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Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a viral hemorrhagic fever that affects humans and other primates. It is characterized by rapid virus spread in a short period of time. The disease has the potential to spread to many different regions of the world. In this paper, we have developed a modified mathematical model of the Ebola virus, adding the quarantine population as a control strategy. The quarantine population F and parameters ρ3 represent the rate at which individuals enter the quarantine compartment, which is vital in controlling the virus spread within society. The conformable derivatives have been applied to the modified model to observe the behavior of individuals for fractional derivative values between 0.7 and 1. For a modified model, the threshold parameter (R0) has been determined using the Next-Generation Matrix (NGM) method. We have checked local and global stability at a disease-free equilibrium point using Routh-Herwitz (RH) criteria and Castillo-Chavez, respectively. Numerical results obtained through the Fourth-Order Runge Kutta Method (RK4) demonstrate, a decrease in the virus transmission rate after following the implementation of the quarantine strategy.

In this analysis, Sutterby fluid model over a curved surface is considered. The main mechanisms that contribute to the improvement of the convection characteristics of the nanofluid are categorized as Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The radiation and slip mechanism have been studied at curved stretchable surface. The suction/injection impacts also studied. The partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations through transformations.The numerical solution of the specified mathematical model is obtained using the built-in bvp4c tool in MATLAB. The effects of various parameters related to the system of ordinary differential equations are illustrated in the graphs. The influence of some intended parameters through the physical quantities are presented through tabular form.

In this research, we explore the flow dynamics of micropolar Casson fluids over curved surfaces, while incorporating prescribed heat and surface fluxes, as well as heat generation effects. By applying similarity transformation to the governing model, we derive individual differential equations which are then reduced to general differential equations. This transformation yields a mathematical structure conducive to problem analysis. Through the use of numerical methods, we solve ordinary differential equations to investigate the fluid dynamics and heat transfer phenomena in this specific flow configuration. The main aim of this study is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the intricate behavior displayed by micropolar Casson fluids on curved surfaces under the influence of prescribed heat and surface fluxes, along with heat generation. By employing numerical methods, this study aims to contribute to the advancement of theoretical understanding by addressing the complex interactions between fluid dynamics and thermal properties.

Objective: To compare different factors in patients harming themselves with serious methods with or without suicidal intent in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Sep 2018 to Aug 2020. Methodology: All patients who were admitted to medical, surgical or psychiatry wards of the hospital after an episode of selfharm were included in the study. Detailed history and mental state examination were carried out on all the patients by a consultant psychiatrist or post-graduate trainee in psychiatry. Methods of self-harm were assessed in all the patients, and relevant socio-demographic factors were studied. Results: Out of 350 patients who were admitted with self-harm in the hospital during the study period and consented to be included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups for comparison: 189(54%) did not use any serious methods, while 161(46%) used serious methods and expressed an intent to end their lives. Cutting (80 patients, 22.8%) was the most common method of self-harm among patients included in the study, followed by overdose of prescribed medication (59 patients, 16.8%). The presence of major mental illness and substance use were found statistically significantly more in patients who used serious methods of self-harm and intent to end their lives (p-value

The limitations in the available reinforcing methods have accompanied the increasing popularity of 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP). Incorporating steel fibers as reinforcement is a promising approach to overcome these limitations. However, the impact of the printing process on the alignment of these fibers is not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this research is to quantitatively analyze the distribution of steel fiber alignment in 3D printed concrete. To achieve this, digital image analysis was employed to assess the influence of nozzle diameter, print speed, and fiber content on fiber alignment in both mold-cast and 3D-printed samples. UHPC matrix without fiber addition and fiber reinforced UHPC composites with brass-coated steel fiber contents of 1.5% and 3% by volume fraction were printed. Furthermore, Material nozzles ranging from 10 mm to 40 mm in size were employed and printing speeds of 15, 25, 35, and 45 mm/s were adjusted. Subsequently, the study examined the implications of fiber alignment on the hardened performance of printed specimens and compared them with conventionally mold-cast samples. The findings of the study demonstrated that increasing the fiber content and using smaller diameter nozzles during the printing procedure led to significant improvements in fiber orientation along the printing direction. As a result, the mechanical performance of the printed samples showed a substantial enhancement compared to the specimens produced through mold casting, primarily due to the improved fiber alignment.

The study focuses on the dynamic properties of models describing the flow of couples' micropolar-Casson-Sutterby fluids over an exponentially curved sheet. The study takes into account a low Reynolds number, magnetic field effects, and chemical reactions. By employing boundary layer approximations, the governing general equations are reduced to partial differential equations. Subsequent appropriate transformations simplify the motion, micropolar, and energy equations into a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which can be numerically elucidated using the bvp4c function in MATLAB. The study reveals that as the material constants approach zero, the flow of micropolar fluids becomes Newtonian fluids. The fluid velocity gradually increases due to the enhancement in the Sutterby fluid factor, leading to heightened fluid shear thinning and increased fluid velocity. The results can be analyzed numerically and graphically and are accompanied by a physical explanation of various parameters. The velocity exhibited a declining trend due to an increase in the Casson fluid factor. This was caused by the enrichment of fluid viscosity with higher values of the custom fluid factor, ultimately resulting in a reduction in the fluid velocity. Increasing the values of the micropolar fluid factor resulted in diminishing velocity curves.

In the current study, second-grade micropolar nanofluid flow past an exponential curved Riga sheet in the presence of Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion is studied. The slip impacts are considered. The model of governing equations in PDE’s (Partial Differential Equations) form is formulated because of the boundary layer approximation. The suitable transformations of similarity variables are defined to implement the approach of Lie symmetry method to change the set of formulated PDE’s into ODE’s. Then bvp4c scheme is adopted to numerically describe the dimensionless expressions of ODE’s. The influences of involving physical factors on the velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration distributions are plotted with the help of graphical figures. Numerical findings of involved parametric impacts against physically interested quantities which are skin friction, couple stress, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are comprehensively described in tabular format. A comparison with the literature work is also conducted to check the validity of modeled problem. The values of velocity are found to be diminishing by an increment of second-grade parameter. The values of shear thickening increased and fluid viscosity enlarged but the increment of second-grade parameter ultimately fluid velocity reduced at Riga stretching curved sheet.

