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4,8‐Dihydroxy‐1‐tetrahydronaphthone (4,8‐DHT), an allelochemical, was isolated from the Carya cathayensis epicarp and was discovered to have phytotoxicity in laboratory tests. In this study, field experiments were designed to assess the phytotoxicity of 4,8‐DHT on weeds in Cerasus yedoensis and Lagerstroemia indica forestlands after pre‐ and post‐emergence application, in addition to physiological effect on Lindernia procumbens were also measured. The phytotoxic results of 4,8‐DHT demonstrated that the total inhibition rate of weeds was 81.3% and 68.2% in C. yedoensis forestland and L. indica forestland after pre‐emergence applied for 24 days in 2021, and enhanced by 9.9% and 27.8% compared with post‐emergence treatment. Especially, in C. yedoensis forestland, a high concentration of 4,8‐DHT sprayed at the pre‐emergence stage after 8 days had a significant inhibition rate on all weeds except Cyperus rotundus, and was still above 80.0% after 24 days of exposure. Comprehensive control efficacy of 4,8‐DHT indicates that pre‐emergence application is more favorable for weeds control. Physiological analysis showed that 4,8‐DHT stimulated the contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and proline and declined in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, meanwhile, accompanied by a decrease in the root vitality and chlorophyll content in L. procumbens. These results warrant further investigations of 4,8‐DHT applied in early pre‐emergence as a potential source of weed control agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine mastitis caused by infectious pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), constitutes a major destructive challenge for the dairy industry and public health. Berberine chloride (BER) and Cyperus rotundus possess a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities; however, their bioavailability is low. This research aimed first to prepare an ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes (CRE) followed by screening its phytochemical contents, then synthesis of BER and CRE loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) (BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs), afterward, the analysis of their loading efficiency in addition to the morphological and physicochemical characterization of the formulated NPs employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zeta Potential (ZP), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) assessments compared to their crude forms to evaluate the enhancement of bioavailability and stability. Isolation of bacterial strains from the milk of mastitic cows, used for induction of mammary gland (MG) inflammation in female albino rats, and a preliminary investigation of the prophylactic oral doses of the prepared NPs against S. aureus-induced mastitis in female rats. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs is 1 mg/kg b.w. BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs alone or in combination show significant (P ≤ 0.05) DPPH radical scavenging activity (69.2, 88.5, and 98.2%, respectively) in vitro. Oral administration of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs to mastitis rats significantly (P ≤ 0.05) attenuated TNF-α (22.1, 28.6 pg/ml), IL-6 (33.4, 42.9 pg/ml), IL-18 (21.7, 34.7 pg/ml), IL-4 (432.9, 421.6 pg/ml), and MPO (87.1, 89.3 pg/ml) compared to mastitis group alongside the improvement of MG histopathological findings without any side effect on renal and hepatic functions. Despite promising results with BER and CRE nanoparticles, the study is limited by small-scale trials, a focus on acute administration, and partially explored nanoparticle-biological interactions, with no economic or scalability assessments. Future research should address these limitations by expanding trial scopes, exploring interactions further, extending study durations, and assessing economic and practical scalability. Field trials and regulatory compliance are also necessary to ensure practical application and safety in the dairy industry. In conclusion, the in vitro and in vivo results proved the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs in low doses with minimal damage to the liver and kidney functions, supposing their promising uses in mastitis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus is a cosmopolitan saprophytic fungus that infests several foodstuffs and is associated with adverse effects in humans. In Senegal, significant losses of groundnut production are mainly due to contamination caused by this species. This study evaluated in vitro antifungal activities of Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus rotundus and Lippia alba essential oils against A. flavus isolated from peanut seeds. Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of rhizomes of the two Cyperus species and leaves of L. alba were analyzed with GC-DIF and GC-MS. The essential oil yields from C. articulatus, C. rotundus and L. alba were 1.1%, 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively. These three samples had the following chemotypes: (i) mustakone (21.4%)/eudesma-4(15)-7-dien-1β-ol (8.8%)/caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), (ii) caryophyllene oxide (25.2%)/humulene epoxyde 2 (35.0%) and (iii) geranial (46.6%)/neral (34.6%). The three oils tested inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations between 100 and 1000 ppm. The L. alba oil was the most effective with total clearance of A. flavus on PDA. For the essential oils of C. rotundus (93.65%) and C. articulatus (78.11%), the highest inhibition rates were obtained with a 1000 ppm dose. Thus, L. alba oil could be used safely as an effective protector of groundnuts against A. flavus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying is an important step in the postharvest processing of agricultural products, as it allows the product to be preserved by reducing water activity to safe values, which stops microorganism growth and enzymatic reactions. In this context, the objective of this study was to assess how various drying temperatures, combined with ultrasonic pretreatment, affect drying rates and essential oil production. Assays were conducted according to a Central Composite Rotational Design, considering two factors with the following intervals: duration of the ultrasonic bath from 0 to 40 min, drying air temperature from 40 to 70 °C. The optimization was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and its constituents were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Histochemical analyses of fresh tubers were performed. The Midilli model was the one that best described the drying kinetics of Cyperus rotundus in all treatments. The drying time of C. rotundus tubers was dependent only on temperature (decreasing linear effect), it was possible to describe the variation in drying time as a function of temperature. It was not possible to adjust a model for ultrasonic bath time or drying temperature that would optimize both essential oil yield and the drying time of C. rotundus tubers. However, in this study, shorter drying times were observed compared to previous studies on C. rotundus tubers drying in the shade at room temperature. A total of 29 chemical constituents have been identified in the essential oil extracted from C. rotundus tubers, of which the majority are: 3,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxaldehyde (19.23%); caryophyllene oxide (17.63%); and α-cyperone (9.54%). Histochemical analyses of C. rotundus tubers showed the presence of starch, phenolic compounds, and lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: HW-3 acts as a pyruvate dehydrogenase herbicide for weed control. However, its biological efficacy against weeds, as well as its safety concerning gramineous crops, remains poorly understood. Aims: The objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of HW-3 against common weeds in corn fields and identify the safety of HW-3 on different cultivars and leaf stages of corn. Methods: This study determined the toxicity of HW-3 to common weeds in cornfields under greenhouse conditions through whole plant bioassay. The study also determined the mechanism of action and selectivity principle of HW-3 through in vitro enzyme activity measurements. Key results: When HW-3 was applied at 150 g of active ingredient ha−1, the fresh weight inhibition rates of the broad-leaved weeds Eclipta prostrata , Ludwigia prostrata , Ammannia baccifera , Ammannia auriculata , Amaranthus retroflexus , Portulaca oleracea , Abutilon theophrasti , and Cyperus rotundus in the corn field were all above 90%. The selectivity indices of HW-3 in common corn, sweet corn, and glutinous corn were 4.29, 4.22, and 4.98, respectively, indicating the safety of HW-3 across different corn types. The concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50 value) of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in A. theophrasti treated with HW-3 was 287.94 mg L−1, and the IC50 value of PDH activity in corn was much greater than 1000 mg L−1. This indicates that HW-3 is a selective pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibitor. Conclusions: HW-3 has potential use for the control of broad-leaved weeds in cornfields and is safe for different types and leaf stages of corn. Implications: This research provides a reference for the commercial application of HW-3. The novel pyruvate dehydrogenase herbicide HW-3 is highly effective against the broad-leaved weeds and safe for use on three varieties of corn plants based on a selectivity index. The mechanism of action and selective mechanism of HW-3 were preliminarily clarified. This work provides a reference for the commercial application of HW-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Accurate detection of weeds and estimation of their coverage is crucial for implementing precision herbicide applications. Deep learning (DL) techniques are typically used for weed detection and coverage estimation by analyzing information at the pixel or individual plant level, which requires a substantial amount of annotated data for training. