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The field of expert finding has seen a large number of approaches proposed both in universities and in industries, using a variety of new techniques in relevant data fields. This study tends to identify information retrieval method of latent semantic analysis and temporal graph for document retrieval. In this study, citation occurrence and author occurrence are independent variables and scales of expert author finding are dependent variables. The method used to evaluate judgment of document and author relevance in the test set formation phase is more similar to survey methods. Library method is used to study theoretical foundations and judge literature. This study has three populations: a) test set documents; b) people who make queries and judge relevance of retrieved documents; c) people who judge relevance of the retrieved experts. To measure judgments of document relevance, a method similar to peer tests is used. Among the retrieved results, repeated results are placed to determine accuracy and reliability of the judge. The degree of correlation obtained in this method is very high (0.98), indicating the reliability of the results. Regarding the results of the current study on application of latent semantic indexing (LSA) information retrieval model, which was ultimately used to retrieve expert authors, the performance of LSA-based retrieval model outperformed the baseline model. This was evident from the obtained metrics, including precision at the top 5 results (p@5) with a value of 0.895, mean average precision (MAP) of 0.839, and mean reciprocal rank (MRR) of 0.909. The improved retrieval performance can be attributed to the superior performance of the dimension reduction method compared to keyword matching.

Purpose: In the digital era, enhancing the visibility and usability of websites is essential, especially for university library websites that serve as critical knowledge-sharing platforms. This study identifies the aesthetic criteria for Iranian academic library websites.Methodology: A Delphi panel method with snowball sampling was employed, involving 21 experts in the first round and 15 in the second. SPSS software was used for data analysis, with Cronbach's alpha calculated to assess internal consistency.Findings: A total of 68 aesthetic criteria were identified and grouped into five categories: digital image aesthetics, technical design elements, visual complexity, user-centric aesthetics, and content quality. A checklist with 37 scales was developed, achieving strong reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.9). The study also identified 17 highly significant components prioritized by Delphi experts, such as up-to-date content, ease of navigation, and responsive design.Conclusion: The findings offer a robust framework for improving the aesthetic quality and usability of academic library websites. While designed for Iranian websites, the results are adaptable to other cultural contexts. The study contributes significantly to the field by providing a comprehensive tool for website evaluation and emphasizing the need for culturally nuanced designs.Value: This research is the first in Iran to apply a Delphi approach for identifying aesthetic website criteria, contributing significantly to the global understanding of web aesthetics in academic contexts.

purpose: In today's world, every society is struggling with the challenges of crime and its control. Committing a crime represents one of the most significant social harms, necessitating the involvement of police and judicial institutions for effective management. Assessing, evaluating, and identifying crime patterns, as well as detecting and preventing criminal activities, have been the focal points of judicial and law enforcement agencies since ancient times. Consequently, crime prevention is consistently prioritized over crime detection after it occurs. Various methods have been introduced for crime detection, including a wide range of innovative computer techniques. Data mining is regarded as one of the most effective tools for data and information analysis in the field of crime detection. Many effective parameters are available for analyzing crime through data mining methods. Data mining serves as a valuable tool for examining crime data warehouses, helping to extract hidden knowledge within them. The application of data mining techniques, along with various machine learning methods, can yield significant benefits in identifying, predicting, and preventing crime in any society. Diagnosing, predicting, and preventing crime through data mining represents a progressive approach supported by statistical methods, psychology, artificial intelligence, criminology, machine learning, and database technologies. Consequently, the primary objective of this research is to establish a framework for analyzing digital network data in the battle against social anomalies, particularly the crime of theft. In this research, materials related to the crime of theft have been categorized into three areas: crime identification, prediction, and prevention. Additionally, the application of data mining methods has been explored within these domains.Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its purpose and was conducted using documentary methods, content analysis, and data mining. The statistical population for this study consists of information related to theft crimes recorded by law enforcement and police organizations in 2019. Initially, the relevant data were collected in the form of documents and subsequently selected using the content analysis method to facilitate further analysis. Patterns of theft crimes were identified based on various factors, including the type of crime (such as home and car theft), entry location, entry method, search techniques, and residential area. This study utilized digital network data analysis tools and methods, specifically data mining, for classification and validation purposes. Additionally, clustering techniques, such as k-means, were employed to identify different forms of theft crimes. Classification algorithms, including neural networks, Bayesian rules, Bayesian navigation, and support vector machines, were used to predict theft crimes. The primary data analysis tool utilized in this research was Excel software.Findings: The findings indicate that the season in which a theft occurs positively correlates with the month of the crime. Additionally, the method used to enter the crime scene shows a positive correlation with the method used to exit the scene. Furthermore, the accuracy of the Bayesian model in predicting and detecting the type of crime is 0.412. The model demonstrates the highest prediction accuracy for home thefts at 73%, while the lowest prediction accuracy for thefts from private locations is 27%. The results are expressed as a percentage. Additionally, the accuracy of each technique employed has been compared. The ROC findings indicate that the accuracy of the Bayesian methods and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network, as well as the support vector machine, in predicting theft from public places is higher than for other types of theft. Conversely, in predicting home theft, these methods demonstrate lower accuracy compared to other thefts. Furthermore, the prediction accuracy of the support vector machine method, at approximately 91%, surpasses that of Bayesian methods (around 73%) and neural networks (about 90%) in predicting theft from public places. Moreover, the ROC chart for the support vector machine indicates that it is 7% less accurate in predicting pickpocketing compared to other thefts.Conclusion: The results indicated that the Bayesian rules method is the most effective for detecting and predicting patterns of theft crimes. It demonstrates higher accuracy compared to other methods. Specifically, for predicting thefts from public places, the support vector method is recommended. As a result of the findings from data mining techniques, it is recommended that police and judicial organizations utilize a combination of data mining and artificial intelligence methods to enhance the detection and identification of thieves, particularly those with varying criminal histories related to theft. This approach aims to improve the accuracy of the information obtained about these individuals. Furthermore, based on the data mining techniques discussed in this research, an expert intelligent system can be developed to predict the likelihood of future criminal attempts by offenders.