Abstract A steady flow of Maxwell Sutterby fluid is considered over a stretchable cylinder. The magnetic Reynolds number is considered very high and induced magnetic and electric fields are applied on the fluid flow. Joule heating and radiation impacts are studied under the temperature-dependent properties of the liquid. Having the above assumptions, the mathematical model has been evolving via differential equations. The differential equations are renovated in the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations using the appropriate transformations. The numerical results have been developed employing numerical techniques on the ordinary differential equations. The impact of involving physical factors on velocity, induced magneto hydrodynamic, and temperature function is debated in graphical and tabular form. The velocity profile is boosted by thicker momentum boundary layers, which are caused by higher values of the magnetic field factor. So, the fluid flow becomes higher velocity due to enlarging values of the magnetic field factor. Heat transfer factor and friction at surface factor boosted up for increment of $${\gamma }_{0}$$ γ 0 (Magnetic field factor). The $${\gamma }_{0}$$ γ 0 (Magnetic field factor) is larger which better-quality of heat transfer at surface and also offered the results of friction factor boosting up in both cases of stretching sheet/cylinder. The $${\lambda }_{0}$$ λ 0 (Magnetic Prandtl number) increased which provided better-quality of heat transfer at surface.

Objective: To compare the surgical outcomes in terms of recovery and complications of laparoscopic versus open appendectomy in patients presenting to tertiary care hospitals in Rawalpindi. Study Design: Prospective comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Surgery at Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalpindi, Pakistan from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2022. Methods: Seventy patients with clinically and radiologically confirmed acute appendicitis were segregated by lottery method into two equal groups of 35 each. Patients undergoing open appendectomy (OA) were placed in Group A, those planned for laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) were placed in Group B. Pre and postoperative outcomes, including Alvarado score, operating time, postoperative pain, and hospital stay documented and compared between the groups. Results: A mean age of 28.40 ± 6.73 years in the open appendectomy group and 29.06 ± 9.84 years in the laparoscopic appendectomy group was noted (P=0.745). The mean Alvarado score was 7.29 ± 0.95 in Group A and 6.86 ± 1.16 in Group B (P=0.098). A statistically significant difference was noted in the mean operation time of 67.29 ± 9.67 minutes for open appendectomy versus 38.77 ± 8.67 minutes for laparoscopic appendectomy (P < 0.05). The mean hospital stay was shorter for laparoscopic appendectomy, with 1.51 ± 0.61 days compared to 2.00 ± 0.54 days for open appendectomy (P

Unsteady incompressible Sutterby fluid model is considered. The comparative results of stretching cylinder and sheet have been studied. The induced magnetic field is considered in the presence of thermal slip. Darcy resistance and viscos dissipation impacts have been studied. The thermal conductivity of liquid has considered as variable under the thermal radiation. The governing model of presence study have been developed under boundary layer approximation in term of partial differential equations. The differential equation become dimensionless by means of transformations. The dimensionless system have been solved through numerical procedure. Involving factor of physical influence presented in the form of tabular as well as graphical. Fluid temperature boosted up due to larger values of variable thermal conductivity. Physically, the thermal conductivity of liquid increased as well as variable thermal conductivity liquid enhanced as the temperature of fluid improved. The momentum layer thickness of stretching cylinder achieved mover than stretching sheet. The fluid velocity curves achieved higher thickness for boosting values of Darcy resistant factor. The velocity fluid curves revealed declining by increasing the Sponginess factor. Fluid temperature boosted up due to larger values of Eckert number.

In this study, we considered the flow of a micropolar fluid over a vertical Riga sheet. The non linear stretching sheet is considered. The effects of variable thermal conductivity and radiation on the Riga sheet are taken into account. Additionally, we also debated the Brownian motion and thermophoretic. To simplify the partial differential equations, we converted them into dimensionless ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity variables and solved dimensionless system numerically using the bvp4c function. The impact of some intended parameters on the dimensionless velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration distributions graphically are presented and the numerical outcomes of physical quantities like skin friction, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and couple stress have been presented in tabular form. The micropolar parameter increased which increased the couple stress and friction at surface. Because, the fluid rotation increased which increased friction at surface and also increased the couple stress. The transfer of mass decayed and transfer of heat heightened by larger values of variable thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity improved which improved the heat transfer phenomena, so transfer of heat at surface becomes larger while also reducing the transfer of mass.

The incompressible two-dimensional steady flow of Sutterby fluid over a stretching cylinder is taken into account. The magnetic Reynolds number is not deliberated low in the present analysis. Radiation and variable thermal conductivity are considered to debate the impact on the cylindrical surface. The Dufour and Soret impacts are considered on the cylinder. The mathematical model is settled by employing boundary layer approximations in the form of differential equations. The system of differential equations becomes dimensionless using suitable transformations. The dimensionless nonlinear differential equations are solved through a numerical scheme(bvp4c technique). The flow parameters of physical effects on the velocity, temperature, heat transfer rate, and friction between surface and liquid are presented in tabular as well as graphical form. The velocity function declined by improving the values of the Sponginess parameter. The fluid temperature is reduced by increment in curvature parameter.

The two-dimensional flow of Sutterby-Casson fluid flow over an exponentially curved sheet is considered. Incompressible and steady flow is taken into account. The magnetic and electric fields are ignored due to the small Reynolds number in the flow assumptions. Magnetic and chemical dipoles are considered at stretchable curved sheet. Heat generation and slip phenomena have been considered in the present analysis. The governing models of the above assumptions are reduced by implementing the boundary layer approximations and gained nonlinear coupled differential equations. The couple differential equation system is reduced in a dimensionless system (ordinary differential equations) using appropriate transformations. The dimensionless system is solved through a numerical scheme due to finding the results involving physical factors. The results are highlighted in graphs and as well as tables. Concentration achieved higher values by enlargement in the Brownian factor. The movement of particles becomes faster due to the enlargement of the Brownian factor, ultimately increment in concentration. Energy activation factor values enlarged which gained lesser values of Nusselt factor and mass transfer factor while friction factor remains constant. The reaction of chemical factor impact on mass transfer, friction factor, and heat transfer have been debated.

