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Advanced digital technologies have rapidly been integrated into prosthodontics to improve the digital workflow for prosthetic rehabilitation. The integration of 3D datasets acquired from various imaging sources such as intraoral scanners and facial optical scanners allows the creation of virtual patients to perform presurgical simulation and prosthetic rehabilitation. The presented technique introduced a straightforward protocol for aligning intraoral scans (Trios 4, 3Shape) to optical face scans (Face Hunter, Zirkonzahn) using a global best-fit algorithm of 3D evaluation software (GOM Inspect). Nasal geometry data were used as the matching reference to produce virtual dental patients. This integration protocol ensured that the intraoral scanner (Trios 4, 3Shape) was used not only to scan dental arches but also used effectively to scan the nose. These scans along with professional facial scans can be successfully aligned to produce virtual dental patients. As only a single fully dentate patient case with an alignment deviation of 243.6 µm was used, further research to evaluate the accuracy of this protocol is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space around the brain has long been known to drain through the lymphatics to cervical lymph nodes1-17, but the connections and regulation have been challenging to identify. Here, using fluorescent CSF tracers in Prox1-GFP lymphatic reporter mice18, we found that the nasopharyngeal lymphatic plexus is a major hub for CSF outflow to deep cervical lymph nodes. This plexus had unusual valves and short lymphangions but no smooth-muscle coverage, whereas downstream deep cervical lymphatics had typical semilunar valves, long lymphangions and smooth muscle coverage that transported CSF to the deep cervical lymph nodes. α-Adrenergic and nitric oxide signalling in the smooth muscle cells regulated CSF drainage through the transport properties of deep cervical lymphatics. During ageing, the nasopharyngeal lymphatic plexus atrophied, but deep cervical lymphatics were not similarly altered, and CSF outflow could still be increased by adrenergic or nitric oxide signalling. Single-cell analysis of gene expression in lymphatic endothelial cells of the nasopharyngeal plexus of aged mice revealed increased type I interferon signalling and other inflammatory cytokines. The importance of evidence for the nasopharyngeal lymphatic plexus functioning as a CSF outflow hub is highlighted by its regression during ageing. Yet, the ageing-resistant pharmacological activation of deep cervical lymphatic transport towards lymph nodes can still increase CSF outflow, offering an approach for augmenting CSF clearance in age-related neurological conditions in which greater efflux would be beneficial.

Purpose: To evaluate via CBCT the anatomical variations of the maxillary teeth and associated major anatomical cavities, the maxillary sinus and nasal fossa. Material and Methods: CBCT scans of 221 patients were used to examine maxillary sinus variations, the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) course, nasal septum variations, middle and inferior conchameatus variations, canalis sinuosus, infraorbital ethmoid cell, infraorbital canal, anterior nasal spina, and nasopalatine canal. Results: The incidence of anatomical variations was 32.6% for maxillary sinus septa, 50.9% for PSAA, 23.1% for nasal septum deviation, 6.3% for nasal septum spur and pneumatization, 3.6% for paradoxical middle concha, 14.9% for middle concha hypertrophy, 39.6% for middle concha bullosa, 0.45% for bifid inferior concha, 0.9% for paradoxical inferior concha, 60.1% for inferior conch hypertrophy, 1.8% for inferior concha bullosa, and 40.3% for the infraorbital ethmoid cell. The study mainly observed group 2 anterior nasal spina with a rate of 35.7%, group 1 nasopalatine canal with a rate of 37.1%, and infraorbital duct type 2 with a rate of 70%. In 20.4% and 47% of cases, canalis sinuosus was located in the right and left sides of the maxilla, respectively. Conclusions: Maxillary sinus variations, PSAA prevalence and localization, nasal septum and concha variations, anterior nasal spina subgroups, nasopalatine canal subgroups, canalis sinuosus prevalence, and localization and infraorbital ethmoid cell prevalence were found to be consistent with the literature. Moreover, a rare case of the lower bifid concha was identified. The nasomaxillary complex and related dental structures, which are a multidisciplinary study area, should be carefully examined in the presence of pain of unknown origin and the planning of surgical procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The task of object detection in computer vision revolves around the identification of objects within images or videos. A specific subtask within object detection is face detection, which focuses on detecting human faces. Within the realm of face detection, an important research area is facial feature detection, which has diverse applications ranging from facial recognition to emotion detection and facial expression analysis. The crucial step in facial feature detection is the identification and localization of key facial features such as the eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, and chin, which can also be called facial region detection. Face region detection can be done in two ways: landmark detection and Bounding box- based detection. Bounding boxes offer computational benefits such as increased speed and efficiency. They are preferable when the objective is to accurately detect and locate the presence of an object or face in an image or video frame. Although most of the existing algorithms for facial feature detection based on bounding box predictions typically treat the eyes as a single entity, our approach using YOLOv5 addresses the separation of left and right eye detection. In this research study, we conducted experiments using YOLOv5, which provides bounding box predictions. We used a subset of LFW (Labelled Faces in the Wild) Dataset which we augmented using GFP-GAN, Gaussian Noise, Image Sharpening, and CLAHE. We explored the effectiveness of different backbone architectures when applied to YOLOv5 for the task of facial region detection. We evaluated three popular backbone networks: EfficientNet-b0, GhostNet, and CSP-Darknet53. Our objective was to identify the most suitable backbone architecture that yields accurate detection of facial features, including the left eye, right eye, nose, and lips. Our experiments show that when GhostNet is used as a backbone in the YOLOv5 architecture, it produces superior results for the detection and classification of features as compared to the other backbones. We present a detailed evaluation of our findings, including discussions of the experimental results using different IOU thresholds and backbone combinations. Our proposed methodology and findings make valuable contributions to the field of facial feature extraction and provide meaningful insights into the potential and performance of YOLOv5 for detecting and localizing key facial elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aims Patients/Methods Results Conclusions Nose augmentation using nonsurgical methods, including volumizing and cogged threads, has gained popularity due to its minimally invasive nature, shorter recovery times, and reduced risks compared to traditional rhinoplasty. However, there is limited literature on the use of these techniques in the Asian population.This study aims to present two successful cases of nose augmentation using volumizing and cogged threads, providing evidence of their effectiveness and demonstrating the insertion techniques through a supplementary video.Two female patients (aged 26 and 33) underwent nonsurgical nose augmentation. The first patient received volumizing threads to enhance nasal contour, while the second patient received cogged threads to refine the nasal tip and alar base. Both procedures were performed using polydioxanone (PDO) threads, with follow‐ups conducted to assess