Background and aim: One of the factors that affects the aesthetics of a website and attracts more users in the web environment is "visual complexity". The present research analyzed the correlation and regression between the SEO score and the level of visual complexity of the library websites of the top Iranian and international universities. Materials and methods: A comparative evaluation approach was adopted in this research. 41 library websites of top international universities (based on University Ranking 2023) and 41 library websites of top Iranian universities (based on ISC database 2021) were analyzed and compared. AIOSEO Analysis tool and Athec Python library were used for data extraction. SPSS was used for data analysis. Figures were generated using Excel. Findings: There was no significant correlation and regression between SEO and visual complexity on library websites of top international universities (p=0.125). However, on library websites of top Iranian universities, there was a weak correlation (p=0.045; Pearson correlation coefficient=0.362) and a significant regression (p=0.045). According to the Mann-Whitney U test, a significant difference was seen between the two groups of library websites of top Iranian and international universities from the standpoint of visual complexity (p=0.019). Conclusion: While top international academic libraries can rely on their strong branding, Iranian university libraries need to focus on both aesthetics and SEO to improve their visibility. Thus, using the experiences and knowledge of expert librarians in the fields of "SEO" and "aesthetics" is recommended.

Objective Transparency is an interdisciplinary concept that has emerged in multiple management fields such as governance, economy, health, law, media and even religious institutions. Examining the structure of knowledge, developments and current trends in the field of transparency indicates the change of informational approaches (focused on accessibility and disclosure of information) to emerging social approaches. The aim of this study is to identify key references and international trends of the transparency phenomenon at the international level. Accordingly, trends in publication and citation, main actors at the country and organizational levels, leading media outlets including publishers and journals, and established and emerging research fronts based on topics and key terms in the field of transparency have been identified. Methods To extract related scientific productions, the Web of Science Core Collection was utilized, encompassing databases and citation indexes of social and human sciences in journals, conferences, and books. Queries were formulated based on a combination of Title, Author Keywords, and Keyword Plus, refined by the research area of economics, spanning the years 2013 to 2022. Data processing, analysis, and visualization followed scientometric principles, techniques, and concepts. The Clarivate database was consulted for bibliographic data, content, and citation data of scientific productions, while the JCR database was used for data related to scientific journals. Network and overlay maps for citations, co-occurrence of keywords, and their clustering were conducted using the VOS Viewer software. For co-occurrence calculations, a full counting method was applied with threshold. Results Analyzing 1,163 scientific outputs indexed in the field of transparency revealed a dynamic trend with an average annual growth rate of 9.38% in publications and 40.27% in citations. In the last year, the rate of publications in this field surpassed double the average. The standings of participating countries, based on their production share, the volume, and age of received citations, were evaluated to monitor their competitive behavior. Institutions such as the University of London, National Bureau of Economic Research, University of California, European Central Bank, and Udice French Research Universities emerged as the most active in the transparency domain. In this collection, 30% of the works were published in 5% of the journals, as well as top publishers being introduced. The analysis identified key thematic axes at three levels: Research Areas, Citation Topics Meso, and Citation Topics Micro. The top ten Citation Topics Micro, in order, are: Monetary Policy, Corporate Governance, Economic Growth, Option Pricing, Cooperation, Elections, Public Administration, Health Technology Assessment, Antitrust, and Corporate Social Responsibility. Finally, a total of 145 co-occurring keywords were categorized into five clusters, and the trends of leading countries (USA, UK, Germany, China, France, Netherlands, and Canada) in these concepts were compared. Conclusion Examining the production status of countries, the dynamic rankings of participation in outputs, the volume and age of received citations, and the unique thematic trends of each country, underscores the importance of national planning for success in transparency management. On the scientific development path, identifying key references in transparency paves the way for productive research advancements and interaction with transparency leaders, and familiarity with current trends in this domain facilitates efforts towards promising directions. The composition of the top identified organizations, encompassing academic, non-profit, and supranational entities, suggests that success in the transparency realm necessitates regulatory measures for a balanced growth of academia, market, and industry. The knowledge structure of the transparency field highlights the necessity to consider a broad spectrum of stakeholders, both legal and natural individuals, in roles such as policymakers, business managers, and researchers within the transparency ecosystem. Universal thematic axes and country-specific indigenous axes provide insights for devising research agendas, enabling us to align with global understanding in addressing our top-priority issues.

Objective: Digital transformation is a relatively new concept in the university library environment and has become one of the key concepts of success and sustainability for university libraries in the competitive information environment. Based on the reviews conducted on the subject literature, no research was found that could present the construction requirements and the factors affecting the digital transformation of university libraries. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to identify the components of the digital transformation of university libraries.Methodology: The approach of this research was qualitative and the Sandelowski and Barroso's seven-step meta-synthesis method (2007) has been used. The statistical population of the research includes all the scientific publications related to the foundations and dimensions of the digital transformation of university libraries, counting the scientific publications retrieved from 12 scientific databases in the period from 2004 to 2022 (corresponding to the solar Hijri years of 1383 to 1401), which is based on the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme (CASP) and screening process.Findings: Therefore, 32 works were selected for further review and analysis. In this research, first, a separate code was considered for all the factors extracted from the selected publications, and then considering the concept of each of the codes, they were categorized in a similar concept. In this way, the concepts of the research were determined. Based on the analysis done with the help of content analysis method, there are a total of 7 main categories and 24 concepts, including digital culture (digital attitude, user-oriented, agility, participation and cooperation, creativity and innovation, learning digital skills of employees), digital librarian (individual competence, knowledge competence, communication competence, skill competence), digital manager (individual competence, knowledge competence, skill competence), digital services and resources (optimally reorganizing library resources, providing digital services to users, providing digital services to the organization mother), digital technologies (digital infrastructure, technological readiness, use digital technologies), support and cooperation of upstream institutions and the mother organization (to provide human resources, to provide technological resources and equipment, to make macro policies), and Work process and development of digital strategy (digitalization of processes and development of library digital strategy).Conclusion: The discussion of the digital transformation of organizations, including the digital transformation of university libraries, is complex, and managers and librarians cannot be expected to be familiar with these concepts without training or study and be able to move in the right direction towards the digital transformation of libraries. This research is the first research inside and outside of Iran that identified the components of the digital transformation of university libraries. The results of this research can be a good guide for an easy understanding of the effective factors and requirements of digital transformation of libraries and the importance of understanding it for managers and librarians.