In this analysis, we considered the steady flow of Jeffrey's fluid over an exponential stretching Riga curved surface. The impacts of Soret and Dufour are considered in the present analysis. Using the above assumptions, we developed the mathematical model in differential form (PDEs) using boundary layer approximations. The differential model (PDEs) is converted into a dimensionless system (ODEs) by implementing suitable transformations. The dimensionless system of differential equations is solved through the numerical technique bvp4c in Matlab software packages. The effects of governing physical parameters involving in the mathematical model have been presented in tabular and graphical form. Velocity function reported lesser values due to boosting values of modified Hartmann number. The velocity curves boosted due to improving values of curvature. The surface turn out to be flat, so momentum thickness gradually reduced.

The three-dimensional flow of non-Newtonian fluid over slendering stretching sheet is taken into account. The effects of a radiative and chemical reaction using the heat source/sink non uniformly considered in the present model. The Buongiorno model is applied to the fluid flow region. The heat and mass transfer phenomena have been applied to analyze the influence of heat generation. The governing model has been developed using the flow assumptions such as boundary layer approximations in terms of partial differential equations. The differential equations become dimensionless after implementing the transformations. The dimensionless system is further solved through a numerical scheme using the Matlab Software packages. The results of physical factors are deliberated through graphs as well as tables. The temperature curves improved due to higher values of heat generation. The heat generation improved due to the kinetic energy increase as well as the movement of particles enhanced due to the temperature increase. Curves of the temperature improved due to higher values of radiation. When the radiation falls on the fluid surface, it improved the temperature of the liquid because hot particles strike the cool particles of fluid which improved the temperature of the liquid.

Incompressible two dimensional steady flow of Sutterby fluid over a nonlinear stretching cylinder. The fluid properties are variable under the Buongiorno model of nanofluid. The effect of induced magnetic field applied on the sutterby fluid using the heat generation and chemical reaction. The nonlinear radiative with thermal and concentration slip have been studied. Under the above expectations, the mathematical model established using the governing equations. These equations are become partial differential equations by means of boundary layer approximation. The partial differential equations reduced in the form of ordinary differential equations by implementing the transformations. The dimensionless system solved through numerical approach. The impression of governing physical parameters are reported in graphically as well as tabular form. The temperature of fluid boosted up due to larger values of variable thermal conductivity. As the thermal conductivity of liquid enhanced due to thermal conductivity increasing which increased the fluid temperature. The fluid temperature enlarged due to increment of Brownian motion. Physically, the fluid temperature boosted for different values of Brownian motion because increment of Brownian motion means increment in kinematic energy which improved the fluid temperature.

In this analysis, Sutterby nanofluid flow with an induced magnetic field at a nonlinear stretching cylinder is deliberated. The effects of variable thermal conductivity, Darcy resistance, and viscous dissipation are discussed. Thermal radiation and chemical reaction are considered to analyze the impact on the nonlinear stretching cylinder. The governing model of the flow problem is developed under the boundary layer approximation in terms of partial differential equations. Partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations by performing the suitable transformations. A numerical structure is applied to explain ordinary differential equations. The impact of each governing physical parameters on the temperature, concentration, skin friction, Sherwood, and Nusselt number is presented in graphs and tabular form. Increment in Prandtl number, which declined the curves of the temperature function. Temperature declined because the Prandtl number declined the thermal thickness as well as reduce the temperature of the fluid. Temperature curves showed improvement as Eckert number values increased because the Eckert number is a ratio of kinetic energy to the specific enthalpy difference between the wall and the fluid. As a result, increasing the Eckert number causes the transformation of kinetic energy into internal energy via work done against viscous fluid stresses.

This paper investigates the seismic performance of prefabricated segmental bridge columns (PSBCs) with hybrid post-tensioned tendons and energy dissipation (ED) bars under cyclic loading. PSBCs with unbonded and hybrid bonded prestressed tendons and columns incorporating ED bars are designed to improve the lateral strength, energy dissipation, and limit the residual drift. The PSBCs under cyclic loading were investigated using the three-dimensional finite element (FE) modeling platform ABAQUS. The FE model was calibrated against experimental results, with an overall error of less than 10%. The seismic performance of the proposed PSBCs was evaluated based on critical parameters, including lateral strength, residual plastic displacement, and the energy dissipation capacity. The results show that bonding the tendons in the plastic hinge region as opposed to the overall bonding along the column leads to a better cyclic performance. The lateral strength, and recentering abilities are further improved by bonding tendons up to 2/3 of the length in the plastic hinge region, along with 100–300 mm in the footing. It was also found that selecting a longitudinal length of ED bars crossing multiple precast segmental joints and having a circumferential spread of 70–90% of core concrete results in a higher bearing capacity and energy dissipation compared to ED bars crossing the single joint.

In this analysis, Sutterby fluid flow of induced magnetic hydrodynamic at a stretchable cylinder is deliberated. The viscous dissipation impacts with temperature-dependent properties are applied on the fluid flow. The governing equations are developed using boundary layer approximation in terms of differential equations. The differential equations are dimensionless by means of suitable transformation. The dimensionless system is elucidated by the numerical procedure. Governing physical parameters influences are offered through graphs as well as tabular form. The curves of the velocity function show to enhance due to an increment in the decay-resistant parameter. The curves of the velocity function increased due to higher values of the magnetic field parameter. The sponginess parameter and velocity have inverse relation presented in graph. Temperature augmented due to increasing values of ε. The variable thermal conductivity and temperature have direct relation. Due to this relation, temperature boosted up by boosting the thermal conductivity.