the outcomes.Both patients exhibited significant improvement in nasal contour and projection, with outcomes maintained for up to 8 months post‐procedure. The patients reported high satisfaction with the aesthetic results, and no complications were observed during the follow‐up period.Volumizing and cogged threads offer a promising nonsurgical alternative for nose augmentation, particularly in patients seeking minimal invasiveness and natural‐looking results. While the initial outcomes are positive, further research is needed to evaluate the long‐term safety and effectiveness of these techniques, especially in the Asian demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of an optimized combination of active nose droop and active Gurney flap (CADAG) in a new flow control strategy to manage dynamic stall over a pitching blade section under variable Mach number flow. The optimization method employs the genetic algorithm coupled with a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solver and artificial neural network. The base blade section belongs to a section positioned at r/R=0.865 of the rotor blade of the UH-60A helicopter in forward flight condition. A high relative angle of attack on the retreating side makes the flow susceptible to dynamic stall. A nose droop is employed to control the dynamic stall of the blade section, and a Gurney flap is used to maintain the balance of the generated lift of the blade during 360° of rotation. A comprehensive investigation is performed to determine the most significant parameters affecting the performance of the present combined active flow control. The ratio of the total generated lift to the drag is chosen as the objective function of the optimization. Results show that this ratio and the total generated lift in one rotation cycle increase by 193% and 13%, respectively, at the optimum condition of the present combined active flow control, while the ratio of the generated lift over the advancing side to the retreating side is equal to that of the base blade section. In addition, the dynamic stall hysteresis loop reduces significantly, and the maximum value of the drag coefficient and the negative aerodynamic damping decrease up to 87% and 83% compared to the base blade section, respectively. In general, the proposed innovative combined active flow control is an adjustable method to alleviate dynamic stall and improve the aerodynamic performance of rotary wings in different operation conditions. Practical Applications: The rotary blades are extensively used in rotorcraft, turbo engines, and wind turbines. Despite their massive use, they suffer from some essential issues, of which the most important one is the so-called dynamic stall. Dynamic stall is a complex phenomenon that limits the performance of the rotary blades. Due to the physics governing a rotary wing, such as a helicopter rotor blade, dynamic stall and flow separation are very common. Understanding dynamic stall physics and providing solutions to prevent it is still one of the main challenges of aerodynamic scientists. The present study introduces a novel adjustable method for practically alleviating the dynamic stall on helicopter blade section in forward flight conditions to improve its aerodynamic performance in different operational conditions. A comprehensive investigation is carried out to determine the key parameters affecting the proposed method. These findings can serve as a valuable tool for other researchers to develop various active flow control strategies. This article applies an optimization process using artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and CFD tools, which forms a comprehensive framework that can be easily extended to other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scouring around a bridge abutment could potentially result in the failure of the bridge structure, leading to property damage and casualties. Therefore, it is crucial to control and reduce the depth of local scour around the abutment for the safe design of bridge abutments and foundations. Four different shapes of abutments were employed during the experimentation, namely vertical wall, 45° wing wall, oblong, and vertical wall with semi-circular nose shaped abutment. Temporal evaluation predicts the efficacies of these abutment shapes on local scour by varying the discharge (Q), which ranged from 0.023 m3/sec to 0.042 m3/sec with increments of 0.005 m3/sec. Vertical wall and 45° wing wall abutments, which have sharp edges and corners, create eddies and vortices that intensify the more scouring action. On the other hand, abutments with rounded noses and wings tend to generate less turbulence in the water flow, thereby reducing the erosive forces that cause scouring. During the experimentation, it was observed that vertical wall with semi-circular nose shaped bridge abutment reduces scour depth by approximately 27.74% in comparison to vertical wall abutment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the soft tissue measurements of the upper lip and the nose on the cleft side and the noncleft side before surgery, immediately after cheiloplasty and two months after surgery. Design: Descriptive clinical study with one group, prospective. Setting: Department of Odonto-Stomatology, Children's Hospital 1, at Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam. Patients: 31 patients with a unilateral complete cleft lip participated in this study, 30 patients were evaluated at the time two months after surgery. Interventions: Interventions include PNAM and cheiloplasty by modified Millard technique. Main Outcome Measures: Patients proceed to acquire 3D images of lips and nose, define landmarks and measure dimensions. There are 11 evaluators to be compared, p < 0.05 was considered statictical significance. Results: After two months of surgery, on cleft side and noncleft side, the lengths of the upper lip were 10.87 ± 0.80 and 11.92 ± 0.78 (mm), the widths of the upper lip were 16.06 ± 1.10 and 16.40 ± 1.02 (mm), the heights of the nostril were 4.85 ± 0.44 and 5.93 ± 0.43 (mm), the lengths of columella were 4.08 ± 0.37 and 4.93 ± 0.38 (mm), and the widths of the nostril were 9.07 ± 0.37 and 8.37 ± 0.40 (mm). Conclusion: Cheiloplasty by modified Millard technique on the patients who used PNAM showed that after two months of surgery, the morphology of the upper lip and nose has a slight disproportion with the nasolabial measurements of the cleft side being smaller than on the noncleft side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic rhinitis (CR) is a frustrating clinical syndrome in dogs and our understanding of the disease pathogenesis in is limited. Increasingly, host– microbe interactions are considered key drives of clinical disease in sites of persistent mucosal inflammation such as the nasal and oral cavities. Therefore, we applied next generation sequencing tools to interrogate abnormalities present in the nose of dogs with CR and compared immune and microbiome profiles to those of healthy dogs. Host nasal cell transcriptomes were evaluated by RNA sequencing, while microbial communities were assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Correlation analysis was then used to identify significant interactions between nasal cell transcriptomes and the nasal microbiome and how these interactions were altered in animals with CR. Notably, we observed significant downregulation of multiple genes associated with ciliary function in dogs with CR, suggesting a previously undetected role for ciliary dysfunction in this syndrome. We also found significant upregulation of immune genes related to the TNF-α and interferon pathways. The nasal microbiome was also significantly altered in CR dogs, with overrepresentation of several potential pathobionts. Interactome analysis revealed significant correlations between bacteria in the genus Porphyromonas and the upregulated host inflammatory responses in dogs with CR, as well as defective ciliary function which was correlated with Streptococcus abundance. These findings provide new insights into host–microbe interactions in a canine model of CR and indicate the presence of potentially causal relationships between nasal pathobionts and the development of nasal inflammation and ciliary dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septoplasty is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in otorhinolaryngology to overcome nasal obstruction. Following septal surgery, nasal packs are commonly inserted by surgeons to support and appose septal flaps the types of which depend on the preference and experience of the surgeon. Background We conducted a study to compare the Merocel sponge with that of a newly developed septal clip with the splint in patients who underwent septoplasty or submucosal resection to find out which one is better. A total of 50 patients were included in the study over a period of 3 years. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 25 each where group M is for patients receiving Merocel after surgery and group C is for patients receiving septal clips with splints. Aim The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effects of a Merocel pack on nasal functions with that of the septal clip and their eventual complications and outcome in the post-operative period. Results The main observations that were found in both groups in the immediate postoperative period were (1) pain (2) nasal obstruction (3) sleep disturbance (4) headache (5) epiphora (6) dryness of mouth and (7) postnasal drip. Pain was mild to moderate in the case of group M (MPS was 2.4) and moderate to severe degree in the case of group C (MPS was 5.7). Nasal obstruction was more common in Merocel group patients. Sleep disturbance, headache, epiphora, post-nasal drip, and dryness of mouth were also more in the Merocel group. After pack removal in both groups, the nasal examination was done to see crusts, vestibulitis, and septal ulcers. All these findings were more in the septal clip with the splint group. Conclusions It was observed that Merocel nasal packing causes significant morbidity and discomfort in the immediate post-operative period as compared to septal clips. It is also expensive. The new septal clips with splints can be used as an effective alternative to Merocel for approximation of flaps after septal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of nasal types has been reported to be influenced by climatic adaptation as the nose is involved in conditioning inhaled air. Previous studies have reported differential nasal types and dimensions among varying populations which is very beneficial in planning for rhinoplasty and in forensic identification. However, there is inadequate data on nasal types and dimensions of the various ethnic groups in the Ghanaian population. Since it is inappropriate to apply nasal dimensions of one ethnic group to another, the current study sought to assess the nasal types and dimensions of Akans and Ewes in the Ghanaian population. Nasal height, nasal length, nasal tip protrusion, morphological nose width, and anatomical nose width were measured from 202 participants (116 Akans and 86 Ewes) aged 18–27 years belonging to the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups. Nasal index was calculated, and the frequencies of the nasal types among the two ethnic groups were determined. Ewe significantly had greater nasal length and nasal tip protrusion than the Akans. For both ethnic groups, sexual dimorphism was observed in morphological nose width and anatomical nose width, with males having greater values than females. The platyrrhine (broad nose) nasal type was predominant among the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups. The average nasal dimensions of the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups for the Ghanaian population have been reported in the present study, which will be useful in rhinoplasty intended for individuals belonging to these ethnic groups and in identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Olfactory dysfunction is an overlooked adverse effect of radiation therapy. This study is designed to find the effect of radiation therapy on olfactory function in head and neck malignancy excluding tumors of nose and nasopharynx and correlate the olfactory changes with the radiotherapy dose. Method: This prospective observational study was done over a 2-year period in 34 participants with head and neck malignancies who underwent radiation therapy (RT). The participants olfaction was evaluated subjectively with Italian Nose Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (I-NOSE) scale and objectively by a modified I-Smell test which included an olfactory identification score and an olfactory threshold score at 5 time points. The beginning of RT (T 0), at 2 weeks of RT(T 1), end of RT (T 2), 1 month follow-up (T 3), and 3-month follow-up (T 4). The near maximum dose to the nasal cavity (D 2%) and mean dose to the nasal cavity (D mean) were calculated for all participants and correlated with olfactory function. Results: A total of 34 patients with head neck malignancy were recruited. The median I-NOSE score reached maximum at the end of radiation and decreased to baseline at 3 months follow-up (P <.001). The olfactory identification score, olfactory threshold score, and median combined olfactory score showed a significant decrease at the end of radiation therapy compared to Pre-radiation therapy values. There was a significant but incomplete recovery in the 3-month follow-up period (P <.001). Conclusion: There was a significant deterioration in quality of life for olfaction, olfactory identification, and olfactory threshold at the completion of radiotherapy. At 3 months follow-up, though there was no complete recovery of olfaction, it did not have an adverse effect on the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibromyxomatous spindle cell neoplasms are an unusual form of dysplasia. It is extremely rare in the nose and paranasal sinuses. We present a 60 year lady with swelling over the dorsum of nose and nasal block for 4 years. She underwent combined approach excision of mass. Histopathology revealed fibromyxomatous spindle cell tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report details the surgical management of a rare case of hidradenocarcinoma in a 70-year-old man presenting as a large multilobulated swelling on the dorsum of the nose. Following histopathological confirmation, the patient underwent wide complete excision of the tumour, coupled with sentinel lymph node dissection. Reconstruction involved the use of a paramedian forehead flap and cheek advancement flap. The successful outcome underscores the importance of early diagnosis and a comprehensive surgical approach for managing hidradenocarcinoma on the nasal dorsum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma are the most common cancers worldwide and surgical excision is the first-line treatment. Brachytherapy, which delivers a high dose of radiation to tumor tissue while sparing healthy tissue, represents a curative and conservative alternative in certain situations, particularly in elderly patients. Since the withdrawal of iridium wires from the market, brachytherapy has mainly been performed with high-dose-rate iridium-192 (HDR). Few studies and recommendations exist on HDR brachytherapy. Our study aims to evaluate the efficacy of HDR brachytherapy in terms of local control, survival, toxicity, and quality of life in patients with facial periorificial cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma treated in our center between 2015 and 2021. While treatment of localized cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is based on surgery, brachytherapy, which delivers a high dose of radiation to tumor tissue while sparing healthy tissue, is an alternative. Since the withdrawal of iridium wires from the market, brachytherapy has mainly been performed with high-dose-rate iridium-192 (HDR). This study evaluated the efficacy of HDR brachytherapy in terms of local control, survival, toxicity, and quality of life in patients with facial periorificial cutaneous SCC or BCC