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Semiotik adalah cara transfer bahasa. Berbagai macam kekayaan bahasa yang ada di negara Indonesia. Lebih jauh semiotik ini dipergunakan dengan cara melestarikan adat isytiadat yang ada di daerah tertentu, termasuk yang ada di desa Guci Kecamatan Karanggeneng kabupaten Lamongan. Merupakan kekayaan intelektual masyarakat pada masa dahulu dan sekarang masih menjadi tradisi (kebudayaan). Kegiatan lempar nasi pada saat hujan adalah sebuah tradisi yang dilestarikan oleh masyarakat Guci. Sebuah ketetapan budaya dengan menggunakan tradisi lempar nasi pada saat hujan, akan tetapi hal ini dilakukan apabila hujan yang disertai dengan angin. Tidak ada keterangan yang jelas dari sesepuh desa Guci mengapa menggunakan nasi sebagai media. Peneliti tidak mengungkap secara jauh, karena peneliti terfokus pada kajian semiotik bahasa yang dipergunakan dalam tradisi lempar nasi tersebut. Menarik untuk dilakukan penelitian sebagai bentuk dari pengembangan intelektual dari sisi kebahasaan, tanda, indeks dalam penerapan tradisi tersebut.

Seaweed liquid waste from filter-squeezed drying process of Gracilaria sp. causes an unpleasant odour to the environment. Although this waste can partially be used as biofertilizer and heavy metals adsorbent, a bigger portion of the waste remains unutilized thus causing a problem to the environment. The present study aimed to utilize seaweed liquid waste as a supplement in fermentation media. To achieve this aim, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a famous bioethanol producer was used to examine the ability of seaweed liquid to supply macronutrients and micronutrients in the media to produce ethanol. Interestingly, when used as a supplement in the fermentation media to produce ethanol, the liquid boosted ethanol production three folds from 200 mg/L of 2 % glucose alone to 600 mg/L of 2 % glucose in liquid. Additionally, the liquid was able to substitute yeast extract and peptone within YPD media to produce 647.48 mg/L ethanol as compared to only 542.39 mg/L with normal YPD which contains yeast extract and peptone. For that reason, the utilization of seaweed liquid as the supplement in the medium should be considered as an alternative cost-effective media for enhancing ethanol production without the addition of other nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 25 year old, short stature man of non-consanguineous parents, attended with acute respiratory tract infection along with progressive difficulties in walking, hearing and vision. He had the complaints of growth retardation, poor feeding, listless attitude and delayed milestones of development since one year of age. At presentation, he was non cooperative, IQ below 50; height and weight were below 5th percentile. He had progeria with enophthalmos, cataract, corneal opacity, miotic pupils, tremor, ataxia, in-coordination of movement, diminished tendon reflexes, unsteady gait, bilateral sensory neural deafness and hepatomegaly. Lateral skull X-ray showed cortical calcification. MRI of brain revealed bilateral dentate nucleus and basal ganglia calcification, generalized cerebral and cerebellar atrophy and ventricular dilatation. Typical clinical and imaging findings clinched the diagnosis of classic Cockayne Syndrome; which is a rare, autosomal recessive, DNA repair deficient, multisystem disorder. It has no cure and the prognosis is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the fertility of cervical artificial insemination (AI) in sheep, we investigated isoxsuprine HCl usage on the cervical passage during cervical AI. We also compared cervical and laparoscopic AI fertility results of using chilled semen at different durations. Semen was collected from rams and diluted as 20 × 10 6 or 400 × 10 6 spermatozoa/straw for laparoscopic and cervical AI, respectively, and chilled to 4°C within 2 h. Sheep were inseminated with chilled semen for 8 or 24 h via the laparoscopic or cervical AI method. Moreover, some of the cervical inseminated sheep were injected intramuscularly with 0.5 mg/kg of isoxsuprine HCl 15 min before AI. As a result, the use of isoxsuprine HCl did not affect cervical transit and fertility. In addition, fertility was affected by the storage duration of the semen; laparoscopic AI was more successful than cervical AI in terms of fertility; if cervical AI is performed, the duration between semen collection and AI should be less than 8 h after chilling the semen at 4°C, and if laparoscopic AI is performed, the time between semen collection and insemination can be up to 24 h after chilling the semen at 4°C. Longer storage periods should be studied., (© 2024 The Author(s). Animal Science Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Society of Animal Science.)

