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Research into language learning psychology has shown that personality and psychological traits have influenced learners’ academic outcomes. Nevertheless, the literature contains very little research into the positive psychology of language learners and positive constructs such as grit and well-being. Consequently, this study aimed to examine how the psychological factors of well-being and grit impact the academic achievement of foreign language Saudi female learners concerning their age. Thus, this study attempted to determine the possible statistical relationships between grit, emotional well-being, and foreign language achievement for Saudi female EFL learners. To answer this central research question, the data were obtained via an online survey of 84 Saudi EFL female college-level students. Pearson correlational tests and hierarchical regression tests were used for statistical analyses. The findings revealed that: (1) grit had a positive and significant correlation with well-being levels; 2) grit (perseverance of effort-POE) had a significant and positive relationship with well-being; (3) well-being and grit were significant predictors of participants’ academic achievement, and (4) older EFL learners had higher grit levels than their younger peers. The results imply that understanding the positive psychology of language learners contributes to helping them to achieve academic success. Based on these findings, several pedagogical implications were suggested

This paper underlined how the naturally occurring amygdalin (Amy) and raffinose (Raf) can inhibit the corrosion of aluminum in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide utilizing various tools at fixed temperatures. The obtained outcomes designated that the rate of corrosion of Al was set to rise with the rising alkali. The evaluated greater values of inhibition efficiencies (%IEs) of Amy and Raf (reaching 89% and 92%, respectively, at doses of 500 ppm) indicated that such compounds were efficient inhibitors against aluminum corrosion. Such %IE values depended on the concentrations and the structures of the inhibitors. The examined compounds played as mixed-kind inhibitors with a trivial cathodic priority. At similar concentrations, the average %IE values of raffinose were discovered to be faintly greater than those of amygdalin. The %IE values were reduced with the rising temperature. The acquired high values of %IEs were understood to be a result of the effective adsorption of the molecules of the examined compounds on the aluminum surface and the construction of a defensive film, and this adsorption was in agreement with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were evaluated and debated. The kinetics of inhibition by the tested compounds were also investigated. The mechanisms of Al corrosion and its inhibition were discussed. The results acquired from the three utilized tools with respect to the values of %IEs were set to be in a good agreement with each other, confirming the validity of the obtained results of the existing study. Computational studies for the interactions between Amy and Raf molecules at the Al (1 1 1) surface were found to be consistent with the experimental results. The quadratic model of response surface methodology (RSM) modeling was used to expertly evaluate the relationships between the input parameters and the expected response (output).

Foreign language instruction has moved from face-to-face to online learning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the extent to which Foreign Language Classroom Enjoyment (FLCE), Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety (FLSA) and demographic variables (i.e., age, gender, and course grades) are linked to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in English under two conditions: online learning and conventional (face-to-face) learning. The study sample consisted of 106 Saudi undergraduate EFL learners. The research instrument was an online questionnaire. The data were analysed quantitatively through t- tests, Pearson correlational tests, and a hierarchical regression analysis. The research findings indicated that: (1) higher levels of WTC were found in the online learning context than in the face-to-face context; (2) FLCE was a positive predictor, while FLSA was a negative predictor, of WTC in the online and face-to-face learning contexts; (3) a high course grade seemed to be a positive predictor of EFL learners’ WTC only in the online learning context. These findings imply that utilizing online-based learning, particularly in the context of developing speaking skills, may foster EFL learners’ communication in the foreign language. Therefore, it is recommended that language teachers should support their students in practicing L2 communication during online classes in a more supportive atmosphere. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.11.4

Purpose: To investigate the kinetics of oxidative removal of two β-lactam antibiotics (A), namely, ampicillin and flucloxacillin.Methods: In this study, permanganate ion (MnO4-) was used as an oxidant in an alkaline medium at fixed ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm-3 and a temperature of 298 K utilizing a spectrophotometric technique. The obtained oxidation products were characterized using spot tests and FT-IR spectra.Results: The stoichiometry of the reactions was 1:4 (A : MnO4-). The reactions were a first order credence in [MnO4-] and fractional-first order kinetics in antibiotic and hydroxyl ion. Influence of ionic strength was successfully explored. Dependence of reaction rates on temperature was studied and the activation parameters were computed and discussed. A plausible mechanism for the oxidation reactions has been elucidated. A consistent rate-law expression was also derived.Conclusion: This study introduces a significant treatment method for antibiotic removal, thus helping to protect the environment and human health. Keywords: Permanganate, Antibiotics, Oxidative degradation, Kinetics, Mechanism

The kinetics and mechanistic aspects of the oxidation of two beta-lactam antibiotics (A), ampicillin and flucloxacillin, by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(III) (HCF(III)) were examined using spectrophot...

