3 of exported water. From an economic perspective, the highest irrigation water value is estimated around 1 Tunisian Dinar (TND)/m3 for olive trees in the lower semi-arid regions where it is only around 0.29 TND/m3 for wheat. At the national level, for rain-fed agriculture, olives have higher economic water productivity. Irrigation water value is estimated at 0.51 TND/m3 for olives and 0.40 TND/m3 for wheat. According to our findings, wheat production should be encouraged in the humid and sub-humid regions while olive production should be encouraged in arid and semi-arid areas, in order to generate higher water value in these regions and increase exports revenues of foreign currency.

Highlights • The new dairy policies will reduce low-income households consumption of milk. • The increase in milk price will decrease milk allocation and consumption by infants. • Households revealed decisions making are close to the best-worst experiment results. • Infants food substitutes to milk are generally of lower nutritional value., Milk is an important food item in the diet of Kenyans, especially infants. During the last two decades, the dairy sector in Kenya has witnessed important growth in production and improvements in milk quality. The informal marketing channel still prevails, and the Kenya Dairy Board, the regulator of the dairy sector, is currently introducing new regulations to increase registration and licensing of smallholder producers and dairy business operators, improve product hygiene and quality, and safeguard the health of consumers. These new regulations encompass, among others, the requirement to pasteurize milk before it is sold and adopt traceability processes and quality tests; most of these will probably result in higher milk prices at retail level. Using the best-worst scaling approach in this study, we analyzed the potential effects of milk price increase on household milk purchase and allocation to infants (6–48 months of age). The results indicate that an increase in milk price will decrease milk allocation to and intake by children. Households will replace the lost infant milk intake by fruits or porridge that might not be of equivalent nutritional value to milk. Any reforms to policies and regulatory systems aimed at streamlining the dairy sector should account for impacts on milk prices, responsiveness of consumers to price variations and infant nutrition. We recommend that regulatory and development agencies consider interventions that do not increase price for consumers and facilitate access to affordable and safe milk for children and entire households.

The livestock sector plays an important socioeconomic role in the Somaliland economy, particularly through revenues from exports. The partial ban on livestock imports from Somalia imposed by Saudi Arabia due to animal health concerns has resulted in significant negative economic impacts for the government and the value chain actors involved. In previous years, the ban was lifted during the Hajj season to meet the increased demand for sheep and goats. However, given the current COVID-19 pandemic, the Saudi government decided to suspend Umrah visits in 2020 and only allowed a very restricted number of persons to attend the Hajj pilgrimage, thus obviating the need for livestock imports. This study quantified the economic losses associated the current partial livestock ban (started in November 2016) on Somali imports and the added impacts associated with COVID. We estimate that the cumulative losses for the Somaliland livestock sector and the government are US$ 770 million over a five-year period. The additional losses imposed by the COVID pandemic, which restricted participation during the Hajj season, were estimated at US$ 42 million. Livestock producers, who are mainly pastoralists, are the most affected stakeholder group, incurring around 54% of the total losses. Our study highlights the multifaceted, and often overlooked, socio-economic and socio-cultural impacts faced by the livestock sector and general economy in the wake of public health restrictions.

Somalia, one of the world's poorest countries, has livestock as the mainstay of the economy, with an estimated 65% of the population engaged in the livestock sector. This paper presents a gendered study on the traditional livestock breeding practices of Somali pastoralists for camels, cattle, sheep and goats, with a focus on documenting livestock traits of importance, the criteria used to select male breeding animals and the criteria used to cull female breeding animals. Data for the study were obtained by performing participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) with separate male and female pastoral groups from 20 settlements of the Tog-Dheer region of Somaliland (in north-western Somalia). In total, more than 500 pastoralists were involved. In terms of livestock ownership, goats were the most common species kept (97% of all households), followed by sheep (64%), camels (37%) and cattle (9%), with considerable herd size variation across households. Traits of key importance to the pastoralists varied by species and gender of the PRA group, but included adaptedness to harsh environmental conditions, high market value/high meat production and high milk production. The pastoralists practised sensible criteria for the selection of male breeding animals for all species, capturing aspects of productivity (milk yield, reproduction), adaptedness (good hardiness) and marketability (body size and conformation). Similarly, they practised sensible criteria for culling of female breeding animals, with females removed from the herd primarily for poor performance, but also to meet the livelihood needs of the family. Differences in the selection and culling criteria were noted by species, as well as gender of the pastoralists. On the whole, there was strong alignment between the livestock selection criteria used by the Somali pastoralists, their reasons for keeping livestock and the market requirements. This is not surprising given the intimate and long-standing relationship between Somali pastoralists and their livestock.