Computational aesthetics is a field that combines science and art to explore aesthetic measurement, generative art, and design generation using computational methods. In the context of university library websites, adhering to aesthetic standards, particularly focusing on "moderate visual complexity," could enhance their visibility online (according to some previous studies). This research, analyzed 82 university library websites, including top international and Iranian academic libraries, to assess visual complexity based on Berlyne's theory of stimulus complexity using the Athec Python library. The study found that international university libraries have a complexity of over 0.57, while Iranian academic libraries lack the minimum complexity needed to motivate users. Moreover, the study found significant differences between the library websites of top Iranian and international universities. The linear regression statistic test was used to analyze the relationship between the visual complexity of academic library websites and the rank of the university, revealing a significant difference for the 41 top Iranian universities but not for the 41 top international universities. The Beta coefficient of linear regression between the visual complexity of academic library websites and the rank of the university is -0.502, and Sig=0.001, obtained for the top Iranian universities. On the other hand, the Beta coefficient of linear regression between the visual complexity of academic library websites and the ranks of the university is -0.062, and Sig=0.701, obtained for top international universities. This research highlights the innovation of connecting Berlyne’s theory of stimulus complexity with Python programming, providing a new perspective for university library website managers.

A significant amount of scientific texts is produced in Persian and available in scientific information databases through the Web. In this paper, FarsAcademic, a test collection of Persian scientific texts has been built for implementation of information retrieval models among academic search comprising 102238 documents and 61 topics. While constructing FarsAcademic, we have tried to resolve the problems specific to information retrieval (IR) and natural language processing (NLP) in Persian scientific texts. Domain experts were employed to create queries within their research area and user relevance and topical relevance were applied to improve the precision of relevance judgment of documents. Further, to improve retrieval performance in Persian scientific texts, automated query expansion was applied using one of the relevant feedback techniques named as Local Context Analysis algorithm. The result showed that query expansion techniques outperformed other information retrieval models in the Persian scientific texts retrieval task. Eventually, FarsAcademic is the only one that has been provided free of charge for Iranian information retrieval scholars for them to implement and evaluate different information retrieval models and algorithms on Persian scientific text and academic search.

Purpose: Accurate scientific evaluation of researchers by ResearchGate network is still ambiguous. This systematic study seeks to shed some light on this issue.Methods: The study was conducted with a systematic review of the previous studies (articles or reports). The analysis of documents was performed with a targeted keyword search in the reputable Google Scholar, Emerald, and PubMed databases (without limit). Titles and abstracts (if necessary, full texts) of the number of 582 documents (Persian, English, and Spanish) were retrieved (1-10 April 2021) and studied. Then, by removing duplicate or irrelevant data, 57 independent studies were selected for meeting the main research problem of this systematic review (using the PRISMA statement). For drawing diagrams, Excel software was used.Findings: Among 57 previous independent studies retrieved by systematic review, 30 ones, had a negative attitude towards the ResearchGate. 27 studies saw with positive approach from standpoint the concepts of "authentic measuring instrument", " presence of prominent scientists such as Nobel Prize recipients", "valid scientific content", and "having a significant relationship with the academic ranking criteria", and "compliance with the Hirsch indicator", that was identified by documentary analysis based on PRISMA statement. Studies with a positive assessment of the ResearchGate dealt with developing countries, and with a small investigated research community. Therefore, it is appropriate to act cautiously when evaluating researchers with the ResearchGate network.Originality: No similar systematic review to evaluate the ResearchGate network from the standpoint of a scientific suitable evaluation tool, has been done so far.

Considering the growth of digital marketing, the present study was conducted by webometrics approach. In this study Iranian university library websites are analyzed from the standpoint of Google search engine optimization (SEO). Moreover, identifying the effective factors of Google SEO is done. The number of 30 effective components on Google SEO was obtained by using the agreement between two intelligent online SEO analysis tools ‘SEOsitecheckup’ and ‘SEOPtimer’, with a reliability coefficient of 0.77. The number of 17 components were identified with the help of texts and the library method (the numbers of 12 components were common in both methods). The research community consisted of 42 library websites of Iranian universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology located in major cities of Iran. The data collection tools were the online analysis databases ‘SEOptimer’, ‘Ahrefs’, ‘Similarweb’, and ‘W3 Consortium’ (in addition to the checklist and identified components). The members of the community were analyzed from the standpoint of the 34 measurable components by SEO analysis tools (no need for the manager or administrator of the same website) on the cross-sectional study for six months at the beginning of the year 2020). ‘Excel’ and ‘LibreOffice Click’ software were used to analyze the data. None of the websites of Iran's university libraries got the final SEO score of 75 out of 100. Only thirty-three percent of Iranian university library websites had observed the ‘digital security certificate’ effective component on SEO. The websites of the central library of Sharif university of technology, and the digital library of Shahid Beheshti university were ranked respectively, from standpoint of the final Google SEO score. Connecting the website to various social networks such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram, is necessary to improve Google's SEO score, but it is not sufficient (only one effective component).The components affecting Google SEO can be divided into two groups. The first category can be adjusted by the administrators of the library website (including 29 components of the checklist offered in this present study and 1 component of the library website's compliance with the rules of the W3 consortium). The second category (including 4 components: ‘bounce rate’, ‘average visit duration’, ‘number of pages indexed in Google’, and ‘number of clicks or visits of uses) can be measured by the feedback of other websites or clicking of the users. Improving SEO-effective components along with having rich content will be valuable together with each other.

Data sharing is considered as a hot topic and a norm in many scientific fields. But it seems that, it was neglected in Iranian Medical fields. This research aiming to identify relevant factors in data sharing. With using semi-structured interview, survey and DEMATEL techniques, the present study identified the influencing factors affecting data sharing. The sample population consisted of 14 experienced Iranian medical researchers in data sharing. The results showed that, education, budgeting, attitudes, and institutional requirements were the most influential factors among others and were pure casual factors. In view of Iranian medical researchers, budgeting and organizational supports had the highest effect on authorship, structures, attitudes, ownership and their trust. Co-authorship, trust among the researchers and research system, legal issues like ownership, and the conditions of data access were not strong casual nor strong effect variables in this research, but had important role in data sharing and should be more considered. Identifying factors influencing data sharing enhance and strengthen data sharing and facilitate movement towards data-driven researches, and scientific communities could apply the advantages of data sharing.