In the current analysis, steady incompressible Sutterby fluid flows over a stretching cylinder are studied. The influence of variable thermal conductivity is considered in the presence of thermal slip, Darcy resistance, and sponginess. The impact of the induced magnetic field is considered to analyze the results at the cylindrical surface. The governing equations are established as partial differential equations using the boundary layer approximation. Appropriate transformations are used to convert partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The numerical technique, namely (bvp4c), is applied to ordinary differential equations to develop the results. The numerical results, such as heat transfer rate and skin friction, are revealed by tabular form to demonstrate the physical impact of governing factors. The physical impact of governing factors on induced magnetic hydrodynamic, velocity, and temperature profiles is presented through various graphs. The velocity function deteriorated due to the augmentation of the Sutterby fluid parameter.

Abstract In this study, impact of second order slip for Maxwell fluid at vertical exponential stretching sheet is deliberated. Dufour and Soret impact for vertical exponential stretching sheet under nonlinear radiation are deliberated. Thermal and concentration slips with viscous dissipation are taken into account under the Buongiorno’s model. Under the above assumptions, the differential model constructed using the boundary layer approximations using the governing equations. The similarities transformations are introduced which applied the differential model (partial differential equations) and developed the dimensionless differential equations (ordinary differential equations). The dimensionless differential equations are cracked by numerical scheme. The impact of physical parameters are presented by tables and graphs. The curves of fluid velocity enhanced due to increasing the values of velocity slip. Velocity slip is a fluid-boundary interaction in physics. If the velocity slip increased, the fluid velocity profile would eventually become increasing. Temperature curves declined by improving values of $${K}_{1}$$ K 1 . The thermal thickness reduced when improved the values of $${K}_{1}$$ K 1 .

In this paper, the steady flow of an incompressible hybrid Casson nanofluid over a vertical permeable exponential stretching sheet is considered. The influence of the induced magnetic field is investigated. The influence of heat production and nonlinear radiation on slip effects is studied. Typically, three hybrid nanofluidic models are presented in this paper, namely: Xue, Yamada-Ota, and Tiwari Das. A study of a single-walled carbon nanotube and a multi-walled carbon nanotube with base fluid water is also provided. The governing equations are developed under flow assumptions in the form of partial differential equations by using boundary layer approximations. Using the appropriate transformations, partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations. The ordinary differential equations are solved by the fifth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg approach. Impacts concerning physical parameters are revealed by graphs and numerical values through tables. Temperature profile increases as concentration of solid nanoparticles increases. Because the thermal conductivity of the fluid is enhanced due to an increment in solid nanoparticles, which enhanced the temperature of the magneto-Casson hybrid nanofluid. The skin friction achieved higher values in the Yamada-Ota model of hybrid nanofluid as compared to the Xue model and Tiwari Das model. The results of this study show the Yamada-Ota model achieved a higher heat transfer rate than the Xue and Tiwari Das models of hybrid nanofluid.

Objective: To compare depression, anxiety, and stress amongst caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Affective Disorder Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Psychiatry Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Nov 2021 Methodology: One hundred caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Affective Disorder took part in the study. The “Depression Anxiety Stress Scales” scale assessed depression, anxiety and stress. The difference in both groups was checked by the chi-square test. Results: One hundred caregivers (46 caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia and 54 caregivers of patients with the bipolar affective disorder) were recruited. Among caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia, 29(63%) had significant depression, 33(71%) had anxiety, and an equal proportion had stress. Of those who cared for patients with bipolar affective disorder,16(29.6 %) had depression, 29(53.7 %) had anxiety, and 25(46.29%) had stress. Depression, anxiety, and stress among caregivers had a statistically significant association with clinical diagnosis in our target population (p-valve 0.002, 0.033, 0.007), respectively. Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly higher among caregivers of patients with Schizophrenia as compared to caregivers of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Our findings have identified a significant need for supporting caregivers of patients with serious mental illness.

Objective: To consider adverse childhood experiences in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan with depressive disorder. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Sep 2018 to Aug 2020. Methodology: All the patients who were admitted to the psychiatry ward of the hospital after being diagnosed with depression were included in the study. Detailed history and mental state examination were carried out on all patients by a psychiatrist, and the adverse childhood experience questionnaire was administered. Results: Out of 400 patients admitted with a diagnosis of depressive episode in the hospital during the study period, 59(14.75%) were males, and 341(85.25%) were females. The mean age of the study participants was 39.49±8.926 years. 153(38.25%) did not have significant adverse childhood experiences, while 247(61.75%) had significant adverse childhood experiences. The severity of depressive episodes and substance use had a statistically significant relationship with the presence of significant adverse childhood experiences in our study participants (p-value

In this analysis, the generalized Fourier and Fick's law for Second-grade fluid flow at a slendering vertical Riga sheet is examined along with thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. Boundary layer approximations in terms of PDE's (Partial Differential Equations) are used to build the mathematical model. An appropriate transformation has been developed by using the Lie symmetry method. PDE's (Partial Differential Equations) are transformed into ODE's (Ordinary Differential Equations) by implementing the suitable transformation. A numerical method called bvp4c is used to explain the dimensionless system (ODE's). Graphs and tables are used to interpret the impact of the significant physical parameters. The curves of temperature function declined due to enchanting the values of the thermophoresis Parameter. The temperature is produced at a low level due to enchanting the values of thermophoresis because this force transports burn at a low 10 μm diameter so the temperature becomes lessor. Increments of thermophoresis parameter which enhanced the values of concentration Function. As the concentration boundary layer increased which declined the mass transfer due increment in thermophoresis. The curves of temperature function are increasing due to enhancing the values of the Brownian parameter because addition in the Brownian motion, improved the movement of particles ultimately increasing the kinematic energy of fluid which improved the heat transfer phenomena. Increments of Brownian parameter which declined the values of concentration function. Physically, the kinematic energy improved which declined the mass transfer rate near the surface.