treated in our center between 2015 and 2021. Sixty-seven patients were treated for SCC (n = 49) or BCC (n = 18), on the nose (n = 29), lip (n = 28), eyelid (n = 7), or ear (n = 3). The majority had Tis or T1 tumors (73.1%). After a median follow-up of 28 months, 8 patients had a local recurrence. The local control rate at 3 years was 87.05% (95% CI 74.6–93.7). All patients developed grade 1–2 acute radio-mucositis or radiodermatitis and one experienced reversible grade 3 acute radio-mucositis. Of the 27 patients who completed the quality-of-life questionnaire, 77.8% recommended the treatment. This study confirms that HDR brachytherapy for facial cutaneous carcinomas provides good local control, good tolerance, and satisfactory functional outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Roasting is an important process in the formation of coffee flavor characteristics, which determines the quality of coffee and consumer acceptance. However, the influence of roasting degree on the flavor characteristics of cold brew coffee has not been fully described. RESULTS: In the present study, the flavor characteristics of cold brew coffee with different roasting degrees were compared in detail by using chromatographic and electronic sensory approaches, and the flavor changes induced by freeze‐drying were investigated. Pyrazine and heterocyclic compounds were the main aroma compounds in coffee, and gradually dominated with the increase of roasting. Pyridine was consistently present in cold brew coffees of different roasting degrees and showed significant gradient of quantity accumulation. Aroma compounds such as pyrazine, linalool and furfuryl acetate were the main contributors to coffee roasting, floral and fruity flavor. Freeze‐drying preserved the fruity and floral aromas of medium‐roasted cold brew coffee, whereas reducing the bitterness, astringency and acidity properties that are off‐putting to consumers. CONCLUSION: The higher consumer acceptance and enjoyment in medium roast cold brew coffee may be related to its stronger floral and fruity aroma. The aroma profile qualities of freeze‐drying processed medium roasted cold brewed coffee were more dominant and more suitable for freeze‐drying processing than medium dark roasting. Application of freeze‐drying for cold brew coffee will promote the convenience of drinking. The present study provides valuable technical guidance in improving the flavor and quality of cold brew coffee, and also promotes its commercialization process. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Determining the anthropometric characteristics of the nose, which is located in the center of the face, plays an important role not only in surgical procedures but also in identifying ethnic differences. This study aimed to examine the nasal similarities and differences between Kazakhs and Turks who have lived in different regions for more than a thousand years. Material and Methods: The study included 200 Turkish students and 200 Kazakh students. For each student, sixteen distance measurements and five angle measurements of the nose were taken. The photographs were taken using a digital camera mounted on a tripod, with a distance of 1.50 meters between the photographer and the student participating in the study. Digital photographs of the front, left side, and base of the nose were taken in the Frankfurt Horizontal Plan, which is the standard head position. The photographs were transferred to the DIGIMIZER software, where measurements were made using anthropometric points previously determined. Results: The findings reveal that among both societies, nasal measurements tend to be greater for males compared to females. Conversely, females exhibit higher nasofrontal (p=0.001) and nasolabial (p=0.001) angles compared to males. Moreover, Turks generally exhibit greater nasal length (p=0.001), width (p=0.001), and height (p=0.037) than Kazakhs, whereas tend to have lower nasofrontal (p=0.001) and nasolabial (p=0.001) angles than Kazakhs. Conclusion: Nasal anthropometric measurements for males were generally higher than for females. In addition, all measurements differed between Turks and Kazakhs. The results of this study will be useful for future anthropometric studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inferior meatus augmentation by injection or implants is one of the treatments for empty-nose syndrome (ENS), but levels of evidence of efficacy are low. We present the technique and evaluate our experience. The primary objective was to analyze changes in Empty Nose Syndrome 6-item Questionnaire (ENS6Q) scores after treating patients with ENS by autologous fat injection. Secondary objectives were the analysis of the evolution of each of the six ENS6Q items and identification of complications. Eleven patients underwent a minimally invasive approach to limit nasal airflow using fat injection between March 2021 and December 2022. Ten of the 11 patients showed a decrease in overall ENS6Q score (P = 0.0058); 6 had a final ENS6Q score < 11. Ten were satisfied with the procedure, but remained symptomatic. The procedure did not result in any complications. These encouraging results confirm the data in the literature suggesting that fat injection improves symptomatology in empty nose syndrome. However, like other minimally invasive approaches to limit nasal airflow, it does not eliminate all symptoms. These results need to be confirmed by studies on larger cohorts with longer follow-up, preferably in a multicenter setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess cleft rhinoplasty terminology across phases of growth. Design/Setting: A systematic review was performed on cleft rhinoplasty publications over 20 years. Interventions: Studies were categorized by age at surgical intervention: infant (<1 year); immature (1 to 14 years); mature (>15 years). Main Outcome Measures: Collected data included terminology used and surgical techniques. Results: The 288 studies included demonstrated a wide range of terminology. In the infant group, 51/54 studies used the term "primary." In the immature group, 7/18 studies used the term "primary," 3/18 used "secondary." In the mature group, 2/33 studies used the term "primary," 16/33 used "secondary," 2/33 used "definitive," 5/33 used terms such as "mature," "adult," and "late," and 8/33 did not use terminology. Surgical technique assessment demonstrated: cleft rhinoplasty at infancy used nostril rim or no nasal incision, immature rhinoplasty used closed and open rhinoplasty incisions; and mature rhinoplasty used a majority of open rhinoplasty. Infant and immature cleft rhinoplasty incorporated septal harvest or spur removal in <10% of cases, whereas these procedures were common in mature rhinoplasty. No studies in infants or immature patients used osteotomies or septal grafts, common techniques in mature rhinoplasty. Conclusions: Current terminology for cleft rhinoplasty is varied and inconsistently applied across stages of facial development. However, cleft rhinoplasty performed at infancy, childhood, and facial maturity are surgically distinct procedures. The authors recommend the terminology "infant," "immature," and "mature" cleft rhinoplasty to accurately describe this procedure within the context of skeletal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Key points Sham procedures produce a clinically significant impact on patient‐reported outcome measures This effect should be considered when designing and interpreting the results of RCTs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease entity seen by ENT surgeons as well as general practitioners all over the world. This study is aimed to evaluate and validate whether the clinical guideline symptoms (set by AAO-HNS 2015) alone and/or nasal endoscopic findings can predict the diagnosis of CRS, taking CT as the gold standard. Methods: A total of 118 patients with symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis were taken. They were divided into two groups on the basis of whether they fulfilled the Guideline symptom criteria laid down by AAO-HNS in 2015 for diagnosing chronic rhinosinusitis. Each group underwent diagnostic nasal endoscopy (DNE), and patients with either purulence, edema in the middle meatus or ethmoid, and polyps in the nasal cavity or middle meatus were considered positive for DNE. A Lund-Mackay CT score of > 4 was considered diagnostic of CRS. Each group was analyzed separately. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of guideline symptom with and without the addition of nasal endoscopy was recorded taking CT as the gold standard. Results: Nasal obstruction was the most common seen in all cases (100%) followed by headache in 45 (38.1%), facial pain in 32 (27.1%), anterior nasal discharge in 28 (23.7%), decreased sense of smell in 22 (18.6%), and posterior nasal discharge in 19 (16.1%). Two-thirds of patients (78, 66.1%) fulfilled the clinical guideline symptoms criteria, and one-third of patients (40, 33.9%) did not fulfill the clinical guideline symptoms criteria. A positive finding on DNE was found in 59.3% (n = 70) of patients. More than half of patients (62, 52.5%) had mild grade on endoscopic examination, while only 8 (6.8%) had moderate grade, and none had severe grade. Guideline symptoms have a high sensitivity (80%) but a low specificity (50.94%) in the diagnosis of CRS, with a fair level of agreement with CT diagnosis (Kappa = 0.32). DNE has a moderate sensitivity (72.31%) but a low specificity (56.60%) in the diagnosis of CRS, with a fair level of agreement with CT diagnosis (Kappa = 0.29). Sensitivity and specificity were 80.77% and 57.69% respectively when guideline symptoms and DNE findings are taken in series. Conclusion: We conclude that neither Guideline Symptom Criteria nor DNE is independently sufficient enough to have a high diagnostic accuracy for CRS. Comparing the diagnostic efficiency among various modalities, we report that in patients who meet guideline symptom criteria for CRS, the addition of nasal endoscopy turned out to be a cost-effective diagnostic approach and improves the diagnostic accuracy of DNE for CRS reasonably, hence should be emphasized as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients for CRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of nasal aesthetics on facial and smile attractiveness, as well as its influence on social perceptions, has not been adequately evaluated or understood. This study used eye-tracking and questionnaire to analyze people's visual perceptions in smiling and non-smiling patients with changes in the tip of the nose. Methods: Two profile images were used, one smiling and non-smiling. The photos were edited in Photoshop to adjust the nose. The raters received guidance on using the eye-tracking hardware and then answered a questionnaire about psychosocial perceptions. Results: For the happiness variable, the images with a smiling model were rated statistically differently (p < 0.001). Regarding self-esteem, differences were perceived when comparing the smiling and non-smiling images with a medium steep nose, also, there was a difference between smiling images at less and medium steep nose versus compared to smiling steeper nose (p < 0.001). Conclusions : Images featuring a smile were perceived as happier than those without a smile. A more pronounced tip droop when smiling correlated with the lowest self-esteem ratings. Eye-tracking results consistently focused on the eyes and smile across all images. Level of Evidence: Not gradable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pupillometry is used in humans to monitor pain, nociception and analgesia. This single-center, non-randomized, non-blinded intervention trial, evaluated the effect of nose twitching on the pupil size in awake, sedated, and anesthetized horses. Pupil height (H) and length (L) were measured before (Be) and after (Af) nose twitching in fourteen non-painful adult awake horses (T0). The percentage of variation (PSV) was calculated (PSVTn=[(TnAf-TnBe)/TnBe]*100). Measurements were repeated (Tn) after acepromazine (0.04mgkg-1 IV) (T1), romifidine (0.04mgkg-1 IV) (T2), morphine (0.1mgkg-1 IV) (T3), after anesthesia induction with diazepam (0.05mgkg-1 IV) and ketamine (2.2mgkg-1 IV), at the time the horse was placed on the operating table (T4) and when the expiratory fraction of sevoflurane was 2% (T5). HAf vs. HBe, LAf vs. LBe as well as PSVH vs. PSVL at each time were compared with a Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test. The PSVL and PSVH, as well as HBe and LBe over time were compared with the Skillings-Mack test followed by a Wilcoxon test for paired data to make pairwise comparisons (Tn+ 1 vs. Tn). In non-sedated horses (T0), the application of the nose twitch induced a significant increase in pupil length (LT0Be: 17.09 [16.05; 19.67] mm versus LT0Af: 19.52 [18.74; 21.40]) mm (p = 0.004). Thirty minutes after acepromazine administration (T1), nose twitching induced a significant increase in pupil length (LT1Be: 16.45 [14.80; 18.66] mm versus LT1Af 18.31 [17.20; 20.52] mm) (p = 0.016) and height (HT1Be: 8.44 [5.68; 12.04] mm versus HT1Af: 11.09 [7.97; 14.3] mm) (p < 0.001). PSVHT1 was significantly greater than PSVLT1 (p = 0.025). PSVH was higher at T1 than at T0 (p = 0.04). It was also significantly higher at T1 than at T2 (p < 0.001). Romifidine induced mydriasis (HT2Be 16.95 [14.73; 18.77] mm versus HT1Be 8.44 [5.68; 12.04] mm) (p < 0,001) (LT2Be 19.66 [18.45; 20.41] mm versus LT1Be 16.45 [14.80; 18.66] mm) (p < 0.001). The results suggest that nose twitching induced a pupillary dilation in the awake horse. This effect was potentiated after the administration of acepromazine but disappeared after the administration of romifidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points This follow‐up dual‐institutional and longitudinal study further evaluated for underlying gender biases in LORs for rhinology fellowship. Explicit and implicit linguistic gender bias was found, heavily favoring male applicants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background While inflammatory and immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in peripheral blood are extensively described, responses at the upper respiratory mucosal site of initial infection are relatively poorly defined. We sought to identify mucosal cytokine/chemokine signatures that distinguished coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity categories, and relate these to disease progression and peripheral inflammation. Methods We measured 35 cytokines and chemokines in nasal samples from 274 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Analysis considered the timing of sampling during disease, as either the early (0–5 days after symptom onset) or late (6–20 days after symptom onset) phase. Results Patients that survived severe COVID-19 showed interferon (IFN)-dominated mucosal immune responses (IFN-γ, CXCL10, and CXCL13) early in infection. These early mucosal responses were absent in patients who would progress to fatal disease despite equivalent SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Mucosal inflammation in later disease was dominated by interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-12p70, which scaled with severity but did not differentiate patients who would survive or succumb to disease. Cytokines and chemokines in the mucosa showed distinctions from responses evident in the peripheral blood, particularly during fatal disease. Conclusions Defective early mucosal antiviral responses anticipate fatal COVID-19 but are not associated with viral load. Early mucosal immune responses may define the trajectory of severe COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue nevus is a type of uncommon benign pigmented lesion in the skin or the mucosa of human body which is featured by pigmented dendritic melanocytes and spindled melanocytic cells. Sinonasal blue nevus is extremely rare. We reported a sinonasal blue nevus case with the background of pituitary adenoma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (including endoscopic and histological pictures). Further, the existing literature