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using image‐classification neural networks (NNs) for detecting and estimating weed coverage in bermudagrass turf. RESULTS: Weed‐detection NNs, including DenseNet, GoogLeNet and ResNet, exhibited high overall accuracy and F1 scores (≥0.971) throughout the k‐fold cross‐validation. DenseNet outperformed GoogLeNet and ResNet with the highest overall accuracy and F1 scores (0.977). Among the evaluated NNs, DenseNet showed the highest overall accuracy and F1 scores (0.996) in the validation and testing data sets for estimating weed coverage. The inference speed of ResNet was similar to that of GoogLeNet but noticeably faster than DenseNet. ResNet was the most efficient and accurate deep convolution neural network for weed detection and coverage estimation. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that the developed NNs could effectively detect weeds and estimate their coverage in bermudagrass turf, allowing calculation of the herbicide requirements for variable‐rate herbicide applications. The proposed method can be employed in a machine vision‐based autonomous site‐specific spraying system of smart sprayers. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loam examples were gathered through the 2020-2021 rising periods, and the following measurements were made: Viable bacterial count by reducing root colonization. The outcomes of reviewing the impact of the fungicide Benomyl on development and viable microflora count revealed that the highest microbial count was in Al-Madaein 80 x10³ CFU/mL was recorded ., and the lowest count was 60 x10³ CFU/mL for the Aushtar area, The microbial viable count values for the affected microorganisms with Benomyl were decrease to 27x10³ and 65 x 10³ CFU/mL respectively. Those consequences specify that Benomyl has a robust choosiness contrary to microflora, especially when compared to the benomyl effect as folded dose, the microflora l count decreases to 25 x10³ CFU /mL in the Aushtar area and increases to 60 x10³ CFU/mL in Al-Madaein area. Whereas the study estimated the level of eight elements in soil (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, NO3, P, K, and NH4) cultured with Cyperus rotundus L. Which mentioned the effect of benomyl on these levels after three days of treatment. Mn concentration ranged between 5.96 to 9.11 ppm, while after fungicide benomyl, it decreased to 5.63 -6.53 ppm similar results were observed for other elements. The highest affected element was Mn in the Aushtar area. Those consequences designate that Benomyl has a stout fussiness in contrast to soil nutrients. The greatness of benomyl impacts on loam ingredients and procedures were minor, qualified to impact on mycorrhizal root foundation (reduction through benomyl). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus rhizomes have been used in longevity remedies in Thailand for nourishing good health, which led us to investigate the effect on energy homeostasis, especially glucose utilization in myotubes and adipocytes, and on inhibition of lipogenesis in adipocytes. The results showed that an ethyl acetate extract of C. rotundus rhizomes (ECR) containing 1.61%w/w piceatannol, with a half-maximal concentration of 17.76 ± 0.03 μg/mL in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, caused upregulation and cell-membrane translocation of glucose transporters GLUT4 and 1 in L6 myotubes but downregulation and cytoplasmic localization of GLUT4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and was related to the p-Akt/Akt ratio in both cells, especially at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, ECR (25–100 μg/mL) significantly inhibited lipid accumulation via Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), and Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) pathways. Its immunoblot showed increased expression of p-AMPKα/AMPKα and p-ACC/ACC but decreased expression of p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK3β/GSK3β in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, the decreased expression of the adipogenic effectors, perilipin1 and lipoprotein lipase, in ECR-incubated adipocytes (50 and 100 μg/mL) indicated reduced de novo lipogenesis. Our study elucidated mechanisms of C. rotundus that help attenuate glucose tolerance in skeletal muscle and inhibit lipid droplet accumulation in adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to realize a literature review on the use of alternative rooting agents in rhizogenesis stimulating on fruit trees, analyzing the methods used and their effectiveness, under the hypothesis that alternative rooting agents promote effective rhizogenesis on fruit trees of commercial interest, both as commercial rooters. For this, Google Scholar was used as a search platform, using the first 10 tabs, in each of the search descriptors. A total of 426 scientific works and papers were found, and 263 were used, according to the selection criteria applied. Of these, 166 were in Portuguese and 97 in English; 228 dealt with conventional rooters, and 35 with alternative rooters. 53% of the total published works dealt with fruit trees, however, only 11% used alternative rooting agents. The most used alternative rooting agent was the aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae), and the most used phytohormone was Indolebutyric Acid (IBA), for comparison with the treatments. In general, the alternative rooters presented satisfactory results or even better than the other treatments used, which demonstrates the viability of using them in rooting cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation, removal of Zn (II) ion from industry effluent was examined by using Nut grass as a biomass. The process conditions of agitation time and dosage were estimated using batch biosorption. The equilibrium data analyzed with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The results revealed that removal of Zn (II) using Nut grass well followed to the Freundlich model than Langmuir model. The first order and pseudo-second order kinetic expressions were tested to find the best fit for the given kinetic data. It was observed that second order kinetics was the best fit for biosorption of Zn (II) ion. The maximum biosorption capacity of the nut grass for biosorption of Zn (II) ion was occurred at 40 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbicide effectiveness is affected by herbicide formulation, rainfall, and weed type. Differences in glyphosate salt formulations and 2,4 D amine mixtures may result in variations in the herbicide's ability to wash off the herbicide due to rain. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of different glyphosate herbicide formulations under varying rainfall in controlling various weeds. The experiment took place in a controlled greenhouse environment, utilizing a split-plot experimental design with four replications. The main plot was assigned to six different rainfall timings: 0 hours after application (HAA), 1 HAA, 2 HAA, 3 HAA, 4 HAA, and no rainfall. The subplots involved different herbicide formulations, namely isopropylamine glyphosate (h1), potassium glyphosate (h2), sodium glyphosate (h3) and glyphosate herbicide, IPA herbicide glyphosate + 2,4 D Amine (h4) and without any herbicide application (h0). Various parameters were observed, including weed dry weight and percentage of mortality growth. The results showed that the effectiveness of each herbicide formulation was different among weed species under simulated rainfall conditions. Ageratum conyzoides could be controlled using isopropylamine glyphosate and potassium glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA. Axonopus compressus could be controlled by isopropylamine glyphosate and sodium glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA, while Borreria alata and Cyperus rotundus were effectively controlled by isopropylamine glyphosate with rainfall at 1 HAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the effectiveness of aquatic extracts of Cyperus rotundus tubers was examined. The aerial parts of the curly plant (Teucrium polium) and the fruits of the carob plant (Prosopis farcta) help reduce levels of glucose, cholesterol, and blood triglyceride levels of healthy male rats and those with induced diabetes. With alloxan and compared with the effect of insulin. It has been shown that aqueous extracts of saad, jaada, and carob caused the levels of the blood sugar decreasing significantly. In healthy plus rats with diabetes. The results of this study show that the aqueous extract of Saad tubers caused a significant decrease in the lipid and cholesterol content of all but the aquatic extract of carob fruits prompted a notable drop in the quantity of triglycerides only, while the aqueous extract did not change the aerial parts of the increase in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in rats with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better understanding of macrophyte tolerance under long exposure times in real environmental matrices is crucial for phytoremediation and phytoattenuation strategies for aquatic systems. The metal(loid) attenuation ability of 10 emergent macrophyte species (Carex riparia , Cyperus longus , Cyperus rotundus , Iris pseudacorus , Juncus effusus , Lythrum salicaria , Menta aquatica , Phragmites australis , Scirpus holoschoenus , and Typha angustifolia) was investigated using real groundwater from an industrial site, over a 90-day exposure period. A "phytobial" treatment was included, with 3 plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strains. Plants exposed to the polluted water generally showed similar or reduced aerial biomass compared to the controls, except for C. riparia. This species, along with M. aquatica, exhibited improved biomass after