This study aims to investigate digital citizen science projects in Iran and the challenges in this field from the perspective of experts. The present study is exploratory with a content analysis approach. First, scientometric research was conducted in Scopus to assess the status of digital citizen science. Second, to identify the challenges of digital citizen science in Iran, experts were interviewed. Though the number of scientific publications in this field has been growing recently, Iran's share of the scientific output is quite small. A Review of qualitative data obtained from interviews showed that the main challenges in this field in Iran are: Funding, Government policy, Engagement, Time, Recognition, Data quality for citizen science, Volunteers for citizen science, Capacity and skills, and Communication. This research can be a guideline for experts in the field of digital citizen science. These technologies can also facilitate interactions and communication between professionals and non-professionals. Despite the spread of digital citizen science projects in European and American countries, the term is unfamiliar in Iran.

Purpose: This research attempts to determine the status of the University of Tehran’s central library to establish the maker movement.Method: For so doing, both a library study method is used to prepare a checklist, and a survey method is done. By a purposive sampling, an interview with the Head of Central Library and Documentation Center of the Tehran University was carried out and a questionnaire was distributed among the librarians.Findings: The findings indicate that the central library’s condition in terms of human resources, finances, and infrastructure is not proper for the current makerspace.Conclusion: The results show that a high level of education and work experience has a positive effect on librarians' familiarity, skill and interest. For librarians, funding from the parent organization is greater than funding from library funding and other sources. Male librarians are less interested in establishing a maker movement, despite being more familiar with the makerspace and skillful in performing activities related to the makerspace. The organizing and cataloging department is more interested in creating a makerspace. The level of education and high work experience has a positive effect on the level of familiarity, skill and interest of librarians with activities related to the creative construction space, which can be used in the field of guiding, training and controlling related activities. For most librarians, there is enough time and space in the central library for makerspace. Undesirable hardware and software equipment in the library and lack of knowledge about digitalization laboratory equipment affect the level of knowledge of librarians.

Objective: Due to the increase in natural disasters and its impact on the information production process, designing and development of sustainable information systems to facilitate information flow has become particularly important. Besides, feasibility studies of technological solutions presented in natural disaster information management (NDIM) are quantitatively and qualitatively poor. The present study aims to design a feasibility assessment framework (FAF) for assessing the feasibility of creating an open-access repository, (OAR) as a socio-technical system, in the context of natural disaster information management (NDIM-OAR) in Iran. Methodology: A Self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) was validated from the key components of an OAR with the proposed FAF dimensions adopted from TELOS, (Technological, Economic, Legal, Operational, Scheduling,) validated by the experts in the fields of information and technology management and natural disasters. The fuzzy Delphi method employed to analyze the data. Findings: The final FAF including Technological, Economic, Legal, Operational, Scheduling, Cultural and Behavioral (TELOS-CB) crossed with the 44 indicators of creating an NDIM-OAR (including 7 categories as collection provision,, information organization, storage and retrieval, security, application, stakeholder 's participation, and management) was validated and approved by experts of the field. Originality: The first proposed feasibility framework for creating an NDIM-OAR in Iran, through a systematically context-based design and validation. The developed framework, TELOS-CB, has been also proposed to the international research community in the field of information management and technology (NDIM/IT) as one of the dedicated tools for feasibility studies, as a reference framework to be employed, validated and adapted to similar contexts with considering adaptability rules.

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to "design a model for evaluating the responsiveness of Iranian university library services". Methodology: In this research, a qualitative model for evaluating the responsiveness of library services in the university libraries of the country was developed using a qualitative method. The study population consisted of 15 university library managers and librarianship experts who were selected by snowball method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data in this study.Findings: according to the weight obtained in the coding stages, user satisfaction indicators, employee information literacy, use of service innovations, application of technology, service delivery as an underlying process, access to information, holding training courses In line with the goals and continuous and regular assessment of service quality, they were able to gain the most weight. In order to design the relevant model, 9 components were identified, which are 1- Leadership 2- Policy 3- Employee Outcomes 4- User Outcomes 5- Employees 6- Processes 7- Community Outcomes 8- Key Performance Outcomes and 9- Partnerships and Resources Conclution: According to the designed model, it seems that the components of leadership, policy and strategy, as well as processes will affect employees, partnerships and resources, and thus affect the results of employees and users. The results of the model also show that the results of employees and users affect the results of the community and ultimately the key results of performance. This model is useful for comparing the responsive quality of a library service with other academic libraries.

Background and aim: Nowadays, with the increasing use of Web 2 capabilities, the scientific evaluation of researchers has been considered using altmetrics. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between ResearchGate (RG) indicators and academic Times ranking among prominent faculty members in the field of computer sciences affiliated with the top scientific centers (Times) in 2020. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted using the scientometric method and Altmetrics approach. The study population consisted of 100 faculty members affiliated with the top ten academic centers according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2020 in the field of computer sciences at least with degree of associate professor, who were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22. Findings: More than half of the population (100 faculty members) had no presence on the RG network. For 47 registered individuals, no significant relationship was found between the five indicators on RG of "RG score", "Citations", "Research Interest", "Research Items" and "Followers" with "Times Ranking" (P-Value> 0.05 in all of five). There was a significant relationship between the "reads" indicator and "Times ranking" in the form of mean inverse correlation (P-value = 0.04, Spearman correlation coefficient= -0.6). Conclusion: The Times' top international computer science researchers with the degrees of associate professor and higher had no more active presence on the RG network. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between "Times Rank" and RG indicators in their activities, except for the "reads".