Aflatoxin-contaminated food is a public health concern. Contamination of staple foods in Kenya has in the past led to loss of human lives as well as condemnation of large quantities of food, contributing to food insecurity. This study investigated the occurrence of aflatoxins in maize, millet and sorghum from five counties in Kenya (Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka-Nithi, Kisii and Bungoma) representing four agro-ecological zones (AEZs). Samples were collected from rural households in two phases between February and October 2014. Using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 497 maize, 205 millet and 164 sorghum samples were screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1. Overall, 76% of maize, 64% of millet and 60% of sorghum samples were positive for aflatoxin B1. Of these, the proportion of samples with aflatoxin B1 levels above the Kenya Bureau of Standards limit of five parts per billion was 26% for maize, 10% for millet and 11% for sorghum. In samples collected during the second phase, there were significant differences in the mean levels of aflatoxin contamination between the agro-ecological zones (p

This study focused on market participation and producers’ knowledge of the indigenous livestock grading and pricing system applied to small ruminant marketing in Somaliland. Data were collected from a random sample of 144 men and women producers in three livelihood zones: Hawd pastoral, West Golis pastoral and Togdheer agro-pastoral zones. Results confirmed the importance of small ruminants as sources of income in producer households. Knowledge about the grading system was generally widespread, and this was important for market participation. Factors that significantly influenced market participation were number of animals kept, gender of sales/decision maker, age of household head and livelihood zone.

This study investigates the purchase behavior of sheep traders in Kajiado County in Kenya. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first investigation on sheep traders by the use of Best-Worst technique. A face-to-face questionnaire was undertaken in three livestock markets (Kiserian, Bissil and Mile 46) involving 108 traders. The results indicated that sheep traders are also involved in other types of animal trading, essentially cattle and goats. Income from sheep trading represents slightly less of the half of total incomes, with some differences between livestock traders’ groups (markets). Traders are generally involved in other business activities among the value chain essentially such as livestock production, fattening and slaughtering. Four attributes with different levels have been utilized to describe the Best-Worst experiment: sheep age, sex, breed and price. All sheep traders assign higher importance to the sheep breed. This is essentially the case of Dorper pure breed and Dorper x Red Maasai cross breed. Price attribute was the second most important factor for sheep traders with higher preferences for the two extreme price levels. Sheep age and sex were found of least importance for traders. Providing sheep smallholders with the appropriate animal breed characteristics will enable them match market demand and increase their incomes. This is one of tasks of ILRI Kapiti experimental farm.

This article is, to the best of our knowledge, the first investigation of Tunisian olive oil consumer behavior by the use of the conjoint analysis technique. The conjoint experiment was based on carefully selected olive oil attributes: type, taste, color, packaging, region of origin, and price. The results have important implications to improve the marketing of olive oil in the local market by focusing on key preferred attributes. Consumers were found to prefer more extra-virgin, followed by virgin olive oil, to pomace oil. They also showed higher preference for green colored olive oil with strong flavored taste. Contrary to a common belief in Tunisia, the region of origin attribute did not show significant effect on consumers’ purchasing decisions. The results show also that Tunisian olive oil consumers are price sensitive and therefore any price strategy to introduce bottled products should take into account consumers’ preferences for bulk purchase.

Mycotoxin-producing fungi contaminate food and feeds before, during and after harvest. Aflatoxins are important mycotoxins and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a class 1 human carcinogen (definitely carcinogenic). Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a class 2B (possible) human carcinogen. Aflatoxin B1 in feeds can decrease milk production, reduce fertility and increase susceptibility to infections. A cross-sectional study of aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds was carried out in five counties in Kenya representing different agro-ecological zones: Kwale, Isiolo, Tharaka-Nithi, Kisii and Bungoma. Dairy feed concentrates and cattle milk were collected twice (dry season and rainy season) from 285 dairy farmers in the five counties and analysed for AFB1 and AFM1, using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the five counties, the proportion of farmers who fed cattle with dairy concentrates varied from zero to 68%. The dairy feed concentrates from farmers had AFB1 levels ranging from less than one part per billion (ppb) to 9661 ppb and the positive samples ranged from 47.8 to 90.3%. The percentages of dairy feeds from farmers with AFB1 above the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO) limit of 5 ppb varied from 33.3% to 87.5 % while 83.3% to 100% of the feeds from retailers and 28.6% to 100% of the feeds from manufacturers exceeded the WHO/FAO limit. Aflatoxin M1 prevalence in milk was lowest in Kwale (13.6%) and highest in Tharaka-Nithi (65.1%). The proportion of milk samples with AFM1 above the WHO/FAO standard of 50 parts per trillion (ppt) varied from 3.4% (Kwale) to 26.2% (Tharaka-Nithi); the highest was 6999ppt. This study shows that aflatoxin contamination is common in dairy feeds and in milk and concentrations may be high. This may contribute to ill health effects in both humans and animals and, therefore, there is need for better understanding of the impacts of aflatoxins in the feed–dairy value chain and appropriate interventions to control aflatoxin contamination in animal feeds. Keywords: aflatoxins, feeds, dairy cattle, milk, Kenya, dairy value chain, mycotoxins, food safety