bioaugmentation. Phytoremediation mechanisms accounted for more than 60% of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb removal, whilst abiotic mechanisms contributed to ∼80% removal of Fe and Zn. Concentrations of metal(loid)s in the roots were generally between 10–100 times higher than in the aerial parts. The macrophytes in this work can be considered "underground attenuators", more appropriate for rhizostabilization strategies, especially L. salicaria, M. aquatica, S. holoschoenus, and T. angustifolia. For I. pseudacorus, C. longus , and C. riparia; harvesting the aerial parts could be a complementary phytoextraction approach to further remove Pb and Zn. Of all the plants, S. holoschoenus showed the best balance between biomass production and uptake of multiple metal(loid)s. Results also suggest that multiple phytostrategies may be possible for the same plant depending on the final remedial aim. Phytobial approaches need to be further assessed for each macrophyte species. [Display omitted] • Macrophyte tolerance under long exposure is key for assessing phytoremediation. • Macrophyte tolerance with real contaminated groundwater provides useful data. • Metal(loid)s in the roots exceeded 10-100 concentrations in aerial parts. • L. salicaria , M. aquatica , S. holoschoenus , T. angustifolia , rhizostabilization. • C. riparia , C. longus , I. pseudacorus , potential for phytoextraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants naturally produce phytochemicals, physiologically active chemical compounds that serve as a natural defence mechanism and have considerable potential for treating a wide range of ailments. Cyperus rotundus and Tinospora cordifolia are the potent traditional herbs used in Ayurveda medicine, especially for diabetes. The current study aimed to isolate and characterize the bioactive compound β-sitosterol from the combined ethanolic extracts of the rhizome of Cyperus rotundus (C. rotundus) and the stem of Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia). Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of isolated compounds are tested by DPPH assay, alpha amylase inhibition assay, alpha glucosidase inhibition assay and glucose uptake activity in 3T3L1 cells. The combined ethanolic extract of both medicinal plants was initially subjected to column and preparative thin layer chromatography for the isolation of bioactive compounds, followed by their characterization by spectral methods like UV, FT-IR, ¹H and 13C NMR. The structure of the isolated compound is identified as β-sitosterol and further confirmed by structural elucidation. Similarly, the isolated compound β-sitosterol exhibited higher antioxidant scavenging activity of 64.54±1.38 μg/ml against DPPH at a concentration 100μg/ml. The study also confirmed that β-sitosterol showed good inhibitory activities towards alpha-amylase (62.21±1.25 μg/ml) and alpha-glucosidase (65.48±1.47 μg/ml). β-sitosterol showed significantly increased glucose uptake (28% at 100μg/ml). Based on the conclusion that the organic compound β-sitosterol exhibited good antioxidant and anti-diabetic efficacy, it could have been used in the treatment of free radical disease and can be utilized in the management of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigates the use of tuber extract from nut grass (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) as growth and immune boosters in aquaculture. Although C. rotundus is considered a weed of low value, it has been found to enhance growth and act as an immunostimulant in Nile tilapia. C. rotundus exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. agalactiae, resulting in increased fish survival. The study suggests that the immunostimulant properties of C. rotundus, typically regarded as a weed of low value, could serve as a value-added source in a bio-green aquaculture model, promoting fish-friendly practices for consumer health. Nut grass (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) is a weed that grows in all tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world, including areas where it grows on saline soil. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of C. rotundus tuber extract in the diet on the growth performance and disease resistance of Nile tilapia. Various components of phytochemical importance of nut grass, including sugars/carbohydrates, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids were found in C. rotundus. Tilapia (n = 25 fish/group in triplicate) were fed with different levels of nut grass extract including 0 (control; T1), 0.4 (T2), 0.8 (T3), and 1.6 (T4) g/kg for 60 days in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. After the feeding trial, the highest weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) were observed in the T4 group, but it was not significantly different from T3 (Nile tilapia fed with a 0.8 g/kg) (p > 0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the T3 group. Moreover, the fillet, crud lipid content, and blood chemical profiles (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA)) in fish fed with 1.6 g/kg were highest when compared in all groups. In addition, the T3 group presented with the immune response parameter found in red blood cells (RBC), lysozyme activity, and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase activity (SOD)) being higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The highest survival (93.33%) was observed in fish fed with 0.8 g/kg (T3) after a 14 day challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae. Thus, it was concluded that nut grass extract at 0.8 g/kg can be used to improve the growth performance and the tendency for resistance to S. agalactiae in Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The increase in the number of drug-resistant Plasmodium species continues to be a serious public health concern. Therefore, identification of the potential novel antimalarial drugs derived from therapeutic plants could help solve this issue. This study investigated whether Cyperus rotundus aqueous crude extract (CRE) and its combination with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were effective against Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. Methods. CRE was prepared from C. rotundus rhizomes and evaluated using acute and subacute toxicity tests on BALB/c mice. The antimalarial effectiveness of CRE was assessed at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in a 4-day suppressive test with curative and prophylactic testing and measurement of packed cell volume (PCV), body weight (BW), rectal temperature, and mean survival time (MST). Results. Following acute and subacute treatment, CRE caused no harmful effects or mortality in mice. When compared with that in the untreated control, infected mice administered with 400 mg/kg of CRE in a 4-day suppressive test exhibited the strongest antimalarial activity (55.30% inhibition) with prolonged MST. However, curative and prophylactic assays did not reveal CRE to have antimalarial activity. In comparison with that achieved with the single therapy, the combination of DHA and CRE at ED50/2 (1 and 200 mg/kg, respectively) produced considerable antimalarial activity at 90.08% inhibition with synergism (combination index = 0.21701). For the other parameters, CRE administration prevented malarial-induced changes in PCV, BW, and rectal temperature. Conclusions. CRE treatment significantly inhibited malaria in the 4-day suppressive test, and CRE combined with DHA had a synergistic antimalarial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiger nuts (also called earth almonds or chufa) are the stolons of the sedge Cyperus esculentus L. and have been traditionally used as food or as an additive to drinks such as horchata de chufa. Recently, chufa experienced a hype as functional food because of its richness in dietary fiber and as a source of unsaturated fatty acids. Its close relative, nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) has similarly long history of human use, but rather for medical purposes, due to a high content of secondary compounds. Both species are invasive weeds responsible for high yield losses in crop plants, especially in Southeast Asia, Africa, and subtropical America. They are not easily discerned, occur together, and are both traded under similar or identical vernacular names. For the purpose of consumer protection, it is important to discriminate them in commercial samples, which is not trivial by morphological markers and often impossible since they are mostly used in highly processed form. Therefore, a molecular authentication assay was developed using taxonomically authenticated plants as reference material. The plastidic marker psbA-trnH igs (intergenic spacer) and the nuclear marker Internally Transcribed Spacer were used for barcoding. To develop a sequencing-free fingerprinting assay, a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the ITS2 region could be employed to discriminate C. esculentus from its possible adulterant C. rotundus by a tailored Amplificatory Refractory Mutation System PCR. This approach was successful both, in reference to plants, as well as in highly processed commercial products such as tiger nut flour. We show that by a single PCR we can detect surrogation by nutgrass down to a threshold of 10% in tiger nuts as contribution to safeguard product authenticity against possible adulterations in a growing global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study determined the effect of alcoholic extract of common purslane, Portulaca oleracea, Java grass, and Cyperus rotundus oil in controlling the two-spotted spider mite on okra plants. The results of laboratory experiments showed the efficiency of purslane alcoholic extract was highly toxic to adult mites, but its effect was limited on eggs. In contrast, Cyperus oil was highly effective against mite eggs and adults. Cyperus oil gave the highest mortality of 86.94%, with significant differences from the