Purpose: Nowadays, average visit duration through the university library websites and bounce rate of the web users, are two important factors from the standpoint of Google Search Engine Optimization (SEO). The main objective of this paper is to study the two mentioned factors in Iranian university library websites and interactive relationship analysis between them.Method: This study opted for the webometrics approach. The research community was 42 library websites of Iranian governmental universities affiliated with the ministry of science, except Payam- Noor and Farhangian. These mentioned websites were analyzed by the descriptive and analytical survey methods. The data had been extracted by the "Similarweb" analytical tool (3 months: January to March 2020). Three software, "SPSS22", "Excel" and "LibreOfficeCalc", were used for data analysis.Findings: The lowest (best) bounce rates from the library website were observed in the websites of the Central Library of Allameh Tabatabai University and the Digital Library of the University of Guilan, respectively. The highest (best) "average visit duration", was observed in the digital library websites of Isfahan university of technology and the university of Tehran, respectively.Conclusion: The "bounce rate" of members of the research community has been observed between 13% and 100%. Also, "average visit duration" has been seen from 0 to 300 seconds. Iranian university library websites from the standpoint, two factors that impacted Google SEO, have been seen in the weak level. A significant inversely correlation was obtained between "Bounce Rate" and "Average Visit Duration" in 42 Iranian governmental university library websites with an amount of 0.6.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the userschr('39') experience of web content of the National Library and archive of Iran. Method: To investigate the user experience, a "contextual inquiry" was conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of users and the context of their real work. Data analytics was also used to complete the results. Contextual inquiry is an interpretive and qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interview which is based on conversation with users. "Sentence completion" is a kind of UX method in which users completed some statements about the website of the national library and archive of Iran. Results: The results revealed eight general categories about the user expectations and experiences on the web content of National Library and archive of Iran, including search, research utilities and knowledge development, personalization and customization, Library space and in-site location, interaction, events, information architecture, design and appearance. Conclusion: The results provide proper basis for the development of the website of national library and archive of Iran and similar libraries as well as digital library software. These results, along with suggestions for improving the user experience of the National Library Web site, provide valuable ideas for entrepreneurs and business startups and app designers about real needs and expectations of users.

Purpose: This paper attempts to identify the elements and requirements for reuse of research data among researchers in Iran. Methodology: The present study is qualitative research. This research was carried out in two stages. At first, Initial elements were extracted by reviewing and analyzing the content of the texts, but due to the fact that the extracted factors were not native, we were used of the semi-structured interview. The statistical population in the first stage includes articles about reuse in PubMed, Scopus, Science direct and ProQuest databases. The statistical population of the second phase was researchers who were familiar with the reuse of research data. Using targeted sampling, the interviews began, then continued using the snowball strategy and sampling based on the introduction of the contributor. The data gathering tool was a semi-structured interview then data were analyzed by MaxQDA software. Results: As a result of analyzing the content of the literature and interviews, the main elements of reuse of research data were identified in three main dimensions: human factors, organizational factors and infrastructures. Conclusion: The components of each dimension were identified and, at the end, suggestions were made to reuse existing data.

Objective: The research aims to identify key research factors, prepare research scenarios for universities and analyze the role of these scenarios on the services of academic libraries in the 2034 horizon.Research Method: The present study was conducted with a futures research approach using the GBN method. Semi-structured interviews were used to identify key factors in the research. Thematic analysis was used to identify the themes in the qualitative data of the interview. To evaluate the impact of research scenarios on the services of academic libraries, academic library manager viewpoints have been surveyed.Findings: A total of 24 key research factors were identified based on the experts' viewpoints through the thematic analysis of the interviews. The two factors identified with the greatest importance and uncertainty for formulating research scenarios are the status of international scientific and research cooperation, and the "government approach to research". Four scenarios for university research are presented: 1. The national and international research boom will create an open research mechanism in universities; 2. Failure to pay attention to national research will provide opportunities for an international research boom; 3. Support for national research; and 4. Stagnation of national and international research programs. A survey of university central library managers found that research scenarios and strategic plans had a direct impact on academic library services.Originality: According to the authors, the present study was conducted for the first time both in Iran and abroad and has the necessary innovation and knowledge.

Digital identity has become a significant paradigm in variety of fields such as, sociology, psychology, social studies, information science and software engineering. Digital identity, as an interdisciplinary research field has a plurality of concepts and terms. Therefore, Ontology is able to define a common cognitive literature and basis for active researchers and specialists in this field who need to share information. In this research a great effort was used to study digital identity using the qualitative method of “domain analysis” and to use a population of more than 228 information sources of scientific outcomes such as, articles, theses, identified books and reports from Google Scholar database, online encyclopedias, lectures and training videos, and other keyword-based online sources which can be accessed by keywords of this field on Google. Identification, aspect extraction and digital identity-related ontology were also conducted and the identified OWL language-based ontology was represented using OWLGrEd and webovowl software and then experts’ views were studied and reviewed ontologically. Different definitions and keywords of this field were identified by the conducted survey and the ontology of digital identity was provided. Features of digital identity was provided from 10 different aspects such as paradigms, constituent content, producers, data, identity representation, control, durability, life cycle, awareness and risk-challenge levels, and finally a new definition of digital identity was explained based on the extracted ontology from the field.

Information literacy and its competencies in workplace play a key role in evaluating workforce. However, information literacy models and its definitions cannot be generalized to different contexts. Designing library software by nature is a profession whose tasks are directly tied to information literacy and information technology competencies. In addition, human resource (software designer) is a crucial element of library software designing process. The aim of the present study is to investigate factors affecting information literacy needed by library software developers. The research population contains 15 experts in library software designing team including ‘an operator’, ‘a system analyst’, ‘a supporter’ and ‘a graphic artist’ that have rich and extensive knowledge of the field. The sampling method is snowball sampling and respondent-driven sampling. In terms of methodology, the present study fall into the category of qualitative research. To collect the data, semi-structured interviews has been used. After transcribing the interviews, their written versions were subject to qualitative content analysis. First, capabilities of each job were explained. Common capabilities of team members were then identified and categorized. These common capabilities include team working capability, informational flexibility, information technology (IT) knowledge, and librarianship knowledge. The findings indicate the main components of information literacy to be: consideration on information need, information search and access, information retrieval, methods of information evaluation, information organization and information dissemination. Moreover, the sub-components were identified for each factor separately.