In Somalia, located in the horn of Africa and one of the world’s poorest countries, livestock are the mainstay of the economy. While strengthening the livestock sector is considered key to reduced poverty and increased food security, few studies have reported the livestock management practices of Somali pastoralists, including on breeding issues. Here, we present the final of a series of papers documenting the breeding practices of women and men Somali pastoralists for goat, sheep, camel and cattle. Data for the study were obtained by surveying 200 livestock-keeping households located within the Tog-Dheer region of Somaliland. The most important livestock species kept, in terms of contribution to household livelihood, were goats and sheep, followed by camel, then cattle. Migration with livestock was practiced by two-thirds of the households for some or all of the year, whereas other households were settled with their livestock. On breeding practices, the main means of acquiring breeding animals was by the animal being born into the herd, and varied means were used to control mating, including castration, culling, separation of male and female animals, purposeful mating of best males to best females, and controlling the size of mating groups. On beliefs on breeding issues, the pastoralists had a varied understanding of whether specific livestock traits were influenced by genetics, environment, or a combination of both, and most could not articulate the basis of inheritance. Knowledge of inbreeding was poor, with almost all respondents indicating they did not consider the mating of related animals to be problematic. Additionally, some pastoralists tried to influence the sex of the livestock progeny born through various practices. Overall, the finding presented here and in the companion studies (Marshall et al. 2014, 2016) indicated that the women and men Somali pastoralists generally employ sound breeding practices, although there is room for capacity building such as on inbreeding.

Overall wine consumption in Spain is decreasing, while at the same time, designation of origin ~DO! wine consumption is increasing gradually+ This study examines Spanish DO wine consumer behavior by the use of a choice experiment technique+Amain-effects model as well as an interactioneffects model is estimated based on four attributes: designation of origin, price, wine aging, and grape variety+ Willingness-to-pay estimates, depending on the price segment, is derived for switching from one attribute level to another+ Consumer segmentation is undertaken based on purchase frequencies+ Market simulations are presented for consumer segments+ Empirical results indicate the importance of the DO and the wine aging attributes on wine selection+ The interaction-effects model shows the importance of attribute interactions on consumers’choice process+ Differences as well as similarities are detected among consumer segments+ @EconLit citations: D120, Q120, Q130#+ © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc+

This paper measures the potential economic impact of climate change on durum wheat in Tunisia using the Ricardian approach. A model using panel data was estimated for the period 1990–2010 over the main cultivation regions. Gross margin of the durum wheat under rainfed conditions was used as the dependent variable while the explanatory variables were mainly related to climate such as precipitation and temperature, technological progress, and type of soil. Empirical findings show that precipitations during different stages of the growing season affect positively net-income. In addition, the interactions variables between temperature and precipitation in different growth stages are negative. The assessment impact of technology shows a positive coefficient of trend parameter but not statistically significant. Finally, the soil quality index parameter is positively correlated with the net revenue per hectare. This finding indicates that good quality of soil may improve the net income of farmers by increasing wheat yields. Climate change impact was simulated using scenarios from the HadCM3 global circulation. Empirical results indicate that economic impacts are not uniformly distributed across the different regions of Tunisia. These impacts are likely to be more accentuated in the arid regions. A rise in temperature and a reduction in rainfall would cause reductions in gross margin by 4 % in sub-humid areas and 24 % in arid zones. The results further suggest the necessity for wider diffusion of drought-tolerant varieties among farmers and the identification of new agricultural practices as advisable adaptation strategies in order to alleviate the effects of climate change on farmer’s income.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se analiza la demanda de alimentos en España considerando la relación existente entre salud y dieta. Se plantea la maximización de una función de utilidad que depende de las cantidades demandadas de los distintos alimentos y del nivel de salud alcanzado, sujeto a dos restricciones: la presupuestaria y la relativa a la función de producción de salud. La solución al problema conduce a la estimación conjunta de un sistema de ecuaciones con dos componentes, una ecuación referida a la calidad de la dieta y un sistema de demanda de alimentos. Los resultados obtenidos indican, por un lado, que la introducción de la calidad de la dieta en un sistema de demanda (frente a un modelo que incluya únicamente renta y precios) modifica las elasticidades renta, aumentando en el caso de los productos más saludables. Por otro lado, se pone de manifiesto que un aumento en el nivel de calidad de la dieta conlleva un aumento en la valoración de los cereales y las patatas y una disminución en el grupo de aceites y carnes, principalmente.