purslane extract, where 68.61% mortality was observed and differed significantly from the control treatment. An increase in mortality increased with concentration, and the highest mortality of 95.83% was achieved at 5%, compared to the mortality of 59.58% at 1% treatment. The ovicidal activity was significant after the C. rotundus oil treatment compared to the purslane extract application. Cyperus oil reduced egg hatching by 42.50%. However, purslane extract did not affect the hatching significantly (91.70% hatching) and was not significantly different from the control. In general, the hatching rate decreased with increasing concentration of Cyperus oil and was only 40% at the 5% treatment compared to 60 and 96.70% at 1% treatment and controls, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus L. exhibits promising potential for the development of functional foods due to its documented pharmacological and biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of C. rotundus kombucha. The results demonstrated potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 76.7 ± 9.6 µL/mL for the DPPH assay and 314.2 ± 16.9 µL/mL for the ABTS assay. Additionally, the kombucha demonstrated alpha-glucosidase inhibitory with an IC50 value of 142.7 ± 5.2 µL/mL. This in vitro antioxidant potential was further validated in vivo using Drosophila. Drosophila fed a high-sugar diet and supplemented with pure kombucha revealed significant increases in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. Drosophila on a high-sugar diet supplemented with varying kombucha concentrations manifested enhanced resistance to oxidative stresses induced by H2O2 and paraquat. Concurrently, there was a notable decline in lipid peroxidation levels. Additionally, significant upregulations in CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 activities were observed when the high-sugar diet was supplemented with kombucha. Furthermore, in vivo assessments using Drosophila demonstrated significant reductions in alpha-glucosidase activity when fed with kombucha (reduced by 34.04%, 13.79%, and 11.60% when treated with 100%, 40%, and 10% kombucha, respectively). A comprehensive GC-MS and HPLC analysis of C. rotundus kombucha detected the presence of antioxidative and anti-glucosidase compounds. In conclusion, C. rotundus kombucha exhibits considerable antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties, demonstrating its potential as a beneficial beverage for health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Despite the well-documented pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), treatment options are limited in diversity and efficacy. Thus, the development of new treatments requires an extensive understanding of molecular pathways altered by drugs in development. In this review, we survey the literature regarding common herbal phytochemicals, kaempferol and quercetin, with a specific focus on their multiple mechanisms that alleviate the pathological underpinnings of AD. Here, we utilize the well-documented mechanisms of quercetin to propose a novel multimodal mechanism of kaempferol, and we discuss common herbal sources and the limitations of these potential treatments. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder impairing cognition and memory in the elderly. This disorder has a complex etiology, including senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and damaged neuroplasticity. Current treatment options are limited, so alternative treatments such as herbal medicine could suppress symptoms while slowing cognitive decline. We followed PRISMA guidelines to identify potential herbal treatments, their associated medicinal phytochemicals, and the potential mechanisms of these treatments. Common herbs, including Ginkgo biloba, Camellia sinensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cyperus rotundus, and Buplerum falcatum, produced promising pre-clinical results. These herbs are rich in kaempferol and quercetin, flavonoids with a polyphenolic structure that facilitate multiple mechanisms of action. These mechanisms include the inhibition of Aβ plaque formation, a reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, the suppression of oxidative stress, and the modulation of BDNF and PI3K/AKT pathways. Using pre-clinical findings from quercetin research and the comparatively limited data on kaempferol, we proposed that kaempferol ameliorates the neuroinflammatory state, maintains proper cellular function, and restores pro-neuroplastic signaling. In this review, we discuss the anti-AD mechanisms of quercetin and kaempferol and their limitations, and we suggest a potential alternative treatment for AD. Our findings lead us to conclude that a polyherbal kaempferol- and quercetin-rich cocktail could treat AD-related brain damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: CeOLE genes exhibit a tuber-predominant expression pattern and their mRNA/protein abundances are positively correlated with oil accumulation during tuber development. Overexpression could significantly increase the oil content of tobacco leaves. Oleosins (OLEs) are abundant structural proteins of lipid droplets (LDs) that function in LD formation and stabilization in seeds of oil crops. However, little information is available on their roles in vegetative tissues. In this study, we present the first genome-wide characterization of the oleosin family in tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L., Cyperaceae), a rare example accumulating high amounts of oil in underground tubers. Six members identified represent three previously defined clades (i.e. U, SL and SH) or six out of seven orthogroups (i.e. U, SL1, SL2, and SH1–3) proposed in this study. Comparative genomics analysis reveals that lineage-specific expansion of Clades SL and SH was contributed by whole-genome duplication and dispersed duplication, respectively. Moreover, presence of SL2 and SH3 in Juncus effuses implies their appearance sometime before Cyperaceae-Juncaceae divergence, whereas SH2 appears to be Cyperaceae specific. Expression analysis showed that CeOLE genes exhibit a tuber-predominant expression pattern and transcript levels are considerably more abundant than homologs in the close relative Cyperus rotundus. Moreover, CeOLE mRNA and protein abundances were shown to positively correlate with oil accumulation during tuber development. Additionally, two dominant isoforms (i.e. CeOLE2 and -5) were shown to locate in LDs as well as the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves, and are more likely to function in homo and heteromultimers. Furthermore, overexpression of CeOLE2 and -5 in tobacco leaves could significantly increase the oil content, supporting their roles in oil accumulation. These findings provide insights into lineage-specific family evolution and putative roles of CeOLE genes in oil accumulation of vegetative tissues, which facilitate further genetic improvement for tigernut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines are considered to be safe and efficient and are widely used for the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. However, quality control of these formulations and their standardization in terms of quantities of biomarker compounds are extremely important. These tasks are quite challenging in case of polyherbal formulations as there are hundreds of phytoconstituents present at nanogram or picogram levels. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods are useful tools in such cases as they are highly sensitive and specific. Majoon-e-Nisyan (MJN) is a polyherbal Unani formulation used in the treatment of amnesia. It contains five constituent herbs Kundur (Boswellia serrate Roxb.), Waj (Acorus calamus L.), Saad Koofi (Cyperus rotundus L.), FilfilSiyah (Piper nigrum L.), Zanjabeel (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) made in Asl-asli (honey). In this paper, we have identified five biomarker compounds, one from each constituent herb, viz., (α + β) boswellic acid, β-asarone, luteolin, 6-gingerol and piperine, and developed an LC-MS/MS method for their simultaneous determination in MJN formulation. Further, the developed method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity and sensitivity according to ICH guidelines. We found that the linearity of each calibration curve displayed r2 value not less than 0.99, the intra- and interday precisions showed RSD in the range of 0.7–1.0 and 1.0–2.9%, respectively. We achieved recovery of each marker compound in the range of 87.5–94.1%. Moreover, the limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be in the range of 0.3 to 5 ng/mL. Finally, the developed method was applied to quantify the marker compounds in MJN formulation. Our method successfully quantified (α + β) boswellic acid, β-asarone, luteolin, 6-gingerol and piperine as 0.973 ± 0.009, 0.093 ± 0.004, 0.003 ± 0.001, 0.0256 ± 0.002 and 0.0266 ± 0.008 mg/g of MJN formulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported method for the simultaneous determination of (α + β) boswellic acid, β-asarone, luteolin, 6-gingerol and piperine in MJN formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Introduction: The prevalence of hyperglycemic diseases known collectively as diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the current century. Diabetics are particularly vulnerable to infections, which can have devastating health consequences. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus roots on diabetic complications in rats with diabetes caused by Alloxan. Martial and Methods: Specifically: Alloxan monohydrate, Borosilicate, and a diagnostic kit. Specifically: a diagnostic kit, a phrase, or a paraphrase. Centrifuge Micropippet, Glucose check monitoring device, electronic digital scales, EDDY's Hot plate analgesometer MK-11, and the Biofuse pico. All chemicals employed were of the AR grade variety, including the alloxan monohydrate, metformin, chloroform, diethyl ether, and ethyl ether. Results: No deaths or toxicity symptoms were observed in the AECR acute toxicity test in mice, indicating that the extract was well tolerated and the test doses were safe in the animals. The effect of AECR on fasting blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was measured using an auto analyzer glucose kit to determine the compound's antidiabetic activity. The plasma or blood glucose level is measured after an individual has fasted as part of a carbohydrate metabolic test. The hormone glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream during fasting to facilitate the catabolic release of glucose. Conclusion: The results show that in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the oral administration of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus exhibited neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities by increasing insulin production and decreasing glucogan production and an SGOT snd SGPT level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among various biotic factors limiting pigeon pea yield, weeds are of prime importance which can causes seed yield losses up to 80 per cent. Therefore current study aims to evaluate the impact of imidazolinones on weeds in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). Methods: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design using eighteen treatments replicated thrice. To control the weeds in pigeon pea, imidazolinones alone and its combination with pendimethalin were applied and rest other cultural practices for cultivation of pigeon pea were adopted according to the package and practices of CCA HAU, Hisar. Result: Among all weed controls treatments, two hoeing at 40 and 70 DAS found most effective to control all kind of weeds. PRE application of imidazolinones was comparatively more effective than POE application. Among different weed species, Cynodon dactylon was not controlled by any of the herbicide treatment and PRE application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha did not control Digera arvensis and Cyperus rotundus. Whereas, PRE application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr @ 1000 + 75 g/ha provided best control of total weeds leads to lowest nutrient uptake by weeds. Therefore, PRE application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr @ 1000 + 75 g/ha proved to be an effective and a profitable alternative to the existing recommendation (two hoeing at 25 and 45 DAS) of weed control in pigeon pea in Haryana locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dietary supplementation with Chinese herbal feed-additives benefits the high production performance of laying hens. Considering that the effects of the Chinese herbal formulation on animal production differ, appropriate formulation may have additive effects. Therefore, this study investigated effects of the traditional Chinese herbal feed-additive prepared from specific Chinese herbs on production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestinal health of laying hens. The results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation with the traditional Chinese herbal feed-additive can effectively improve production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestinal health. The results revealed that the traditional Chinese herbal feed additive is an effective alternative to antibiotics in an antibiotic-free farming environment. Chinese herbs have been used as feed additives in animal production. This study investigated the effects of a Chinese herbal feed-additive (TCM, which contained Elsholtzia ciliate, Atractylodes macrocephala, Punica granatum pericarpium, and Cyperus rotundus) on the production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestinal health of Roman laying hens. A total of 720 28-week-old hens were randomly allotted to three groups with six replicates of forty hens each. The groups were fed a basal diet (CON group), a basal diet with 50 mg/kg zinc bacitracin (ABX group), or a basal diet with 400 mg/kg TCM (TCM group) for 56 days. The results showed that the TCM group increased egg production, egg mass, albumen height, and Haugh unit compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion rate, and eggshell strength among all three groups (p > 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the TCM group enhanced the activities of glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase in serum and liver, and reduced malondialdehyde content (p < 0.05). The TCM also increased the levels of interleukin-2, interferon-γ, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin G, and decreased the levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the TCM group increased jejunal goblet cell density and decreased ileal crypt depth and lymphocyte density compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). The results of 16S rRNA demonstrated that the TCM can change the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota. At the phylum level, the abundance of Bacteroides increased while that of Firmicutes decreased in the TCM group (p > 0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Lactobacillus, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Phascolarctobacterium increased while that of Bacteroides and unclassified_o__Bacteroidales decreased in the TCM group (p > 0.05). The effects of ABX were weaker than those of the TCM. In conclusion, the TCM has positive effects on production performance and the intestinal health of hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds are the major biological barriers to achieving higher yields in agro‐ecosystem. We aimed to determine weed community (seedbank and aboveground) and crop yield responses to conventional tillage (CT) and different types of conservation agriculture (CA) practices with variable nitrogen (N) doses in a maize (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) rotation. After 8 years of implementation, CA practices including zero‐tilled (ZT) permanent narrow‐bed with crop residues and 100% required N (PNB + R + 100 N), and ZT permanent broad‐bed with residues and 100% required N (PBB + R + 100 N) had a lower weed seed density by 45% at 0–7.5 cm and 53% at 7.5–15 cm soil layers than CT. CT promoted dominance of Cyperus rotundus L., Cyperus esculentus L. and Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. while, specific CA practices (PNB + R + 100 N and PBB + R + 100 N) promoted dominance of Digera arvensis Forsk. and Melilotus indicus (L.). Compared to PNB + R + 100 N and PBB + R + 100 N, CT seedbanks had 41–46% higher ecological dominance, which is an indicator that delineates dominance of few specific weed species. The PBB + R + 100 N also had a lower total above‐ground weed density in maize–wheat–mungbean rotation by 34% (mean of years) than CT. The PBB + R + 100 N had 31.1% higher system productivity over CT. Thus, PBB + R + 100 N could reduce the weed seed density in the soil and above‐ground weeds and increase crop yields for sustainable crop production in maize–wheat–mungbean rotations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of medicine known to mankind. Cyperus rotundus L. is the world worst weed native to India, which belongs to the family Cyperaceae. It is a smooth, erect, glabrous, grass like, fibrous rooted, perennial herb that grows up to 15-60 cm height, and reproduces widely through rhizomes and tubers. Rhizomes are dark brown and woody, while stems are trigonous, green and smooth. Chemically revealed that, its consist of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, steroids, starch and many novel sesquiterpenoids. In Asian countries, the rhizomes of C. rotundus, which are used as traditional folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments like amenorrhea, loss of appetite, colic, constipation, cough, diarrhea, dysentery etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus (CR) is the dry rhizome of the Cyperaceae plant Cyperus, which is widely used in food processing, such as curry, pickling spices, and baking goods, as well as medicinally after stir-frying. The level of stir-frying (slightly stir-frying, stir-frying yellow, and stir-frying black) has a direct impact on the flavor, aroma, and pharmacological effects of the food. However, the distinctions between various levels of stir-frying have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to develop a method that combines electronic tongue, electronic nose, and HS-GC-MS to elucidate the flavor and aroma differences between three types of stir-fried CR and to identify aroma difference components. As the degree of stir-frying increased, the sweet, bitter, astringent, and umami flavors of the sf-CR diminished while the aroma intensified. Among the 33 differential compounds, pyrazines, D-limonene, camphene, trans-verbenol, and ponocarvone were the most significant aroma-causing components. This method effectively differentiates the three levels of sf-CR and provides a foundation for the use of sf-CR in food processing and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, from December 2021 to April 2022 to study the effect of weed management practices in soybean (Glycine max L.