The viscoelastic fluid flow over a non linear stretching porous sheet is considered in this analysis. The case of suction and injection is also discuused. The effects of thermophoresis and brownain motion with viscous dissipation is taken into account. Under the flow assumptions, boundary layer approximation applied on the mathematical model and developed the partial differential equations. The similarity variable is applied on the partial differential equations which converted into ordinary differential equations. The dimensionless system further solved through numerical technique bvp4c method. The results of the current problem achieved after solving the problem which presented through graphs and table. Influence of numerous physical parameters on velocity function, concentration function and temperature function are manipulated through graphs. The tabular results are schemed to display skin friction and local Nusselt number. The higher values of Nb which enhanced the velocity profile but declines velocity profile due to higher values of Ec. The thermal thickness enhances due larger values of γ and Pr but thermal thickness declines due to higher values of Ec and Nt. The concentration profile enhances due to enhancing the values of Ec and Pr but concentration profile declines due to increasing the values of Nt. Nusselt number enhaced due to higher values of Ec,Sc and Nt but declines of higher values of Pr.

Objective: To study the association of sociodemographic factors and Vitamin D levels with the severity of depressive symptoms in patients with depression. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Psychiatry Department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Nov 2021. Methodology: This study included all the patients diagnosed with depression per ICD 10 criteria by the consultant psychiatrist. Depression was further categorized in severity using Beck’s Depression Inventory. Vitamin D levels were sent to all the patients diagnosed with depression in the laboratory of our hospital. The cut-off score of less than 50nmol/l was taken as low vitamin levels. Results: Out of 103 patients studied, 23(22.3%) had mild, 49(47.6%) had moderate, and 31(30.1%) had severe depression. In severely depressed patients, 19(61.3%) were above 50 years of age, 12(38.7%) had no formal education, and 21(67.7%) had low vitamin D levels. Among mildly depressed patients, 5(21.7%) were above 50 years of age, 2(8.7%) had no formal education,and 17(73.9) had low vitamin D levels. We found that vitamin D levels, age of the patient, and level of education had a statistically significant relationship with the severity of depression, (p-valve less than 0.05). Conclusions: The level of vitamin D, age, and the level of education had a significant association in the target population with the severity of depressive symptoms.

In this analysis, the modified nanofluid flow at a nonlinear stretching Riga plate is considered. The impacts of variable viscosity are considered. The modified nanofluid is the extended version of the hybrid nanofluid. This is the mixture of three nanoparticle and base fluid. The heat transfer rate depends on the thermal conductivity because heat transfer rate and thermal conductivity directly proportion which provided in the literature. The developed model solved through numerical technique. The basic achievement of this analysis is to explore about the heat transfer improvement that gains higher as compared to Hybrid nanofluid and nanofluid, (see Fig. 1). Heat transfer properties and modified nanofluid show exciting behavior which deserve further study on the modified nanofluid. The ϕ3 disperse the energy in the shape of heat than the mixture of more nanoparticles may more exert energy in the form of heat.

The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaves’ extract of Mangifera indica (M. indica) and their antibacterial efficacy against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) in Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala). The prepared M. indica mediated silver nanoparticles (Mi-AgNPs) were found to be polycrystalline in nature, spherical in shapes with average size of 62 ± 13 nm. C. mrigala (n = ±15/group) were divided into six groups i.e., G1: control, G2: A. hydrophila challenged, G3: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.01 mg/L), G4: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.05 mg/L), G5: A. hydrophila challenged + Mi-AgNPs (0.1 mg/L) and G6: A. hydrophila challenged + M. indica extract (0.1 mg/L). Serum biochemical, hematological, histological and oxidative biomarkers were evaluated after 15 days of treatment. The liver enzyme activities, serum proteins, hematological parameters and oxidative stress markers were found to be altered in the challenged fish but showed retrieval effects with Mi-AgNPs treatment. The histological analysis of liver, gills and kidney of the challenged fish also showed regaining effects following Mi-AgNPs treatment. A CFU assay from muscle tissue provided quantitative data that Mi-AgNPs can hinder the bacterial proliferation in challenged fish. The findings of this work suggest that M. indica based silver nanoparticles can be promising candidates for the control and treatment of microbial infections in aquaculture.

The computational analysis of the second-order micropolar stagnation point flow of nanofluid over an exponentially permeable stretching sheet is considered. The freestream velocity with the thermal slip effects is taken into account in this analysis. This model is developed on the basis of flow assumptions and reduced into partial differential equations before applying the boundary layer approximations. The governing equations as a mathematical model are simplified with the help of suitable transformations. The differential system is further solved by using the bvp4c. Both graphs and tables are used to report observations. The skin friction and Nusselt number are reported for both weak and strong concentrations. The magnitude of skin friction is noticed greater for strong concentration in comparison with weak concentration. Subject to couple stress, the values of skin friction are relatively high for the case of weak concentration in comparison with strong concentration. Micropolar profile admit the direct relation toward micropolar parameter and micro-gyration parameter. Both Sherwood number and Nusselt number admits higher values for strong concentration as compared to weak concentration.

In this study, heat transfer of CNTs base micropolar fluid flow over a Riga plate. The effects of thermal slip and velocity slip considred to analyze at Riga plate. The compatible model to deals with the impacts of two nanoparticles like SWCNT and MWCNT within the base fluid pure water. Under the considrertion, we developed the mathematical model and applied the boundary layer approximation on the Navier Stokes equations. the dimensionless model have been solve through numerical methos via Maple Software. The involving dimensionless parameters effects are presented in the form of tables and graphs. Surpringly, the best achievement in the heat transfer rate and boundary layer thickness gain by MWCNT as compared to SWCNT.

We investigated the influence of unsteady bioconvection nanomaterial micropolar fluid flow over exponentially stretching surface under the multi slip conditions. Micro organisms are considered in the current investigations. The mathematical model has been constructed under the assumption of fluid flow over a stretching sheet. Using the suitable similarity transformations, the dimensionless system gained through the partial differential equations. The dimensionless system solved analytically. The physical parameter effects have been highlighted through graphs. Physical quantities like as skin fraction, Nusselt number and local microorganisms flux highlighted in the graphs. Surprisingly, that the graph of the skin friction decline, while Nusselt and microorganism number is rising for higher values of stretching parameter.