The kinetics of oxidative degradation of two significant triazole antibiotics (A), viz. fluconazole (Flz) and voriconazole (Vcz), was examined using chromium (VI) oxide (CrVI) in sulfuric and perchloric acid environments. The oxidation reactions were followed spectrophotometrically at fixed ionic strength and at different temperatures. In both acidic environments, the oxidative degradations of the two examined antibiotics were acid-catalyzed. The kinetics of the oxidative degradations in both acids were first order concerning to [CrVI] and fractional-first orders with regard to [A] and [H+] during their alteration. The rates of oxidative reactions exhibited insignificant influences upon disparity of ionic strengths and dielectric constants of the reactions’ media. No intervention of free radicals was detected during the degradation reactions. Some activation methods like heat and addition of certain metal cations (Mg2+ & Ca2+) were also investigated. Under analogous experimental circumstances, the degradation rates in perchloric acid environment were slightly higher than those occurred in sulfuric acid one and the degradation rates of Flz were higher than those of Vcz. The believable oxidative degradation mechanism consistent with the kinetic outcomes was proposed. The derived rate-law expression was set to be in a good harmony with the acquired results. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were computed and discussed. This study announce a simple, safe and inexpensive promising procedure involving a double benefit for the environment and human health: degradation of Flz and Vcz drugs and transformation of the extremely toxic and carcinogenic CrVI oxide to a safe CrIII compound.

Divalent cobalt and copper chelates of the two ligands 1-(1-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide (EOIT) and 1-(1-benzyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide (BOIT) are the target compounds of the current study. Identification of the structures and geometries of these compounds have been performed using the possible physicochemical and analytical instruments. Elemental analysis, molar conductance and thermal analysis assured the composition of the four chelates to be [Co(BOIT)Cl]•1·.5H2O (BOIT-Co), [Cu(BOIT)Cl] (BOIT-Cu), [Co(EOIT)Cl2(H2O)]•5H2O (EOIT-Co) and [Cu(EOIT)Cl]•Cl (EOIT-Cu) which was further confirmed by the measurement of mass spectra. The architecture arrangement of the ligand atoms around Co and Cu centers has been determined depending on the UV–Vis spectral measurements and calculation of µeff values. This proved that the copper compounds were square planer whereas the cobalt complexes were tetrahedral or octahedral arrangements. These compounds were examined as corrosion inhibitors for Sabic iron in 1.0 M HCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, mass-loss and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The acquired outcomes disclosed that the examined compounds were found to have high inhibition efficiencies (% IEs) which were dependent on their concentrations and composition. The obtained high % IEs (83–87% at concentration of 400 mg/l) were interpreted by strong adsorption of the compounds’ molecules on the iron surface and such adsorption was discovered to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. At the same concentration, the % IEs are slightly increased in the order: EOIT-Cu > BOIT-Cu > EOIT-Co > BOIT-Co. Finally, the investigational results obtained from all employed techniques were in a good consistent with each other.

Recently, β-carotene has gained tremendous importance as a bioactive molecule due to the growing awareness of the harmful effects of synthetic products. β-carotene is a high-value natural pigment that has the highest demand in the global carotenoid market owing to its proven antioxidant properties relevant for several diseases. To date