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized three-Complete Block Design (RCBD) with twelve weed management treatments- no weeding (Control), two hand weeding (at 15 and 30 DAS), pre-emergence herbicide (Herbilin 33% EC @ 400 ml ha-1), post-emergence herbicide Irish EC @ 1200 ml ha-1, pre + post-emergence herbicide, preemergence + 1 hand weeding {40 days after sowing (DAS)}, postemergence herbicide + 1 hand weeding (40 DAS), pre + post-emergence herbicide + 1 hand weeding(40 DAS), straw mulching, intercrop with Amaranthus dubius, and Zea mays, and weed-free. The experimental result showed among seven different weed species found, Cyperus rotundus was the most prevalent weed, with the highest weed density (123 and 128.67 m-2) and relative weed emergence (43.16 and 38.79 %) in the control plot at 30 and 60 DAS. The treatment pre + postemergence herbicide + 1 hand weeding (40 DAS) showed the longest pod length (4.16 cm) and number of seeds pod-1 (3.89). The weed-free treatment resulted in the highest 1000-seed weight (111.00 g), seed yield (1.86 t ha-1), stover yield (2.16 t ha-1), biological yield (4.03t ha-1), and harvest index (46.35 %). However, the highest benefit-cost ratio (2.85) was obtained under post-emergence herbicide (Irish EC) treatment. Therefore, applying Irish EC was the best broad-spectrum effective herbicide to manage the various weed floras in soybeans for profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2021 at College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya to study the effect of pre-emergence herbicides on growth and yield of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications consisting of nine treatments viz., pretilachlor 30% EC + pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% WG (Pre mix) @ 1500, 2000, 2500 g ha-1, respectively, pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 250 g ha-1, pretilachlor 50% EC @ 1500 ml ha-1, pretilachlor 30% EC + 10% safener @ 1000 ml ha-1, hand weeding (20 & 40 DAS), weed free check and weedy check. The predominant weed flora observed were Echinochloa colona, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Dinebra retroflexa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Chloris barbata, Physalis minima, Ageratum conyzoides, Portulaca olearacea, Parthenium hysterophorus, Gomphrena decumbens, Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus iria. The results revealed that pre-emergence application of pretilachlor 30% EC + pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% WG pretilachlor 30% EC + pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% WG (Pre mix) @ 2500 g ha-1 at 3 DAS recorded significantly lower total weed count (0.25, 0.72,15.00 and 19.33 No. m-2), weed dry weight (1.22, 3.09, 5.50 and 8.08 g m-2) and weed control efficiency of 84.36, 82.86, 79.00 and 78.82 per cent, respectively at 15, 30, 60 DASP and at harvest. Due to efficient weed control the same treatment recorded high nutrient uptake by the crop (84.42, 43.90 and 63.47 NPK kg ha-1), net monetary returns (Rs.92120 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.54) and was statistically comparable with weed free check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the increasing demand for electronic devices that use batteries, e-waste is also becoming a major threat to the environment. Battery e-waste contains hazardous heavy metals that affect the health of the soil ecosystem. Thus, the present study evaluates the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) phytoextraction potential of coco grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) grown in soils contaminated with battery scrap waste (BSW). Pot experiments were conducted to grow C. rotundus under different treatments (0%: control, T1: 1%, T2: 2%, T3: 3%, and T4: 4%) of BSW mixed with soil (w/w). The results showed that BSW mixing significantly (p < 0.05) increased the physicochemical properties and heavy metal (Cd and Pb) content in the soil. BSW mixing resulted in a reduction in growth and biochemical traits of C. rotundus and an increase in oxidative stress enzymes with an increase in BSW dose. The Pearson correlation studies also showed that soil HM concentration had a negative influence on the growth and biochemical parameters of C. rotundus. The bioaccumulation and translocation factor analysis showed that C. rotundus was a hyperaccumulator plant with a maximum accumulation of Cd and Pb (38.81 and 109.06 mg·kg−1) in root parts followed by the whole plant (277.43 and 76.10 mg·kg−1) and shoot (21.30 and 22.65 mg·kg−1) parts. Moreover, predictive models based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches were developed for Cd and Pb uptake by C. rotundus. Mathematical modeling results showed that soil properties were useful to construct quality MLR and ANN models with good determination coefficient (R2 > 0.98), model efficiency (ME > 0.99), and low root mean square error (RMSE < 5.72). However, the fitness results of the ANN models performed better compared with those of the MLR models. Overall, this study presents an efficient and sustainable strategy to eradicate hazardous HMs by growing C. rotundus on BSW-contaminated soils and reducing its environmental and health consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radicals are harmful macromolecules that interact with lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates inside cells. The high level of ROS present in the cell leads to major health issues such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer and oxidative stress. In the current study, Cyperus rotundus (C.rotundus), Tinospora cordifolia (T.cordifolia) and their formulations were evaluated for their phytochemical content, functional group identification by FT-IR and In vitro free radical scavenging activity. The phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanolic extracts had more secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds than the extracts from the other solvents. Compared to the standard ascorbic acid, the ethanolic extract exhibited good free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide and an elevated level of activity was observed with the increased concentration of the extract. The ethanolic extracts of C.rotundus, T.cordifolia and their formulation were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy, which revealed the presence of unique functional groups such as primary as well as secondary amines, alkenes, nitro compounds and alkylhalides. In an In vitro model, the current finding demonstrates the anti-oxidant effectiveness of C.rotundus and T.cordifolia. Hence, further studies are warranted and it might eventually be utilized as a possible medicament for treating diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus L. has been extensively used in ancient medication for the treatment of different disorders worldwide, in which sesquiterpenes are the most representative components. In this study, sesquiterpenes were effectively purified by two‐dimensional counter‐current chromatography in combination with continuous injection and inner‐recycling mode with a solvent system of n‐hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0.2:1:0.2, v/v/v/v). For one‐dimension separation, continuous injection mode was used with three times injection and the inner‐recycling mode was adopted for the separation of two mixtures for two‐dimensional separation. Finally, four sesquiterpenoids, including scariodione (1), cyperenoic acid (2), scariodione (3), and α‐cyperone (4), were obtained with purities over 98%. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were applied to identify their structures. The results from the anti‐inflammation effect with zebrafish demonstrated that cyperenoic acid exhibited stronger anti‐inflammation activity. Molecular docking results suggested that cyperenoic acid possessed lower binding energies –9.4545 kcal/mol with 1CX2 to form formed hydrogen bond interaction with ARG120. In general, all the obtained findings proved that the strong anti‐inflammation capacity of cyperenoic acid can have the potential of being adopted for treating diseases resulting from inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus is the dry rhizome of the Cyperaceae plant Cyperus. Although there are two types of processed products in clinics, their quality differences are not clear, and the identification methods are more complex. In this study, the chemical composition of different processed products of Cyperus rotundus was characterized using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry and molecular network analysis, to identify the potential chemical markers and to establish a quick and simple color‐based discrimination method. Among the 65 compounds analyzed, 12 showed significant differences. Observing the color, the surface brightness (L*) of Cyperus rotundus decreased after vinegar processing, while red (a*) and yellow (b*) values increased. These color values correlated significantly with chemical compositions. Finally, a color discriminant function was established and verified for raw Cyperus rotundus and vinegar‐processing Cyperus rotundus. Based on this study, Cyperus rotundus' quality can be effectively controlled and provides a method for the comprehensive characterization of chemical components and chemical markers of other traditional Chinese medicine and processed products, as well as new ideas and methods in identification and quality evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A higher seeding rate and water management through flooding are proven effective against many weeds of wet direct-seeded rice. However, the efficacies of these techniques against the lowland ecotype Cyperus rotundus are not yet known. Two experiments were conducted each twice to determine the influence of seeding rate and flooding period on the growth of lowland ecotype C. rotundus and the yield of wet direct-seeded rice under dual culture. The first experiment involved two levels of weed pressure (without and with lowland ecotype C. rotundus) and four seeding rates of wet direct-seeded rice (60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1); the second involved three flooding periods (7, 14, and 21 DAS) including the full saturated condition. The shoot biomass of the weed was heaviest at 60 kg ha-1; reduced by 10, 20, and 41% at 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1. It only weighted 8% when flooding was applied at 7 DAS; 23 and 31% at 14 and 21 DAS, respectively. The grain yield of wet direct-seeded rice was not different at four seeding rates nor various flooding periods. Despite that, the grain yield was higher by 66% when flooding was done at 7 DAS; 39 and 40% at 14 and 21 DAS, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrated that using a higher seeding rate and early flooding had negative influences on the growth of lowland ecotype C. rotundus but not on the yield of wet direct-seeded rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted in maize (Zea mays L.) during both kharif (June–September, 2014 and 2015) seasons in a randomized block design with nine treatments, including the herbicide tembotrione as early post-emergence at 80, 100 and 120 g ha-1 both as sole and in combination with atrazine at 500 g ha-1, atrazine at 1000 g ha-1, hand-weeding twice at 25 and 40 DAS and unweeded control with three replications. The experimental field was heavily infested with Ludwigia parviflora (Jacq.) Raven, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Cyperus rotundus (L.) and Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. The yield of maize was reduced by around 48% due to weed infestation. From the experiment, it was found that combined application of tembotrione and atrazine was much more effective than sole application of herbicide at any of the levels that were evaluated. Tembotrione at a rate of 80–100 g ha-1+stefesmero surfactant at 733 g ha-1+atrazine at 500 g ha-1 recorded the lowest weed density, weed biomass and weed index; highest values of growth and yield parameters as well as the yield of maize. Therefore, early post–emergence application of tembotrione at 80–100 g ha-1+stefesmero surfactant at 733 g ha-1+atrazine 500 g ha–1 appeared to be the most effective weed management approach for higher weed control efficiency, yield, gross and net return of kharif maize in lateritic soil of West Bengal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products are reported to have a vital role in the treatment of various diseases and drug design. In recent developments, natural drug molecules of plant origin have been reported exclusively for diabetic management. Type-2 diabetes or hyperglycemia is one such disease which is particularly studied for plant-based therapy in the last few decades. Though various plant extracts and metabolites have been reported for potential hyperglycemic activities, the Cyperus species plants have acquired a unique place in the phytochemical study as they are endowed with various health-beneficial bioactive metabolites and have proven biological properties. The present report is focused on the Cyperus species plants that are studied for antidiabetic properties in vitro as well as in vivo and the potential metabolites identified for such activities. The antidiabetic studies of metabolites or crude products from plants such as Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus kyllingia, Cyperus laevigatus, Cyperus pangorei, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus scariosus and Cyperus tegetum were reviewed. The metabolites, responsible for such activities were listed from the literature survey wherever purification and identification works were reported. The review focused on the importance of natural products in managing diabetes mellitus and the pharmaceutical importance of Cyperus plants in in managing diabetes, their pharmaceutical importance, drug safety and effectiveness. The secondary metabolites listed in this review may be helpful for further molecular and clinical-level research and drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the herbicidal activity of fractions recovered from the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. on Amaranthus spinosus L., Cyperus rotundus L. and Axonopus compressus L. growth. The leaves of A. conyzoides were defatted with n-hexane and then extracted with ethyl acetate. Two subfractions A and B, were recovered after fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract by column chromatography. In pot assays, the ethyl acetate extract of 2-subfractions A and B were applied to A. spinosus, C. rotundus and A. compressus at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 % and the herbicide (2,4-D at 0.686 kg a.i. ha-1) and distilled water applied as positive and negative controls, respectively. The subfractions showed phytotoxic activity 7-days after the start of the pot assay. Subfraction A at concentrations of 4 % or higher completely suppressed the growth of A. spinosus and that of A. compressus at 10 % concentration. Thus, subfraction B was less phytotoxic to weeds than subfraction A. The C. rotundus weed was less sensitive to both subfractions. GC-MS indicated the presence of caryophyllene (6.40 %), 2-propenoic acid, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-, (E)- (15.35%), precosene II (23.33 %) and phytol (4.33 %) in subfraction A; and caryophyllene (9.61 %), 2-propenoic acid, 3-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-, (E)- (20.82 %), precocene I (3.27 %) and precocene II (29.78 %) in subfraction B. Our results showed that subfraction A had promising herbicidal effects on A. spinosus and A. compressus, while, subfraction B was herbicidal to A. spinosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress related disorders occur as a result of free radicals in the cellular organs. Antioxidants provide protection contrary to oxidative stress by counteracting free radicals through the help of different bioactive constituents present in the plants. The aim of this study is to find out the quantitative estimation of phytochemicals (phenolics, tannins, flavonoid, non-tannins, alkaloid and saponins), in vitro antioxidant activity (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate, metal chelating, ferric reducing, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant activity) of different parts of Cyperus rotundus. Along with this, the extraction of polyphenolic compounds by conventional and non-conventional methods and their optimization by response surface methodology technique were also studied. As the outcomes of the study, maximum amount of total phenolics content was found in the ethanolic fraction of stem (37.88±0.94 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). The root has shown the highest flavonoid (0.24±0.03 mg QAE/g) and non-tannin content (21.55±2.43 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) in the extract of petroleum ether. The total alkaloids and tannin content in flower and root i.e., 5.05±0.08 mg caffeine equivalent/g and 76.28±0.62 mg tannic acid equivalent/g was found to be better in aqueous extract respectively. The fraction of ethyl acetate has reported the greatest saponin content (39.2±3.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). In case of flower part half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate and superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity varies from 0.57-1.90 mg/ml and from 0.053-1.401 mg/ml respectively. Antioxidant activity of each part of the plant was reported in the fraction of ethanol and water by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (0.403±0.009-0.886±0.02 mg/ml), metal chelation activity (0.010±0.0-0.306±0.001 mg/ml) and total antioxidant capacity (0.030±0.0- 0.317±0.002 mg/ml). Microwave assisted extraction method was found to be the suitable one for optimization of total phenolic content. So, the relationship between different parameter was determined through response surface methodology technique and evaluated by plotting the graphs. Polar extracts have found to show the maximum quantity of secondary bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity as compared to non-polar one. And among the comparison between conventional and non-conventional methods, ultra sonication (non-conventional method) has shown the highest yield of bioactive phenolic compound. So, this study shows that Cyperus rotundus has wide range of secondary metabolites showing antioxidant properties that can be applied for different therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiments were carried out during 2017 and 2018 on commercial rice field in Kochani region to assess different POST-em herbicide programs for weed management in lowland flooded rice system in North Macedonia. In addition, herbicide selectivity and impact on rice grain yield were estimated. POST-em herbicide treatments were used in early-(EPOST-em), mid-(MPOST-em) and late-(LPOST-em) rice growth stages (BBCH 26; 29 and 32-34, respectively). Weed control varied among herbicide treatments, herbicide programs, and weeks after treatments (WAT). All herbicides applied EPOSTem controlled Echinochloa crus-galli (ECHCG) and Scirpus maritumus (SCMA) 91-100%. At MPOST-em treatment, herbicides showed control of ECHCG between 93 and 97%. However, all herbicides applied LPOST-em controlled ECHCG 79-88%. SCMA control was less than 88 and 85% with MPOST-em and LPOST-em treatments, respectively, perhaps as a consequence of progressive growth stage of SCMA (BBCH 40). Control level of Cyperus rotundus (CYPRO) and Heteranthera reniformis (HETRE) was high in all POST-em treatments (between 90-100%, and 95-100%, respectively). EPOSTem and MPOST-em application of any herbicide resulted no phytotoxicity to rice plants. LPOST-em treatments caused rice phytotoxicity by cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam, cyhalofop-buthyl + bentazon, and profoxidim + bentazon which were ranged from 8-20%. Unlike rice yield at LPOST-em treatments was 6235 kg ha-1, all EPOST-em and MPOST-em used herbicides has impact in rice yield 6685 and 6610 kg ha-1, respectively which, but there were no statistically significant differences with the weed free control 6710 kg ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Diploid and mixoploid Trigonella foenum-graecum L. phytotoxicity on Cyperus rotundus. • Weed treatment via aqueous extracts spray and aerial parts powder incorporation into potting soil. • The phytotoxicity of diploid and mixoploid fenugreek plants was different. • The spray of mixoploid fenugreek aqueous extracts was the most harmful on weeds. • Mode of action of T. foenum-graecum allelochemicals' on C. rotundus. The increased use of pesticides adversely affects the