This research includes the study of laminar, two dimensional boundary layer flow of MHD Maxwell nanofluid over a vertically moving flat porous plate. The concentration, thermal buoyancy effects and Brownian motion have significant importance in this work. We have considered heat absorbing fluid with viscous dissipation and radiation effects. We have applied appropriate similarity variables to reduce the governing equations into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations. Simplified form of coupled nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations is solved numerically through numerical package with accuracy. The results are discussed through graphs and tables.

Two dimensional Maxwell micropolar fluid flow over a stretching surface is considered in the current analysis. We have highlighted the impacts of viscoelasticity to analyze the flow behavior under the assumptions of nanomaterial over a stretching surface. We also considered the effects of MHD and slip effects for both suction/injection cases. The micropolar non Newtonian nanofluid flow has been presumed in the steady case. Using the boundary layer assumptions and the micro-interia theory for Maxwell nano fluid we have presented the two dimensional momentum equations. This system has become dimensionless when we applied the similarity transformations. The dimensionless system has solved to find the effects of flow behavior through numerical scheme bvp4c method. The physical dimensionless parameters which involved in the flow assumptions are highlighted through graphs and tables. We discussed the skin friction and heat transfer rate as the surface. Some meaningful results are developed which may be helpful in the field of engineering and science. We have been noted that with the increase of δm,σsandρs/ρf, the nondimensional velocity f′(η) increases while temperature θ(η) gives the decline behavior for higher values of δm,σsandρs/ρf. Surprisingly, the skin friction and heat transfer rate at the surface are both increases for enhancing ϕ.

Due to the complexity of underground environmental conditions and operational incidents, advanced and accurate monitoring of the underground metro shield tunnel structures is crucial for maintenance and the prevention of mishaps. In the past few decades, numerous deep learning-based damage identification studies have been conducted on aboveground civil infrastructure. However, a few studies have been conducted for underground metro shield tunnels. This paper presents a deep learning-based damage identification study for underground metro shield tunnels. Based on previous experimental studies, a numerical model of a metro tunnel was utilized, and the vibration data obtained from the model under a moving load analysis was used for the evaluation. An existing deep auto-encoder (DAE) that can support deep neural networks was utilized to detect structural damage accurately by incorporating raw vibration signals. The dynamic analysis of a metro tunnel FEM model was conducted with different severity levels of the damage at different locations and elements on the structure. In addition, root mean square (RMS) was used to locate the damage at the different locations in the model. The results were compared under different schemes of white noise, varying levels of damage, and an intact state. To test the applicability of the proposed framework on a small dataset, the approach was also utilized to investigate the damage in a simply supported beam and compared with two deep learning-based methods (SVM and LSTM). The results show that the proposed DAE-based framework is feasible and efficient for the damage identification, damage size evaluation, and damage localization of the underground metro shield tunnel and a simply supported beam with comparison of two deep models.

The Brownian and thermophoresis motion effects for the Newtonain nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching cylinder is taken into account in this analysis. The stagnation flow with chemical reaction effects analyzed for Newtonain nanofluid model. Flow is taken along the axial direction and developed the boundary layer approximation. Under the flow assumptions, mathematical model developed through Navier Stoke equations by means of boundary layer approximations. The developed model in terms of partial differential equations achieved by using the boundary layer approximations on the Navier Stoke equations. Furthermore, partial differential equations transformed into ordinary differential equations after applying the similarity variable. The achieved ordinary differential equations are solved through numerical procedure namely bvp4c technique. The results are achieved after solving the differential equations and involing physical parameters effects are presented in term of tabular as well as graphicals. By increasing prandtl number as well as the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases. Effect of Re which improve the velocity field and decrease the temperature and concentration profile.

The MHD two dimensional boundary layer flow of Casson nanofluid on an exponential stretching/shrinking sheet is considered with effects of radiation parameter, nanoparticles volume fractions (i.e. Fe 3 O 4 and Ti 6 Al 4 V ) and thermal convective boundary condition. The partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformations. The solutions of the transferred equations are achieved numerically with the help of shooting technique in Maple software. At different ranges of involved physical parameters, triple solutions are found. Therefore, stability analysis is performed by bvp4c in MATLAB to find the stable and physically reliable solution. Impacts of the physical parameter are presented through graphs and tables. Mainly, it is found that an increase in Casson and suction parameters decrease the corresponding velocity profiles while increase in Prandtl number, stretching/shrinking, and suction parameter decrease the temperature profiles. Furthermore, an increase in nanoparticles volumetric fraction, radiation and magnetic parameters as well as Biot number increase the temperature profiles and their thermal boundary layer thicknesses.

In this study we investigated double diffusional Catteneo-Christov heat flux model to understand mass and heat transfer of liquid mix Casson nanofluid discharged over a curved shrinking/stretching channel. To govern such flow, a evenly charged force is applied in the vertical direction to the flow stream. Intensities of thermal and concentration fluxes are monitored by involving relaxations in Fourier's law. In the midst of mathematical modelling of our envisaged flow problem, we established a structure of complex partial differential equations embedded with sundry parameters. Using variable conversion procedure in vogue, these equations are transformed into simpler version of order differential equations. Numerical simulation is completed through MATLAB solver bvp4c by setting the default tolerance. The solver is applied recursively to achieve the desired accuracy in picking the best blend of the assorted parameters we entrenched in the system. We noticed thermal and concentration relaxations caused the temperature and concentration profiles to reduce, but thermophoresis enhances both fluxes. Casson and magnetic indicator parameters are responsible for slowing down the speed of the flow in case of stretching channels, moreover, adding amounts of these parameters produced less skin friction. Stretching/Shrinking and curvature of the bent channel played significant roles in behavioral modifications of various profiles and are therefore useful for future course of action.