Background and aim: Given the special status and wide usage of image retrieval in various fields, the present investigation studied on the research trends and significant factors within the field of image retrieval and drawing the co-word map based on the articles indexed in Web of Science. Material and methods: This scientometric study was performed using bibliometric techniques such as co-citation analysis. Samples of the current study were all articles indexed in ISI in the field of image retrieval from 2001 to 2012. Therefore, 2537 papers were retrieved in this field. Citespace and VOSviewer were applied for co-word analysis. Findings: The highest centrality with the number of 0.18 has been related to the term "image retrieval". "Content based image retrieval" and "relevance feedback" both with 0.15 centrality have been in the next rank. The Highest burst with the number of 11.59 was belonged to "pattern recognition society". "Content-based image retrieval", "image database" with the number of 7.53 and 5.79 burst have won the second and third ranks, respectively. Sigma was obtained 1.39 for the "shape" and 1 for other terms during this period. Also, the analysis of co-word network in VOSviewer indicated 9 scientific clusters in the field of image retrieval. Conclusion: The analysis of co-word network in the field of image retrieval have shown that the content-based image retrieval is one of the most important approaches in the field of image retrieval in the past years.

Introduction: Due to various factors such as mental models, users apply different methods when searching information retrieval systems. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between the students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) mental models and their web searching behavior. Methods: A mixed approach was used in this applied research. In the identification stage (qualitative stage), the components of users’ mental models were determined using qualitative content analysis methods and semi-structured interviews, thinking aloud protocol and observation. Then, the types of mental models were identified. In quantitative stage, transaction log analysis and observation tool were used to investigate web search behavior. Then, the relationship between users' mental models and some variables of their web search behavior was investigated. The study population included all post-graduate students of IUMS among which 60 students were selected using purposeful sampling method. The descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Pearson correlation) was recruited using SPSS software. Results: In this research, 14 mental model components were identified. The majority of students (55%) had structural mental models. A significant association was observed between students’ mental models and web searching behavior in impact search session length, the complexity of query and natural language queries variables. Conclusion: Students’ mental models impact some web searching behavior variables, therefore, research in this field can lead to a better understanding of why users behave in certain ways. It can be a good method for improving information retrieval systems.

Background and aim: Given the special status and wide usage of image retrieval in various fields, the present investigation studied on the research trends and significant factors within the field of image retrieval and drawing the co-word map based on the articles indexed in Web of Science. Material and methods: This scientometric study was performed using bibliometric techniques such as co-citation analysis. Samples of the current study were all articles indexed in ISI in the field of image retrieval from 2001 to 2012. Therefore, 2537 papers were retrieved in this field. Citespace and VOSviewer were applied for co-word analysis. Findings: The highest centrality with the number of 0.18 has been related to the term "image retrieval". "Content based image retrieval" and "relevance feedback" both with 0.15 centrality have been in the next rank. The Highest burst with the number of 11.59 was belonged to "pattern recognition society". "Content-based image retrieval", "image database" with the number of 7.53 and 5.79 burst have won the second and third ranks, respectively. Sigma was obtained 1.39 for the "shape" and 1 for other terms during this period. Also, the analysis of co-word network in VOSviewer indicated 9 scientific clusters in the field of image retrieval. Conclusion: The analysis of co-word network in the field of image retrieval have shown that the content-based image retrieval is one of the most important approaches in the field of image retrieval in the past years.

Identification and tracking scientific changes is critical for scientific policy makers. This research proposed a model for identification and tracking changes in Data Quality research area. We used cumulative citation network in order to find research communities and their changes during the time. The proposed model can be applied in other scientific disciplines. It can also shows all types of scientific changes including birth, growth, merging and death. In order to verify the model in Data Quality area, we selected all papers that is published between 1970 and 2009 that covers more than 7000 papers. It is shown that Data Quality research area is studied in different disciplines. According to the results, there is 82 percent correlation between number of citations and the growth of Data Quality communities that shows the importance of citation for community survival and growth.

Digital Library (DL) development is faced with many challenges which cannot be overcome all at once. In such cases which are so complex, maturity models are utilized. In a maturity model, features of a phenomenon are classified into few levels so that improving or realizing the features of each level is the prerequisite of going to the next level. DL can also be approached by maturity model more efficiently and effectively. Since the maturity model for DL has not been designed yet, first, a literature review of the DL and maturity models using a qualitative approach and meta-synthesis method was done. According to the findings of the literature review, the maturity characteristics of DL are proposed to be a basis for designing DL maturity model. Since the concept of maturity and DL is extensive and has several dimensions, meta-synthesis has been found as a suitable method for comprehensive integration of the models offered in other areas with the existing literature in the field of DL based on their interpretation. To do so, 68 papers (38 in the field of DL and 30 in the field of maturity models in various fields) were selected from the available resources. By analyzing these papers, three categories, seven concepts, and 35 codes obtained as DL maturity features. Among these findings, the focuses of previous studies have been on the use of software/ hardware systems as supporter and enabler of DL and the DL content. The found features, in addition to be a basis for designing of digital library model, can be a tool in the hands of project managers of DL for assessing the status of their projects and planning to achieve higher levels of maturity.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between pet owner’s combined knowledge, comfort, and perceived skills at finding, evaluating, applying online pet health information, and the application of the information prescription (IP) provided for pet owners education on the internet. Methods: Thirty telephone interviews were conducted followed by a questionnaire of eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) with pet owners after receiving an IP with a suggested websites in addition to their customary veterinary services in a vet clinic at the center of Tehran, Iran. Qualitative and quantitative data were merged to explore differences and similarities among respondents with different eHealth literacy levels. Results: Results indicate that pet owners with higher score of eHealth literacy more accessed the suggested websites and reported positive feelings about this addition to their veterinary services. Similarly, among the eight-item self-reported eHealth Literacy skills, perceived skills at evaluating and applying, were significantly associated with the use of IPs. Lastly eHealth literacy level was significantly associated with the outcomes of prescribed information, such as veterinarians-client communication outcome and learning outcomes. Conclusion: Disparities in application of the veterinarian’s IPs for online pet healthcare information, and its outcomes are associated with different eHealth literacy skills. Veterinarians should collaborate with information specialists and librarians to perform education efforts to raise awareness on online pet health information quality and impact of veterinarian directed information prescription especially among low health literate owners.

The aim of investment in health research is improvement of the state of policy-making, allocation of resources, practical application of research results, and improvement of public health. This has created an increased need for the assessment of the impact of such investments. Various studies have used different indicators to assess the impact of medical research. In order to identify indicators of medical research impact assessment, this narrative review was conducted using 42 articles indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases. A total of 82 indicators were identified, which were classified into 5 categories of knowledge production, capacity building, awareness of policies and product development, health effects, and economic effects. The majority of the identified indicators were related to knowledge production. Identifying impact assessment indicators helps investors in health research, organizations, and researchers to evaluate the impacts of their research from various aspects.