environment. To overcome this problem, there is a need to adopt sustainable agriculture. Cyperus rotundus L. is the main focus of the present work, which was carried out in order to find an effective and ecofriendly way to control this menacing weed. Allelopathic plants may show an enhancement of their phytotoxicity following their mixoploidisation. Hence, phytotoxic activity of diploid and mixoploid Trigonella foenum-graecum L. plants (fenugreek) harvested at vegetative stage was evaluated on C. rotundus. Treatments were applied either by pulverization of fenugreek aerial parts aqueous extracts (at 10, 20, and 30%) or by incorporation of the aerial parts powder into potting soil (in amounts of 0.2%, 0.6%, 1%), in pot experiments, under natural conditions. Results showed that phytotoxicity degree was dependent on the treatment and the ploidy level. Indeed, mixoploid fenugreek aqueous extract at 30% was the most harmful to weeds, whose leaves were totally burned, with 92.77% and 86% inhibition on root growth and weight, respectively. Pulverization by aqueous extracts of diploid plants had no significant effect on C. rotundus vegetative growth which was similar to control at all concentrations. The growth of C. rotundus , treated by adding mixoploid fenugreek powder to the potting soil, has been improved at the highest doses. However, its shoots and roots length and leaf number and weight were reduced by 45.45%, 63.88%, 66.66% and 74.54% respectively following adding diploid plants at 1%. As the pulverization treatment by mixoploid plants was the most phytotoxic on C. rotundus , the reproducibility of this result was evaluated in field trial. Same to pot experiments, shoot growth was completely inhibited at 30%, with 91.51% and 92.17% reduction in root growth and weight. Weed growth inhibition seems to be correlated with membrane deterioration (proved by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 67.55% and 57.85% in leaves and roots and electrolyte leakage increase by 64.88% and 46.46% in the same organs) and mitochondrial respiration disruption due to a decrease in dehydrogenases activity. Chlorophyll and soluble sugars contents were similarly affected; while, proline and carotenoid contents increased. This study showed that mixoploidy could be an effective way to enhance the phytotoxicity of plants, which may be used to control the main weeds, often very resistant even to industrial herbicides. Understanding the different action mode of allelochemicals on target species may provide a basis for the development of bio-herbicides to boost up production in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C. rotundus is known to reduce grain yields of transplanted (TPR) and wet direct-seeded rice (WDSR) under flooded conditions. Information regarding its critical period of control is not yet known. Two identical experiments were performed to determine the critical periods of controlling C. rotundus in TPR and WDSR. Following the procedure of two crop-weed competition periods, the weed was grown with TPR and WDSR in a randomized complete block design arrangement with three replications. Under the critical time of weed removal, C. rotundus had the lowest shoot biomass when grown with TPR and WDSR from 0-10 DAT/DAS and the highest from 0-100 DAT/0-120 DAS. When grown from 0-20 up to 60 DAT/DAS, shoot biomass increased significantly thereafter. TPR grain yield was not affected by the weed from 0-10 up to 20 DAT but reduced thereafter by 10.7-40% from 0-30 up to 100 DAT. WDSR grain yield was also unaffected from 0-10 up to 20 DAS; however, it decreased thereafter by 15-34.1% from 0-30 up to 120 DAS. Under the critical weed-free period, the shoot biomass of the weed was highest from 10-100 DAT/DAS for both TPR and WDSR; it decreased significantly from 20-100/120 and up to 60-100/120 DAT/DAS. TPR grain yield decreased to 6.1% when the weed was present from 10-100 and up to 60-100 DAT; WDSR decreased by 16.9 and 4.1% from 10-120 and 20-120 DAS, respectively. There was no yield reduction in WDSR from 0-10 and up to 60-120 DAS. The classical method and statistical model suggest that the critical period for controlling C. rotundus is from 14-29 DAT in TPR and 18-26 DAS in WDSR. Appropriate and effective weed control techniques should be employed during these periods to avoid having more than 5% grain yield reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the application technology of pentoxazone in direct-seeding rice fields, the control spectrum, biological activity, and safety of pentoxazone to eight varieties of rice were determined in the greenhouse, and its control efficacy in the field was verified. The results showed that when the dose of the active ingredient was 225 g/hm², the inhibition rates of pentoxazone on fresh weight of five kinds of weeds including Eleusine indica, Cyperus difformis, Eclipta prostrata, Cyperus rotundus, and Cyperus iria were all more than 90%, and the GR50 (active ingredient, the same as the rest) of pentoxazone on main weeds such as Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanguinalis, E. prostrate, and C. iria were between 82.15 g/hm2 and 189.17 g/hm2. The safety results showed that when the dose of the active ingredient was 1800 g/hm², it was safe for the eight tested rice varieties, with plant height inhibition rates of 1.89%-5.16%, and fresh weight inhibition rates of 1.47%-4.14%. The selectivity indexes of pentoxazone between four rice varieties Longliangyouhuazhan, Ziliangyou 5, Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 46, and four weeds E. crus-galli, D. sanguinalis, E. prostrate, C. iria were 3.27-28.24, and its selectivities between rice and E. prostrate, and C. iria were significantly better than that of oxydiazon. At 450 g/hm2 of the active ingredient and 45 days after field application, the fresh weight control effect of pentoxazone on weeds in direct seeding paddy fields was 87.94%. The results showed that pentoxazone has good application prospects in direct-seeding rice fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree of weed interference depends on factors related to the crop, the weed community, the environment, the period of coexistence, and the available resources (water, nutrients, and light). Thus, the period of coexistence between the crop and weeds is a crucial factor in defining the potential for loss of productivity. This research aimed to carry out a phytosociological study and determine the periods of weed interference in the pineapple crop as a function of spacing. The evaluated variables of the weed community were frequency, density, abundance, importance value index, and weed dry mass. Pineapple productivity and °Brix of fruits were determined for the periods of interference. The botanical families Asteraceae and Poaceae presented the highest number of weed species. Digitaria insularis, Richardia grandiflora, Panicum maximum, Cyperus rotundus, and Cenchrus echinatus were the main weeds found. The pre-interference period, total interference prevention period, and critical interference prevention period were 35 days, 35 to 365 days, and 330 days after planting, respectively. The reduction in productivity due to weed interference throughout the cycle can be higher than 80% for the pineapple crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lettuce is a leafy crop appreciated for the supply of nutrients that favor the immune system. However, like other crops, it is subject to weed interference. Due to its low competitiveness and the impacts of herbicides, it is necessary to search new ways to control weeds. This work aims to determine the effects of solarization on weed control and on the productivity of 'Verônica' lettuce with or without soil revolving after solarization. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 7x2 with four replications. The beds were weeded, irrigated and covered with 150 µm thick transparent polyethylene in different periods (first factor): five solarization periods (75, 60, 45, 30, and 15 days with solarization) and two controls (without and with weeds), with or without soil revolving (second factor). Weed phytosociology (frequency, density and relative dominance, importance value index, and relative importance) and lettuce productivity were evaluated. The control of the weed community (with a predominance of Cyperus rotundus, Eleusine indica and Digitaria spp.) with solarization was not efficient. However, the non-revolving treatment decreases the density of some weeds and positively affects the productivity and commercial characteristics of lettuce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is one of the horticulture crops with the highest economic worth and the steadiest market interests. Weeds can affect agricultural output through competition for nutrients and water, sunlight for photosynthesis, and growing space. This study attempts to comprehend the proliferation of weeds in potato cultivation in West Java's Potato Centers of Pangalengan and Cikajang Subdistricts. The study was done between December 2020 and February 2021 using survey and vegetation analysis techniques. The vegetative analysis demonstrates that the diversity of weeds in potato cropping in the Pangalengan and Cikarang Subdistricts led to precise results. Four kinds of grassy weeds, two sedges, and eight broadleaf weeds were discovered in potato cropping throughout the Pangalengan Subdistrict. Two species of grassy weeds, two species of sedges, and eleven species of broadleaf weeds were discovered in the potato cropping across the Cikarang Subdistrict, which contained a total of fifteen species. The weeds with the greatest SDR (Summed Dominance Ratio) values in these two regions were Cyperus rotundus and Eleusine indica. The species diversity index value (H'), which fell into the medium category, and the community coefficient index value (C), which has significant degrees of difference, also revealed differences in diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]