about blue nevus is reviewed. This paper puts a spotlight on the potential correlation between blue nevus with the endocrine system disorder and provides support for further experimental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) levels are repeatable over time in normal-hearing individuals making DPOAE levels an ideal measurement for monitoring cochlear status in clinic and research applications. However, if DPOAE signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values instead of levels are used for monitoring, the repeatability of this value needs to be established. This retrospective, cross-sectional study sought to determine DPOAE SNR repeatability in younger children, older children, young adults and a patient population with normal hearing. Each participant attended four sessions where DPOAE discrete frequency sweeps were collected at conventional (≤ 8 kHz) and/or extended-high frequencies (> 8 kHz). To examine the extent of variability to be expected for DPOAE SNR, average absolute SNR differences-between-trials were determined and compared to average absolute DPOAE level differences-between-trials. One hundred forty-five participants, incorporating four different groups from three different studies. Ages ranged from 3 to 55 years. Average SNR differences-between-trials across all frequencies are greater than differences for average DPOAE levels. Improved calibration methods result in SNR differences-between-trials that are similar across all frequencies When monitoring cochlear health over an extended bandwidth, DPOAE levels are less variable across trials than SNR values, thus allowing earlier indicators of cochlear damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ensuring the freshness of fish is essential to guaranteeing safer products for consumers. A classification model was developed using the PEN3 electronic nose to predict fish freshness with its storage day. Frigate tuna (Auxis thazard) was used for odour sampling along with the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N), at 4 °C for 14 days every other day. Random forest and support vector machine (SVM) were performed to develop freshness classification models based on PEN3 data and 100% and 99.8% accuracies were obtained, respectively, in distinguishing the eight storage day classes. The PEN3 sensors including W2S, W1S, W1W, W3S, and W6S were identified as key sensors for fish freshness. TVB‐N analysis advances the freshness prediction of e‐nose and three freshness levels were identified as 'Fresh', applicable from the 0th to the 6th day; 'Moderately fresh', lasting from the 7th to the 9th day; and 'Unsuitable for consumption', applicable from the 10th day onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The present study evaluated the efficacy of cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve in alleviating symptoms associated with chronic rhinitis. Methods: A systematic review of pertinent literature sourced from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases was conducted through May 2024. The analysis focused on studies that appraised changes in quality of life and rhinitis-associated symptomatology before and after cryoablation treatment. Results: A total of seven studies (495 patients) were included in the analysis. Significant improvements in rhinitis-related symptoms were observed in patients undergoing cryoablation, irrespective of etiology (allergic or nonallergic rhinitis). Furthermore, cryoablation yielded improvements in disease-specific quality of life, as measured by the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. Notably, a clinically significant reduction (≥30% decrease from baseline) in total nasal symptomatology was noted in 71% of cases following cryoablation. Regarding the incidence of adverse effects, nasal dryness, epistaxis, ocular symptoms, and palatal numbness occurred in <5% of patients, while postoperative pain occurred in 10% and headache in 20% of patients who underwent treatment. In subtype analysis, the total nasal symptom score in nonallergic rhinitis showed a significantly increasing pattern over time (p=0.0017). Conclusion: Cryoablation of the posterior nasal nerve appears to yield a decrease in subjective nasal symptom scores and an improvement in disease-specific quality of life. Notably, these effects persisted for up to 12 months post-treatment, with marked improvements observed in both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyper‐realistic silicone masks provide a viable route to identity fraud. Over the last decade, more than 40 known criminal acts have been committed by perpetrators using this type of disguise. With the increasing availability and bespoke sophistication of these masks, research must now focus on ways to enhance their detection. In this study, we investigate whether super‐recognisers (SRs), people who excel at identity recognition, are more likely to detect this type of fraud, in comparison to typical‐recogniser controls. Across three tasks, we examined mask detection rates in the absence of a pre‐task prompt (covert task), and again after making participants aware of their use in criminal settings (explicit task). Finally, participants were asked to indicate which aspects of the masks could support their detection (regions of interest task). The findings show an SR advantage for the detection of hyper‐realistic masks across the covert and explicit mask detection tasks. In addition, the eye, mouth, and nose regions appear to be particularly indicative of the presence of a mask. The lack of natural skin texture, proportional features, expressiveness, and asymmetry are also salient cues. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uplift–depression framework controls the source–reservoir assemblage. However, the exploration breakthrough is restricted by an insufficient understanding of the uplift–depression differentiation framework in the Early Cambrian Keping–Wensu area. In this paper, based on field outcrops evaluations, thin section analysis, logging data, drilling data, and 3D seismic data, Wensu low paleo-uplift was discovered in the northern Tarim Basin, and the planar distribution was demonstrated in detail, generally shown as a SW–NE trending nose structure, extending roughly 114 km in length to the southwest, about 35 km in width to the northeast, and with the overall characteristic of being high in the west and low in the east. During the Early Cambrian, the Tabei paleo-uplift evolved into the Wensu low paleo-uplift and largely died out by the Middle Cambrian, with the development of ramps and rimmed carbonate platforms. The tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the uplift–depression framework controlled the development of a set of main source rocks and two sets of large-scale effective reservoir rocks in the Lower Cambrian, constituting two sets of effective hydrocarbon accumulation in the upper and lower stratigraphic parts of the basin. Among them, the upper assemblage holds more potential for hydrocarbon exploration, and is expected to be a next strategic target area for hydrocarbon exploration of Cambrian subsalt in the Keping–Wensu area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the advancements in rhinology, focusing on the use of artificial intelligence, technology, and innovative techniques. It discusses how these advancements have improved diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient care options. The article also highlights the integration of virtual reality and augmented reality in surgical preparation, as well as the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in decision-making and personalized patient care. Additionally, it mentions the potential of mobile health technology applications in improving patient compliance and disease management. The article concludes by discussing future innovations and emphasizes the importance of maintaining the human connection in medicine. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The goals of this study were to understand the trends in recent and past rhinology fellows concerning their demographics, goals, and experiences. Methods: An anonymous web-based survey was sent to graduates of the 35 rhinology fellowship programs. The survey included questions regarding the scope of practice, research contribution, societal involvement, fellow satisfaction with training, and current practice patterns. Chi-square testing and logistic regression were used to compare variables across cohorts: 0-5 years versus 6+ years from fellowship graduation, gender, and practice settings. Results: Based on 171 respondents, we found no significant differences in 0-5 versus 6+ year graduates in their desire for an academic job post-fellowship. However, those who graduated 6+ years ago had significantly more success securing one (74% vs 96%, P = 0.004). Between males and females, there were no differences in goal of obtaining an academic job or success in obtaining an academic career. Females were more likely to report they attend academic society meetings regularly. Female rhinologists also reported less satisfaction with overall work-life balance and decreased satisfaction with clinical practice. Physicians in academic settings have poorer work-life balance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that finding an academic job may be more difficult for recent rhinology fellowship graduates, although still very possible for the majority of graduates. Understanding the reason for these changes may provide insight to current rhinology fellowship directors and trainees interested in pursuing fellowship training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obtaining insurance approval is a necessary component of healthcare in the United States and denials of these claims have been estimated to result in a loss of 3% to 5% of revenue. Objective: Examine the trends in insurance denials for rhinological procedures. Methods: A retrospective review of deidentified financial data of patients who were treated by participating physicians across 3 institutions from January 1, 2021, to June 30, 2023. The data was queried for rhinological and non-rhinological procedures via CPT codes. Cumulative insurance denials were calculated and stratified by procedure and insurance type. Write-offs were dollar amounts associated with final denials. Results: A sample of 102,984 procedures and visits revealed a final denial rate between 2.2% and 2.9% across institutions (p =.72). The top three rhinological procedures for final write-offs were: nasal endoscopy (16.24%, $111,836.87), nasal debridement or polypectomy (6.48%, $79,457.51), and destruction of intranasal lesion (2.11%, $56,932.20). The write-off percentage for each procedure was highest among commercial insurance payers as opposed to Medicare or Medicaid. Conclusion: Final denial rates of rhinology procedures ranged between 2% and 3%. Common procedures such as nasal endoscopy and nasal debridement are among the highest written-off procedures. Insurance denials can lead to notable revenue loss. Rhinology practices must continue to remain knowledgeable of the changes and effects of insurance reimbursement on their practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Otic involvement is common in children during acute infectious diseases, and is an important cause of morbidity and health service utilization. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of pediatric cases hospitalized in the largest infectious disease hospital in Romania between 2018 and 2023, with the aim of quantifying the incidence and impact of acute otitis (AO) according to pediatric age subgroups. Results: A total of 1118 cases diagnosed with AO were eligible and included in the analysis. Acute congestive otitis media was the most common subtype, identified in 53.3% of cases, followed by acute purulent otitis media (APOM) in 26.7% of children. The majority of AO cases (69.9%) were diagnosed in the pre-pandemic period (2018–2019), and infants (10.6%), toddlers (49.4%), and preschoolers (29.2%) were the most affected age groups. A viral infection associated with the AO episode was documented in 49.6% of cases. Influenza viruses were most commonly reported (20.5%), followed by SARS-CoV-2 (5.8%), and adenovirus (4.9%). A total of 38 cases of AO were identified in children with measles. In 15.9% of APOM cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated by culture from otic secretions. The duration of hospitalization was longer in children with APOM and acute otitis externa compared to the other subtypes of AO (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of ENT (ear, nose, and throat) monitoring in children hospitalized for acute infectious diseases, as the majority of AO cases occur in the context of a viral infection. These findings emphasize the necessity for tailored assessment and intervention in suspected cases of AO, especially in young children under 5 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main problems in clinical prosthodontics has been the selection and replacement of maxillary anterior teeth in the absence of pre-extraction records. Although, several studies have proposed different reference guidelines for estimating central incisor width, there have been no appropriate guidelines for determining incisor length in the absence of pre-extraction records. The objective of the study was to arrive at a guideline for the correct length of the maxillary central incisor based on the distance between the bridge of the nose to the base of the nose and correlate the above findings with the regression equation. This study aims to correlate the length of the maxillary central incisor and facial measurements in the absence of pre-extraction records. This clinical observational study was conducted at Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah. The study population was selected using cluster-randomsampling. Totally 80 subjectsparticipated in this study. Based on the limitations of the study, it is concluded that, measuring the distance from the bridge of the nose and at the base and the height of the maxillary central incisor thereby measurement and regression equation, a ratio of (5:1) was achieved. which can be proposed as a new reference guide for the selection of maxillary central incisor length. These findings suggest that relation-based methods between Nose Length and the length of the central incisor length are to be used as a preliminary guide in estimating the height of the maxilla central incisors in the absence of records before extraction for the purpose ensure acceptable aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study used microdissection, histology, and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) with the aims of determining the prevalence and patterns of the depressor septi nasi (DSN) and orbicularis oris (OOr) muscles attached to the footplate of the medial crus (fMC) of the major alar cartilage, focusing on their crossing fibers. The DSN and OOr attached to the fMC of the major alar cartilage were investigated in 76 samples from 38 embalmed Korean adult cadavers (20 males, 18 females; mean age 70 years). The DSN, OOr, or both were attached to the fMC. When the DSN ran unilaterally or was absent, some OOr fibers ascended to attach to the fMC instead of the DSN in 20.6% of the samples. Crossing fibers of the DSN or OOr attached to the fMC were found in 82.4% of the samples. Bilateral and unilateral crossing fibers were found in 32.4% and 50.0%, respectively, and no crossing fibers were found in 17.6%. The DSN and OOr that attached to the fMC could be categorized into six types according to presence of the DSN and the crossing patterns of the DSN and OOr. Anatomical findings of the DSN and OOr that attached to the fMC were confirmed in histology and micro-CT images. These findings offer insights on anatomical mechanisms that may underlie the dynamic pulling forces generated by muscles that attach to the fMCs and on evolutionary variation observed in human facial expressions. They can also provide useful information for guiding rhinoplasty of the nasal tip.