For achieving to ideal research system is necessary to have policy and plan. The main aims of this research are knowledge extracted from the existing data gathered by the country research system. This Knowledge is prerequisite for science and technology policy. Population of the present descriptive research includes Universities of the Ministry of Science, Research & Technology. Data is extracted from database of monitoring of science and technology system. Classification algorithms Multilayer Preceptor neural network and neural network-based radius are used for data analysis. This research results showed that among the 15 indicators studied in this research, full-time faculty members, the number of theses, research funding and number of scholarships have more importance than other indicators. Among the four factors studied, the human resource factor is in the first place and has most importance in the scholarly productions. The education factor, financial factor and Structural factor is in the second to fourth rate.

Introduction: Users’ performance and their interaction with information retrieval systems can be observed in development of their mental models. Users, especially users of health, use mental models to facilitate their interactions with these systems and incomplete or incorrect models can cause problems for them . The aim of this study was the adjustment and development of health user’s mental model completeness scale in search engines. Method: This quantitative study uses Delphi method. Among various scales for users’ mental model completeness, Li’s scale was selected and some items were added to this scale based on previous valid literature. Delphi panel members were selected using purposeful sampling method, consisting of 20 and 18 participants in the first and second rounds, respectively. Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance in SPSS version 16 was used as basis for agreement (95% confidence). Results:The Kendall coefficient of Concordance (W) was calculated to be 0.261(P-value

Objective: Expertise Retrieval is defined as finding experts in different subject areas as well as identifying people expertise area(s). For almost two decades, ER within knowledge-based environments has attracted attention of large and medium organizations. It has given rise to a strong community of researchers, especially in Computer and Information Science. It seems, however, that ER has remained neglected among Iranian researchers. So, addressing the foundations, methods and models of ER, current paper intends to take step in making scientific community and organization mangers familiar with main concepts of this area. Methodology: This paper is an opinion paper based on library method. Findings: Supporting Knowledge Management is an important application of ER systems. In these systems, by avoiding the challenging characteristics of expertise concept, researchers simplify the problem of ER and limit its scope to textual documents accumulation and discovering of documents-persons associations. Several models have been presented for discovering of above-mentioned associations, among which Balog’s models had important role in promotion of ER field. document-centric model offered by Balog and his colleagues, is one of the most successful models that is the basis for subsequent models. Originality/Value: this paper addresses the issue of Expertise Retrieval and its Foundations, methods and Models. So, it could be of interest to information professionals, Information Retrieval area researchers, large and medium organization’s managers, and other knowledge-based environments.

Purpose: Audio books have a special stand in the publishing industry. Publishers around the world produce audio books with different criterions and standards. This study aimed to identify and introduce the most important criterions for evaluation and production of audio books from the producers' point of view. Methodology: this study was performed with qualitative content analysis of interviews that transitionally done with seven producers of audio books in Tehran. A purposeful sample of the producers was selected and have been conducted a deep and semi-structured interview with them. Initial codes were extracted after data analysis and were monitored, evaluated, and recognized in a multi-stage process. Finally, we obtained four major categories and 21 subcategories of criterions. Findings: The results of this study pointed that most important production and evaluation criterions of audio books from the producers' point of view were placed in four major categories of “content”, “presentation”, “technical”, and “other criterions”. in total, 21 sub-categories have been extracted: Audience, using motivation, selection criteria, subject, copyright, edition, hardware, software, human resources, audio quality and features, publication format, distribution, narration, music, fractionation and naming, , searchable, bibliographic information, advantages, disadvantages, common causes, and production problems. Originality/Value: This study identified production and evaluation criteria of audio books from the producers' point of view for the first time in Iran. Participants proposed examples of criteria that can increase the quality of audio books.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between information literacy, computer self-efficacy and academic performance in a population of 1054 of BA and MA students of Psychology and Educational Sciences faculty of Tehran University. The data are collected in a sample of 283 students (103 BA and 180 MA); selected using Cochran's sampling formula. These students answered Mittermeyer and Quirion’s information literacy questionnaire (2003), and Murphy’s computer self-efficacy questionnaire (1989). The results show that there is positive and meaningful relationship between information literacy and computer self-efficacy, between information literacy and academic performance, and between computer self-efficacy and academic performance. This means that the higher the information literacy, the higher the computer self-efficacy and academic performance of students. Besides, the higher the computer self-efficacy, the higher the academic performance of students.

Purpose: The present research has been done to visual representation of knowledge and determination vacuum and density points of scientific trends of faculty members of state universities of IRAN in Library & Information Science field. Method: Curriculum Vitae of each faculty member with census method were collected and its content analyzed. Then using a checklist, the rate scientific tendencies were extracted. NodeXL software was deployed to map out the levels. Results: The results showed that the trends are concentrated in Scientometrics, Research method in Library & Information Science, information organization, information resources, psychology, Education, Management, the Web, Knowledge management, Academic Libraries, Information services, Information Theories and collection management. Apparently, the Library & Information Science community of experts pays little or no attention to the Library & Information Science applications in the fields of chemistry, Cartography, museum, law, art, school libraries as well as to independent subject clusters such as minorities in library, information architecture, mentoring in library science, library automation, preservation, oral history, cybernetics, copyright, information marketing and information economy. Lack of efforts on these areas is remarkable.

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the Quality of Work Life (QWL) level, and the differences in QWL level among public librarians affiliated to two main organizations: the Art and Cultural Organization of Tehran Municipality and the Iran Public Libraries Foundation in Tehran. Methodology: For the purpose of data collection, 226 public librarians were surveyed via an online questionnaire. However, data was analyzed by SPSS 16 as a means of reporting the results. The Walton’s QWL questionnaire was specifically constructed and standardized by the investigators for data gathering. Results: The level of QWL among public librarians is relatively high. Significant difference in the mean scores of QWL’s four dimensions was found to exist between the librarians of two organizations. This finding probably relates to the management system of these two organizations. A significant difference in mean QWL scores was noticed amongst the groups of librarians categorized on the basis of their educational backgrounds. Thus, maybe the policy-makers should try to employ those librarians who graduated from LIS programs Originality/Value: This is one of the first studies to provide evidence of the level of QWL within an executive librarian population. The study provides information which enables comparisons between two authorized organizations. Additionally, it provides evidence of the relationship between demographic characteristics and QWL.