Overall wine consumption in Spain is decreasing while, at the same time, Designation of Origin (DO) wine consumption is increasing gradually. This study examines Spanish DO wine consumer behaviour through stated preferences (SP) and revealed preferences (RP) data. Part-worth utilities are calculated and results from both analyses are compared to look for similarities and differences between what respondents say on surveys and what they really do on real purchases. Consumer segmentation is undertaken based on purchase frequencies. In a second step, we try to pool the two data sources in order to get more meaningful and robust results. Results indicate similarities in the consumer choice process when comparing the two data sources, especially for the preference of the DO and wine aging attributes. The only difference detected is the price variable, where a concave price-utility function is obtained with the SP analysis and a negative linear price coefficient is obtained with the RP analysis. Likelihood ratio statistic indicates that equal parameters hypothesis is rejected, meaning that it is not possible to merge the two data sources. This is mainly due to the difference on consumers price perception which could be explained by the different purchase occasion selected in each case.

Sustainability and multifunctionality of agriculture have become widely shared goals for both scientific community and decision makers. Nowadays, it is important to assess not only the economic sustainability of farms, but also their environmental and socio-territorial sustainability. Numerous sustainability measurement tools have been developed by researchers and some institutions to assess these three dimensions. With the purpose to improve farms’ sustainability, this paper aims providing oriented strategies to go toward more conscientious farmers’ practices in the Tunisian organic olive sector. To reach this goal, two methodological steps were followed: (i) a sustainability measurement process to quantify farms’ sustainability by a methodological adaptation of the IDEA approach; (ii) on the basis of the obtained scores of the three sustainability scales, farms’ segmentation was carried out by the use of cluster analysis. In that sense, a questionnaire directed to a sample of organic olive growing farmers was carried out in the regions of Sfax and Mahdia, Tunisia. Results show a variability of sustainability levels within and between groups of farms. Cluster analysis results confirmed the existence of two main farms’ groups. The first group is more agro-environmentally and socio-territorially sustainable than the second one. Weaknesses in the sustainability performances have been identified and improvement strategies have been formulated and oriented to each group. Results also indicate that in some cases there is no antagonism between environmental, socio-territorial and economic sustainability, so it is possible to improve simultaneously the three dimensions of sustainability. Hoy en día es importante evaluar no solamente la sostenibilidad económica de las explotaciones agrarias, sino también la ambiental y socio-territorial. Con el propósito de mejorar la sostenibilidad de las explotaciones agrarias, este estudio tiene como principal objetivo proporcionar estrategias orientadas a impulsar el uso de prácticas más concienciadas por parte de los agricultores del sector del olivar ecológico de Túnez. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se han desarrollado dos etapas metodológicas: (1) implementando un proceso de medición cuyo objetivo es cuantificar la sostenibilidad de las explotaciones, mediante una adaptación metodológica del enfoque IDEA; (2) sobre la base de la puntuación obtenida de las tres escalas de sostenibilidad, y mediante el uso de un análisis de conglomerados, se ha llevado a cabo una segmentación de las explotaciones. Se elaboró un cuestionario dirigido a una muestra de agricultores del olivar ecológico en las regiones de Sfax y Mahdia (Túnez). Los resultados muestran una gran variabilidad de los niveles de sostenibilidad dentro y entre grupos de explotaciones. Los resultados del análisis de conglomerados confirmó la existencia de dos principales grupos de explotaciones. El primer grupo es agro-ecológica y socio-territorialmente más sostenible que el segundo grupo. Se han detectado debilidades en los indicadores de sostenibilidad y diseñado estrategias orientadas hacia cada uno de los dos grupos. Los resultados indican también que en algunos casos no hay antagonismo entre la sostenibilidad ambiental, socio-territorial y económica y por lo tanto es posible mejorar simultáneamente las tres dimensiones de sostenibilidad.