Divalent cobalt and copper chelates of the two ligands 1-(1- Ethoxycarbonylmethyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide (EOIT) and 1-(1-Benzyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) thiosemicarbazide (BOIT) are the target compounds of the current study. Identification of the constitution and geometry of these compounds have been performed using the possible physicochemical and analytical instruments. Elemental analysis, molar conductance and thermal analysis assured the composition of the four chelates to be [Co(POIT)Cl]•1.5H2O, [Cu(POIT)Cl], [Co(BOIT)Cl2(H2O)]•5H2O and [Cu(BOIT)Cl]•Cl which was further confirmed by the measurement of mass spectra. The architecture arrangement of the ligand atoms around Co and Cu centers has been determined depending on the UV-Vis spectral measurements and calculation of µeff values assuring the copper compounds to be square plane whereas the cobalt complexes have tetrahedral or octahedral arrangements. These compounds were examined as corrosion inhibitors for the Sabic steel in 1.0 M HCl utilizing potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, mass-loss method and scanning electron microscopy at fixed temperature of 298 K. The acquired outcomes disclosed that the inhibition efficiencies (% IEs) of the examined compounds were set to be dependent on both the concentrations and composition of the compounds. The examined compounds were set to have high % IEs, which were interpreted by strong adsorption of the compounds’ molecules on the iron surface and such adsorption was discovered to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The investigational results obtained from all utilized techniques were set to be in a good accord with each other.

Aims and objectives: While the debate on the cognitive bilingual advantage is ongoing, much less attention has been paid to the potential emotional advantage of bilinguals. The present study compared the performance of bilinguals and monolinguals in emotion perception (EP) in Arabic and in English and the differences in trait emotional intelligence (Trait EI). It also considered the relationship between Trait EI and EP scores. Methodology: 205 Arabic-English bilinguals, 71 Arabic monolinguals and 333 English monolinguals had to recognise anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and happiness in 12 short audio-visual video clips (six in English and six in Arabic) embedded in an online questionnaire. The clips contained short conversations about day-to-day situations. Data and analysis: Nonparametric statistical analyses were used to explore the differences between bilinguals and monolinguals in EP in English and Arabic and to explore the relationship between Trait EI and EP. Findings: Bilinguals outperformed English monolinguals in the EP task in English but did not perform better than Arabic monolinguals in Arabic. Bilinguals scored higher on Trait EI than monolinguals, and Trait EI scores were significantly and positively correlated with EP scores. Originality: This study suggests that there is a small bilingual advantage for emotional and psychological domains. Significance: Bilingualism seems to have an effect on some personality dimensions and emotional skills.

The mechanism of oxidative removal of flucloxacillin antibiotic (Flx) by two different oxidants (Ox), potassium bromate (KBrO3) and potassium iodate (KIO3), were studied using a spectrophotometric technique in sulfuric acid medium. The stoichiometry of the oxidation reactions of flucloxacillin by both oxidants was set to be a 2: 3 (Ox: Flx). The oxidation products of flucloxacillin were identified utilizing spot tests and FT-IR spectroscopy. The reactions followed a first order credence in [Flx] and lesser than unit order kinetics regarding to both [Ox] and [H+]. Negligible impacts of both ionic strength and dielectric constant of the reactions medium on the rates of reactions were observed. The dependence of the oxidation rates on mercuric acetate concentration which works as a scavenger for any bromide or iodide ion composed during the reactions was investigated. Credence of reaction rates on temperature was studied, and the activation parameters were assessed and discussed. Tests for free radicals involvement throughout the oxidation reactions were negative. The reactions mechanism was elucidated and the rate law expressions were derived.

Degradation kinetics of antibiotics neomycin and streptomycin was explored spectrophotometrically via their oxidation by cerium(IV) in both sulphuric and perchloric acids. The oxidation reactions demonstrated a 1:8 stoichiometry (antibiotic:cerium(IV)). The kinetics of the reactions in the examined acidic media was first-order with respect to [cerium(IV)] and fractional-first orders with respect to examined antibiotics and H+ concentrations. In the perchloric acid solution, the oxidation reactions of both antibiotics manifested fractional-first-order credence in [H+], whereas the reactions that occurred in sulphuric acid solutions displayed negative less than unit order rate with [H+]. Additionally, different behaviours of the reactions in dissimilar acidic media regarding the influence of ionic strength were recorded. Tests for free radical involvement throughout the oxidation reactions were positive. Under the same circumstances, the rates of neomycin oxidation in both acidic media were lower than those of streptomycin, and those obtained in perchloric acid were higher than those of sulphuric acid for both antibiotic substrates. Conceivable oxidation mechanisms in both sulphuric and perchloric acids consistent with the obtained kinetic results were anticipated. Additionally, the derived rate-law expressions in both acids were in good accordance with the obtained kinetic results. The activation parameters of the oxidation reactions in the acidic media were assessed and debated.