The present study investigated the biomedical potential of eco-friendly Citrullus colocynthis-mediated silver nanoparticles (Cc-AgNPs). The antibacterial efficacy of Cc-AgNPs was evaluated against two multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antiproliferative and antilipidemic performance of the prepared particles was determined against the MCF7 cell line, a breast cancer cell line. The in vitro antibacterial assay revealed that Cc-AgNPs induced dose-dependent bactericidal activity, as a considerable increase in the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was noted at higher concentrations. Reduced proliferation, migration, spheroid size, and colony formation exhibited the substantial antiproliferative potential of Cc-AgNPs against MCF7 cells. Significant alterations in the expression of cell surface markers, apoptosis, and cell proliferation genes further confirmed the antiproliferative impact of Cc-AgNPs. Moreover, Cc-AgNPs exhibited antilipidemic activity by reducing cellular cholesterol and triglyceride levels and regulating key genes involved in lipogenesis. In conclusion, these results propose that Cc-AgNPs can be employed as a potent tool for future antibacterial and anticancer applications

Structural materials sustainability is gaining popularity across the globe at present. Reusing natural resources, building, demolition debris, and solid waste are the most apparent tools to make construction more environmentally friendly. Traditional concrete is believed to be less durable, stronger, environmentally friendly, and socially and commercially feasible than industrial waste concrete. The evolution of non-destructive testing (NDT) across time has not been investigated in depth by researchers. An experimental study was carried out to propose the use of non-destructive mechanisms that would enable us to assess concrete’s compressive strength without causing destruction. Varying quantities of industrial waste (coal bottom ash (CBA) and waste glass sludge (WGS)) were incorporated to cast concrete prisms (150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm). The results obtained helped us to establish relationships between the compressive strength of concrete and the Schmidt hammer rebound value, as well as the ultrasonic pulse velocities. Microstructural analysis showed that incorporating 10% of CBA and WGS improved the porosity of concrete specimens, which shows the applicability of these industrial wastes as partial cement replacements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed traces of calcium alumino-silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), portlandite and C-S-H, which indicates the binder characteristics of CBA and WGS. The concept of the response surface approach (RSM) for optimizing cement and industrial waste substitution was validated by the polynomial work expectation. The model was statistically significant when the fluctuation of ANOVA was analyzed using a p value with a significance level of 0.05. The study results show that the usage of 15% CBA and 10% WGS as a cementitious additive and cement replacement has the potential to increase the strength of concrete significantly.

Executing the obligation of strengthened concrete is essential in investigating load exchanges from concrete to the inner reinforcing bar. The bond–displacement conduct and extreme pullout quality for pullout samples are essential information related to the durability of RC structures. The slip in the interface is basically due to a contrast in stresses between concrete and reinforcement. This distinction brings about the start of the split in encompassing concrete. This study examined the simple pullout solid 3D cylinder model strengthened by a reinforced steel bar, considered a line element for bond–slip conduct. The non-linear finite element model utilizing ANSYS software was established to concentrate on the concrete and steel reinforcement bond. Material nonlinearity because of cracking, crushing of concrete, and the steel reinforcing bar’s yielding were investigated. Test results showed that: a prediction model for early-age bond stress–slip relationship between steel bars and concrete was proposed based on modeling, which showed good agreement with test results. The precision of this model is explored by contrasting the finite element numerical analysis and that anticipated from test consequences of pullout examples. Immense homogeneity between the model and test results was found. This study could provide more accurate bond properties for structural analysis and design.

Heat and mass transfer study of hybrid nanomaterial Casson fluid with time-dependent flow over a vertical Riga sheet was deliberated under the stagnation region. In the presence of the Riga sheet in fluid flow models, this formulation was utilized to introduce Lorentz forces into the system. We considered the three models of hybrid nanomaterial fluid flow: namely, Yamada Ota, Tiwari Das, and Xue models. Two different nanoparticles, namely, SWCNT and MWCNT under base fluid (water) were studied. Under the flow suppositions, a mathematical model was settled using boundary layer approximations in terms of PDEs (partial differential equations). The system of PDEs (partial differential equations) was reduced into ODEs (ordinary differential equations) after applying suitable transformations. The reduced system, in terms of ODEs (ordinary differential equations), was solved by a numerical scheme, namely, the bvp4c method. The inspiration of the physical parameters is presented through graphs and tables. The curves of the velocity function deteriorated due to higher values of M. The Hartmann number is a ratio of electric force to viscous force. The electric forces increased due to higher values of the modified Hartmann number, ultimately declining the velocity function. The skin friction was reduced due to an incremental in ϖ, while the Nusselt number raised with higher values of ϖ. Physically, the Eckert number increased, which improved kinetic energy and, as a result, skin friction declined. The heat transfer rate increased as kinetic energy increased, and the Eckert number increased. The skin friction reduced due to physical enhancement of β1, the shear thinning was enhanced which reduced the skin friction.

The heat and mass transfer of the unsteady flow of a micropolar fluid over a curved stretching surface was considered in this study. The Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects were explored in this analysis. The effects of suction/injection cases on the curved surface were discussed. Under flow assumptions, a mathematical model was designed employing boundary layer approximations using partial differential equations. A suitable transformation was developed using the lie symmetry method. Partial differential equations were transformed into ordinary differential equations by suitable transformations. The dimensionless system was elucidated through a numerical technique, namely bvp4c. The involved physical parameters’ influences are described in the form of graphs as well as numerical results in the form of tables. Our current work is helpful in the engineering and industrial fields. The unsteadiness parameter increases which Nusselt number at increased but concentrations declined. The thermophoresis parameter increases when increasing the Nusselt number because the small number of nanoparticles enhances the heat transfer rate. The temperature profile declined due to increasing values of unsteadiness parameter for both cases of suction and injection cases.