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of destruction of lyophilized and frozen-thawed ram sperm plasma and acrosomal membrane on development of embryos produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Semen samples were divided into two groups for lyophilization (L) and freezing (F). For the removal of the plasma membrane, L and F groups were incubated with Triton X-100 (LTX-100 and FTX-100, respectively). Integrities of the plasma membrane, acrosome and chromatin structure were evaluated. Oocytes were injected with these sperm groups. Although no plasma membrane and acrosome integrities of the L (0.0%) group were detected, the plasma membrane integrity of the F group (69.4%) was significantly higher than the FTX-100 group (23.6%) ( p  < 0.05). The acrosome integrity of the FTX-100 group (3.80%) was significantly lower than the F group (55.6%) ( p  < 0.05). The chromatin integrities of L and F groups were higher than the Triton X-100 treated groups ( p  < 0.05). ICSIs with L, LTX-100, F and FTX-100 sperm were produced similar cleavage and blastocyst rates. In conclusion, data presented here confirm that ram spermatozoa can effectively be lyophilized and injected into oocytes for initiation of embryonic development and Triton X-100 pretreatment is not necessary while using lyophilized and frozen semen.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an alpha-lipoic acid-supplemented extender on ram semen at a post-thaw stage and after incubation (6 hr). Semen samples were collected from five Kivircik Rams. Pooled semen was diluted with an egg yolk-based extender with different concentrations of alpha-lipoic acid (0.25 mmol L -1 , 0.5 mmol L -1 and 1 mmol L -1 ) and without alpha-lipoic acid. Motility, plasma membrane functional integrity (HOST), acrosome integrity (FITC-Pisum sativum agglutinin) and DNA integrity (TUNEL) were assessed at post-thaw and 6 hr after incubation of the frozen-thawed semen. At the post-thaw stage, 0.25 mmol L -1 alpha-lipoic acid had a positive effect on sperm motility and plasma membrane functional integrity compared to the control group (p < .05). At the post-incubation stage (6 hr), it was determined that the motility and plasma membrane functional integrity of the antioxidant groups were adversely affected compared to the control group (p < .05) and 1 mmol L -1 dose of alpha-lipoic acid had a harmful effect on DNA integrity compared to the control group (p < .05). The results of the study demonstrated that alpha-lipoic acid has positive effects at post-thaw but have harmful effects on long term to ram semen., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The effect of agrochemicals and beekeeping treatments on drones have not been widely investigated compared to workers or queens. In the present study, we investigated the chronic exposure of chemicals set (deltamethrin, acetamiprid, oxalic acid, fumagillin, and amitraz) on some sperm parameters and on the histomorphology of seminal vesicles. We also assessed the colony development and nosema load before and after the exposure. Thirty native Apis mellifera anatolica honeybee colonies with sister queens equalized with brood and total frame of bees were used for this experiment. Five colonies were used for each group. Deltamethrin, acetamiprid and fumagillin were given as oral chronic exposure at final concentrations of 25.10 -6  mg L -1 , 0.01 m L -1 and 50 mg L -1 respectively in syrup solution (50/50). Colonies were exposed to oxalic acid by spraying 5 mL per frame space of 3% (w/v) of oxalic acid dihydrate. Finally, the amitraz was applied based on the manufacturer's instructions. The concentrations chosen represented the field-realistic concentrations and those used by beekeepers in the region. Results showed that deltamethrin reduced brood production. In the same group, we found a high increase in nosema load. All treatments decreased sperm count except for fumagillin but this compound increased sperm mortality and increased the percentage of sperm with defected acrosome integrity. The amitraz exhibited a high sperm mortality and high percentage of sperm with defected membrane integrity function. The sperm parameters such as the count, the motility, the acrosome integrity, the membrane function of sperm, and the histomorphology of seminal vesicles of drones exposed to oxalic acid were the most affected. Bee medications commonly used such as oxalic acid and fumagillin should be more investigated and should be considered by beekeepers and particularly queen breeders.

Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens antagonize anti-bacterial immunity through translocated effector proteins that inhibit pro-inflammatory signaling. In addition, the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium initiates an anti-inflammatory transcriptional response in macrophages through its effector protein SteE. However, the target(s) and molecular mechanism of SteE remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that SteE converts both the amino acid and substrate specificity of the host pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase GSK3. SteE itself is a substrate of GSK3, and phosphorylation of SteE is required for its activity. Remarkably, phosphorylated SteE then forces GSK3 to phosphorylate the non-canonical substrate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) on tyrosine-705. This results in STAT3 activation, which along with GSK3 is required for SteE-mediated upregulation of the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage marker interleukin-4Rα (IL-4Rα). Overall, the conversion of GSK3 to a tyrosine-directed kinase represents a tightly regulated event that enables a bacterial virulence protein to reprogram innate immune signaling and establish an anti-inflammatory environment., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate different concentrations of royal jelly (RJ) supplemented extenders for post-thawing quality of drone sperm. Semen samples were collected from sexually mature drones. Pooled semen was diluted with extender without RJ (control) or supplemented with different concentrations of RJ (1, 2, 4 or 8%). Sperm motility, plasma membrane functional integrity, and acrosomal integrity were evaluated. At post thaw, the highest sperm motility and acrosomal integrity rates were obtained in the RJ1 group. Functional integrity of sperm membrane was better preserved in the RJ1 and RJ2 groups compare to the other groups. The study shows that RJ supplemented extenders have beneficial effects on drone semen parameters. The results of the present study demonstrated advantage of using 1% RJ supplemented extender., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the administration time of misoprostol (11 h (Miso11) and 6 h (Miso6) before artificial insemination) on fertility rates in Kivircik ewes (control: n = 41, Miso11: n = 32 and Miso6: n = 33) during breeding season. Artificial insemination (AI) was performed 48 h after sponge removal using frozen-thawed semen (150 million sperm per dose in 0.25 ml straws). Estrus synchronization parameters (onset and duration) and lambing rate were evaluated. No significant difference was observed among groups for the estrus onset and duration hours (P > 0.05). The lambing rates in the control, Miso11 and Miso6 groups were 39.0, 62.5 and 54.5%, respectively. There were significant differences among the control, Miso11 and Miso6 groups according to lambing rates (P < 0.05). In conclusion, misoprostol treatment significantly improved fertility in ewes when using frozen-thawed semen in AI. Administration of misoprostol 11 h before AI resulted in a higher lambing rate than that at 6 h before AI; therefore, treatment of misoprostol 11 h before AI can effectively be used., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest declaration
There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative, non-spore forming curved rod is found in diverse aquatic ecosystems around the planet. It is classified according to its major surface antigen into around 206 serogroups, of which O1 and O139 cause epidemic cholera. A recent spatial modelling technique estimated that around 2.86 million cholera cases occur globally every year, and of them approximately 95,000 die. About 1.3 billion people are currently at risk of infection from cholera. Meta-analysis and mathematical modelling have demonstrated that due to global warming the burden of vector-borne diseases like malaria, leishmaniasis, meningococcal meningitis, viral encephalitis, dengue and chikungunya will increase in the coming years in the tropics and beyond., Cholera and Climate: This review offers an overview of the interplay between global warming and the pathogenicity and epidemiology of V. cholerae. Several distinctive features of cholera survival (optimal thriving at 15% salinity, 30 °C water temperature, and pH 8.5) indicate a possible role of climate change in triggering the epidemic process. Genetic exchange (ctxAB, zot, ace, cep, and orfU) between strains and transduction process allows potential emergence of new toxigenic clones. These processes are probably controlled by precise environmental signals such as optimum temperature, sunlight and osmotic conditions. Environmental influences on phytoplankton growth and chitin remineralization will be discussed alongside the interplay of poor sanitary conditions, overcrowding, improper sewage disposal and global warming in promoting the growth and transmission of this deadly disease., Conclusion: The development of an effective early warning system based on climate data could help to prevent and control future outbreaks. It may become possible to integrate real-time monitoring of oceanic regions, climate variability and epidemiological and demographic population dynamics to predict cholera outbreaks and support the design of cost-effective public health strategies.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of rainbow trout seminal plasma (RTSP) (0.1%, 1% and 10%) in extenders containing either egg yolk or lecithin for use in Awassi ram semen cryopreservation. Pooled sperm were diluted in a two-step dilution method to a final concentration of 1/5 (semen/extender) in egg yolk or lecithin extender containing no RTSP, 0.1%, 1% or 10% RTSP (v/v). Semen samples were assessed for sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity [hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) and Hoechst 33258] and defective acrosomes [FITC-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA-FITC)] at the following five time points: after dilution with extender A; after equilibration; and post-thaw at 0h, 3h and 5h. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was examined only after thawing. Freezing and thawing procedures (dilution, equilibration and post-thaw incubation at 0h, 3h and 5h) negatively affected the motility (P<0.001) and acrosome integrity (P<0.001). Additionally, freezing and thawing negatively affected the plasma membrane integrity, as determined by the HOST and Hoechst 33258 (P<0.001). The extender group affected the motility (P<0.001) and the HOST results (P<0.001). Levels of MDA in the egg yolk extender with 1% RTSP group were significantly lower than in the lecithin control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the egg yolk extender groups that were supplemented with 10% and 1% RTSP provided greater cryoprotective effects for semen survivability during 5h incubation than the other extender groups., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lyophilized egg yolk extender on ram semen cryopreservation. Ejaculates with a thick consistency, rapid wave motion (3-5 on a 0-5 scale) and >75% initial motility were pooled. Sperm were diluted to final concentration of 1/5 (semen/extender) in lyophilized egg yolk or fresh egg yolk extenders using two-step dilution method. The equilibrated semen was frozen in 0.25 mL straws. Semen samples were assessed for sperm motility, plasma membrane functional integrity using hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), damaged acrosome using FITC-Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA-FITC) and DNA integrity using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) at three time points: after dilution with extender A, equilibration and post-thaw. The results showed that freezing and thawing procedures (dilution, equilibration and thawing) had negative effects on motility (P<0.001), plasma membrane integrity (P<0.001), acrosome integrity (P<0.001) and DNA integrity (P<0.001). In the study, there were no significant differences between lyophilized and fresh egg yolk extenders when comparing motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and DNA integrity between groups. In conclusion, lyophilized egg yolk extender provided similar cryoprotective effects with fresh egg yolk extender to cryopreserve ram semen., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Vitrification is becoming a preferred method for pre-implantation embryo cryopreservation. The objective of this study was to determine the differentially expressed genes of in vivo- and in vitro-produced bovine embryos after vitrification. In vitro- (IVF) and in vivo-derived (IVV) bovine blastocysts were identified as follows: in vitro-produced fresh (IVF-F), in vitro-produced vitrified (IVF-V), in vivo-derived fresh (IVV-F), in vivo-derived vitrified (IVV-V). The microarray results showed that 53 genes were differentially regulated between IVF and IVV, and 121 genes were differentially regulated between fresh and vitrified blastocysts (P < 0.05). There were 6, 268, 962, and 17 differentially regulated genes between IVF-F × IVV-F, IVF-V × IVV-V, IVF-F × IVF-V, and IVV-F × IVV-V, respectively (P < 0.05). While gene expression was significantly different between fresh and vitrified IVF blastocysts (P < 0.05), it was similar between fresh and vitrified IVV blastocysts. Significantly up-regulated KEGG pathways included ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, spliceosome, and oocyte meiosis in the fresh IVF blastocyst samples, while sphingolipid and purine metabolisms were up-regulated in the vitrified IVF blastocyst. The results showed that in vitro bovine blastocyst production protocols used in this study caused no major gene expression differences compared to those of in vivo-produced blastocysts. After vitrification, however, in vitro-produced blastocysts showed major gene expression differences compared to in vivo blastocysts. This study suggests that in vitro-produced embryos are of comparable quality to their in vivo counterparts. Vitrification of in vitro blastocysts, on the other hand, causes significant up-regulation of genes that are involved in stress responses., (Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The paper describes a rational approach for the selection of cross-linkers during the development of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). As a model system for this research MIPs specific for the drug zidovudine (AZT) were designed and tested. Three cross-linkers trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and divinylbenzene (DVB) were studied. The analogue of zidovudine (AZT) ester (AZT-ES) was used as a dummy template. The imprinting factors for all of the polymers in the static adsorption experiments were calculated. The data on the AZT adsorption by control polymers (CP), which were prepared with different cross-linkers without a functional monomer, was also analyzed. DVB was found to be more inert towards zidovudine than EGDMA and TRIM, which was confirmed by both molecular modelling and adsorption experiments. It was demonstrated that DVB-based polymers had a higher imprinting factor (I = 1.85) compared with other tested cross-linked polymers. It was suggested that the selection of the cross-linker should be based on the strength of the interaction with the template: the cross-linker which displays lower binding of the template should be preferential because it generates MIPs with lower non-specific binding and a higher imprinting factor, and therefore specificity. Which cross-linker to use for the preparation of any particular MIP can be determined by analysis of the interactions between the cross-linker and template. This could be done either virtually using computational modelling or by template adsorption using a small library of polymers prepared using different cross-linkers.