Background and aim: The aim of this study was to draw co-citation map of outstanding authors in the field of image retrieval based on articles indexed in ISI from 2001 to 2012. Material and methods: This scientometric study was performed using bibliometric techniques such as co-citation analysis. Samples of the current study were all articles indexed in ISI in the field of image retrieval from 2001 to 2012. Therefore, 2537 papers were retrieved in this field. Citespace and Webometric Analyst software were used to analyze the co-citation of authors. Findings: Results indicated that there were 84 co-citation links among 58 most cited authors in the network of co-citation authors. Tao DC and Zhang HJ reached the first rank with writing 26 articles. Rui Y was the most cited author with 627citations. Highest centrality, sigma and burst were related to RuiY with 0.55, Smith JR with 20.63 and Dattar R with 42.71, respectively. Conclusion: Creating co-citation links among the authors of image retrieval shows the intellectual relevance among the authors of this field. It is obvious that none of the authors with high papers is an effective and most cited author and has the highest centrality, sigma and burst in the field of image retrieval.

Libraries operate in a competitive environment, and this is essentially needed to prove its benefits for stockholders, and continuously evaluate and compare advantages for printed and electronic resources. In these cases, economic evaluation methods such as cost- effectiveness analysis, is one of the best methods, because of a comprehensive study of the use and cost of library sources. The purpose of this study is to discovery of use and cost- effectiveness analysis of English printed and ebooks at University of Tehran on 2011. Populations of this study are English printed books which have been bought in 23th international Tehran book fair, and Elsevier and Springer ebooks collection. The result showed that the use of English printed books has different in four subject areas of Engineering, Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences, and Humanities, unlike English ebooks. The average of use of the printed books in Social and behavioral sciences Was 1.09, and it shows the most among all, and for Sciences, was only 0.14, this is the minimum among. 20 percent of English printed books have been used and the mean for total printed books was 0.77. 52 percent of ebooks have been used, and the average of use of ebooks was 5.16, respectively. So the use and cost- effectiveness analysis of English ebooks are more than English print books. The uses statistics and cost analysis showed that cost per use for English printed books is 787168 Rial and for ebooks is 80,388.

Cloud Computing is dominant mode of current and future of information and communication technologies. It is not beyond the realm of possibility that it would foment upheaval within libraries and information centers service-wise. The wide-reaching extent of these changes would envisage a new feature to libraries both in organization and service delivery. The present study, employing a descriptive analysis method, examines the concepts of cloud computing while laying the foundations for a cloud-based library as its corollary. While presented as a conceptual construct, the paper posits that the model can solve some of the issues such as digital right managements as well as copyright. Several models are offered and discussed with respect to applicability, missions, client group, financing as well as service blendals.

Purpose: this is a pilot study tends to investigate correlation between centrality measures with bibliographic coupling as a well-known citation-based document similarity measure. Methodology: using citation analysis method, 40 research articles belonging to four engineering/pure disciplines (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and computer) and four Humanities and Social disciplines (Economics, Education, Psychology, and Sociology) published in 2011 and indexed in Web of Knowledge Database besides their citation links with 4000 other article(100 citation per article) were randomly selected as research population. Data were extracted and analyzed using UCINet and Bibexcel programs. Findings: findings demonstrated that there are high significant correlation (α=0/01) between centrality measures and bibliographic coupling; and so, centrality measures have potential features for further analysis in order to apply them as new citation- based similarity measures. Originality/Value: this research suggested new citation-based similarity measures which can be applied in databases and search engines algorithms to measure similarity of documents more accurately.

The output of scientific products represents the efforts of scientific and industrial communities. The study on this output shows scientific attitudes and approaches of a community towards world of science. Quantitative studies can give a representation of the size and extent of the scientific efforts of researchers in special occasions, or a particular society. Patents are one of these important outputs. In this study, the names of Iranian inventors were extracted by carrying a combined search and the analysis of patent data available through Europe Patent Office (EPO), the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), Japan Patent Office (JPO), and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) databases. Inventors amount of scientific products were also evaluated by using citation indexes in Thompson Reuters (formerly ISI) Web of Science. Content analysis research method was adopted. Results of this study reported no significant correlation was found between scientific output and patent application. Findings also indicated a 6.5 percent contribution of patent researcher in comparison with non-patent researchers of Iranian indexed articles by Web of Science.

Purpose: This research studies the library and information science students’ entrepreneurial personality characteristics in Tehran University in the academic year 2009-2010. Method: A survey method was employed using an indigenous and standard questionnaire for data collection. Due to the small population size, no sampling was done. The questionnaires were distributed among 151 research respondents. Finally, 133 questionnaires were completed and handed back. The data were analyzed by single-sample T-test and Friedman Variance. Findings: The findings showed that only 38.4% of library and information science students of Tehran University had intended entrepreneurial personality characteristics. In the case of most characteristics, students were far from desirable situation. Of course, in control focus characteristics, students had a better situation, and in ambiguity tolerance characteristics, they had a very good situation. Originality/Value: Focusing on the results of this research, enables the authorities to train entrepreneur librarians, while maintaining strong entrepreneurial characteristics and targeting poor ones on the purpose of strengthening them.

The present paper aims to investigate the status of inventions which have been internationally patented with association of Iranian inventors. This research studies the patents of Iranian inventors in quadruplet patent offices during 1990 – 2007. Based upon our findings, 365 Iranian inventors have collaborated in 218 patents and contribution of each of the quadruplet patent offices of Europe, America, Japan, and WIPO has been 48%, 39%, 2%, and 11%, respectively.

The present study attempts to investigate the nature of information seeking behavior in the sample population of 158 graduate students and examine the role of personality factors in their information seeking behavior. Two questionnaires were used. Pearson correlation analysis and multi-valued regression analysis were employed in analyzing the data. Findings indicate that there is a positive significance between students’ extroversion and relevance judgment, positing of new ideas, time as a motivating factor, and effort to seek out information. A similar indication was observed between interpolation of experience and time slated for searching for information. Generally it could be deduced that there is a significant relationship between personality features and information seeking behavior of graduate students.