The stagnation point flow of unsteady compressible Casson hybrid nanofluid flow over a vertical stretching sheet was analyzed. The comparative study of Yamada Ota, Tiwari Das, and Xue hybrid nanofluid models was performed. The Lorentz force was applied normal to flow directions. The effect of nonlinear radiation was studied. We considered the SWCNT (signal wall carbon nanotube) and MWCNT (multi-wall carbon nanotube) with base liquid (water). Under the flow suppositions, a mathematical model was settled by means of boundary layer approximations in terms of partial differential equations. The suitable transformation was developed by using the lie symmetry method. Partial differential equations were transformed into ordinary differential equations by suitable transformations. The dimensionless system was elucidated through a numerical technique named bvp4c. The impacts of pertinent flow parameters on skin friction, Nusselt number, and temperature and velocity distributions were depicted through tabular form as well as graphical form. In this study, the Yamada Ota model achieved a higher heat transfer rate compared to the Tiwari Das and Xue hybrid nanofluid models. The skin friction (CfxRe−1/2) increased and temperature gradient (NuxRe−1/2) declined due to the increment of solid nanoparticle concentration (ϕ2). Physically, skin friction increased because the higher values of the solid nanoparticles increased resistance to the fluid motion.

In this analysis, we considered a comparative study of micropolar Casson nanofluid flow on a vertical nonlinear Riga stretching sheet. Effects of thermal and velocity slip are considered under thermophoresis and Brownian motions. Select nonlinear PDEs transformed into nonlinear coupled ODEs using the set of suitable transformations. The nonlinear coupled ODEs are solved through a numerical technique along with the Runge–Kutta 4th-order scheme. The impacts of pertinent flow parameters on skin friction, Nusselt number, temperature, and velocity distributions are depicted through tabular and graphical form. Brownian motion and the magnitude of the Sherwood number have opposite performances; likewise, the Nusselt number and Brownian motion also have opposite performances. The Sherwood number and Nusselt number succeeded with higher values. The increment of the Casson fluid parameter declined with fluid velocity, which shows that thickness is reduced due to the increment of the Casson fluid parameter. Fluid velocity distribution curves show increasing behavior due to increments of the micropolar parameter.

A numerical investigation of three-dimensional hybrid nanomaterial micropolar fluid flow across an exponentially stretched sheet is performed. Recognized similarity transformations are adopted to convert governing equations from PDEs into the set ODEs. The dimensionless system is settled by the operating numerical approach bvp4c. The impacts of the nanoparticle volume fraction, dimensionless viscosity ratio, stretching ratio parameter, and dimensionless constant on fluid velocity, micropolar angular velocity, fluid temperature, and skin friction coefficient in both x-direction and y-direction are inspected. Graphical outcomes are shown to predict the features of the concerned parameters into the current problem. These results are vital in the future in the branches of technology and industry. The micropolar function Rη increases for higher values of the micropolar parameter and nanoparticle concentration. Micropolar function Rη declines for higher values of the micropolar parameter and nanoparticle concentration. Temperature function is enhanced for higher values of solid nanoparticle concentration. Temperature function declines for higher values of the micropolar parameter. The range of the physical parameters are presented as: 0.005<ϕ2<0.09, Pr=6.2, 0

Theoretical and numerical investigation of the fluctuating mixed convection of hybrid nanofluid flow over a vertical Riga wedge is considered in this analysis. Two kinds of solid nanoparticles with base fluid at vertical Riga wedge is studied. Thermal and velocity slip impacts on vertical Riga wedge are investigated in the current study. We discussed both the unsteady and steady cases. The water has low thermal conductivity. We added the nanoparticle Cu and A l 2 O 3 which increases the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. This phenomena increase the heat transfer rate at the surface Riga plate. Partial differential equations are reduced into an ordinary differential equation by means of dimensionless similarity variables. The resulting ordinary differential equations are further solved through numerical and perturbation methods. Thickness of momentum boundary layer is reduced because of the solid nanoparticle rises in all cases of ξ = 0 , ( 2 i ξ ) 0 , ( 2 i ξ ) 1 and ( 2 i ξ ) n . Our results are more agreeing with the decay results of Bachok et al. and Yacob et al. when rest of the physical parameters dimensions.

The numerical analysis for two-dimensional oblique stagnation point flow with the magnetohydrodynamic effects of an incompressible unsteady Jeffrey fluid model caused by an oscillatory and stretching sheet has been presented in this article. The Brownian motion and thermophoresis impacts are taken into consideration. The similarity transformation technique is implemented on the governing partial differential equations of the Jeffrey fluid model to obtain a set of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations and then these resulting equations are numerically computed with the help of BVP-Maple programming. The variation in the behavior of velocity, temperature, and concentration profile influenced by the governing parameters, has been explicitly explored and displayed through graphs. The numerical results are highlighted in tabular form and through these outcomes, the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number have been investigated. These physical quantities rise for gradually increasing the Hartmann number and ratio of relaxation to retardation time. However, these reduce for gradually growing Jeffrey fluid parameter.

The concerned problem is dedicated to study stagnation point flow of MHD micropolar nanomaterial fluid over a circular cylinder having sinusoidal radius variation. Velocity jump slip phenomenon with porous medium is also taken into account. To be more specific, the physical situation of micropolar fluid in the presence of both weak and strong concentration is mathematically modeled in terms of differential equations. Here, three nanoparticles namely Titania (TiO2), Copper (Cu) and Alumina (Al2O3) compared with water as base fluids are incorporated for analysis. The resulting non-linear system has been solved by Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg scheme. Numerical solutions for velocities and temperature profiles are settled for alumina–water nanofluid and deliberated through graphs and numerical tables. It is seen that the skin friction coefficients and the rate of heat transfer are maximum for copper–water nanofluid related to the alumina–water and titania–water nanofluids. Also, the precision of the present findings is certified by equating them with the previously published work. Keywords: Micropolar nanofluid, MHD, Velocity and thermal Slip, Stagnation point, Porous medium

The characteristics of three-dimensional stagnation point flow of Hybrid nanofluid past a circular cylinder are explored. The fluid flow is entertained in the presence/absence of thermal slip effects. The flow model is controlled through the partial differential equations. Since these equations are highly non-linear in character. So for the order reduction a suitable set of transformation is used. The reduced system is solved by using shooting method. The obtained results are offered through graphs and tables. It is noticed that the heat transfer rate is high in Hybrid nanofluid as compared to nanofluid. The present work is validated by developing comprising with existing literature. Keywords: Hybrid nanofluid, Thermal slip, Circular cylinder, Shooting method