ObjectivePreliminary data have demonstrated long-term efficacy of posterior nasal nerve (PNN) cryoablation in reducing rhinitis symptoms for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). We sought to evaluate the impact of procedural cryoablation of the PNN on quality of life (QOL) in patients with AR and NAR.MethodsAdult patients undergoing PNN cryoablation for AR or NAR after appropriate medical therapy were included for analysis. Demographics, medical therapies, baseline rhinitis symptom (total nasal symptom score [TNSS]), and disease-specific QOL (mini-rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire [mini-RQLQ]) were recorded. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test for significant changes in baseline test scores posttreatment. Absolute and relative improvement in outcomes was determined for each participant. Secondary outcomes were assessed with univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsFourteen patients were enrolled with a mean follow-up of 16.5 weeks. The TNSS and mini-RQLQ scores significantly improved after PNN cryoablation (median δs [interquartile range]: -4 [3] and -1.61 [1.08], respectively; both P = .0002). The minimal clinically important difference for the TNSS and mini-RQLQ was obtained in 92.9% of patients in each category. Relative mean percentage (%) improvement after PNN cryoablation in the TNSS and mini-RQLQ was 40.7% and 40.5% (standard deviation = 24.9 and 29.5, respectively), respectively, for all patients. Patients with NAR (n = 10) reported mean improvement of 41.3% (29.1) as measured by the TNSS and 49.6% (25.9) by mini-RQLQ. Patients with AR reported mean percentage improvement in TNSS and mini-RQLQ scores of 39.5% (12.1) and 24.6% (28.5), respectively. Patients who had been prescribed a nasal anticholinergic for management prior to PNN cryoablation had statistically significantly increased improvement in mini-RQLQ scores from pre- to post-procedure (P = .0387).ConclusionSurgical cryoablation of the PNN significantly improves both symptoms and disease-specific QOL in majority of patients with AR and NAR.

Abstract Background This meta-analysis aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of robotic-assisted natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSE) compared to traditional robotic transabdominal wall specimen retrieval surgery (TWSR) for colorectal cancer. Methods A systematic search was conducted in three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Embase) from inception to August 2023. Primary outcomes included postoperative complications, the number of lymph nodes harvested, overall survival and disease-free survival. Secondary outcomes included the postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) score, the additional use of analgesics, the restoration of gastrointestinal function, blood loss, the mean operation time, and length of postoperative hospital stay. Results In this meta-analysis, a total of 717 patients from 6 observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Compared with the TWSR group, the NOSE group had greater benefits in terms of overall postoperative complications [odds ratios (OR) 0.55; 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.34 to 0.89; P = 0.01, I 2 = 0%)], the number of lymph nodes harvested [weighted mean differences (WMD) = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.15 to 2.21; P = 0.02, I 2 = 0%)], the rate of wound infection (OR 0.17; 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.80; P = 0.02, I 2 = 0%), the passed flatus time (WMD = − 0.35 days; 95% CI = − 0.60 to − 0.10; P = 0.007, I 2 = 73%), the additional use of analgesics (OR 0.25; 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.40; P

ObjectiveNasal airway obstruction (NAO) is caused by various disorders including nasal valve collapse (NVC). A bipolar radiofrequency (RF) device (VivAer®, Aerin Medical, Sunnyvale, CA) has been used to treat NAO through RF heat generation to the upper lateral cartilage (ULC). The purpose of this study is to measure temperature elevations in nasal tissue, using infrared (IR) radiometry to map the spatial and temporal evolution of temperature.Study designExperimental and computational.MethodsComposite porcine nasal septum was harvested and sectioned (1 mm and 2 mm). The device was used to heat the cartilage in composite porcine septum. An IR camera (FLIR® ExaminIR, Teledyne, Wilsonville, OR) was used to image temperature on the back surface of the specimen. These data were incorporated into a heat transfer finite element model that also calculated tissue damage using Arrhenius rate process.ResultsIR temperature imaging showed peak back surface temperatures of 49.57°C and 42.21°C in 1 and 2 mm thick septums respectively. Temperature maps were generated demonstrating the temporal and spatial evolution of temperature. A finite element model generated temperature profiles with respect to time and depth. Rate process models using Arrhenius coefficients showed 30% chondrocyte death at 1 mm depth after 18 s of RF treatment.ConclusionThe use of this device creates a thermal profile that may result in thermal injury to cartilage. Computational modeling suggests chondrocyte death extending as deep as 1.4 mm below the treatment surface. Further studies should be performed to improve dosimetry and optimize the heating process to reduce potential injury. Laryngoscope, 2023.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify numerical values for differentiating nasopalatine duct cysts (NPDCs) from radicular cysts (RCs) arising in the anterior maxilla on computed tomography (CT) or cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. Methods: CT or CBCT images of histologically proven NPDCs (n = 30) and RCs (n = 33) beyond the midline of the maxilla were investigated to determine two asymmetry indices on axial images of the maximum lesion area. The lateral asymmetry index was calculated based on two distances from each of the lateral ends of the lesion to the midsagittal plane. The index was defined as the difference between the two distances divided by their sum. The labio-palatal asymmetry index was determined by the distance between the labial and palatal ends of the lesion and the coronal plane passing through the central incisor root apex. The performance of these indices was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The cutoff values for differentiating NPDCs from RCs were determined with the Youden procedure on the ROC curve. Results: The area under the ROC curve was 0.97 for the lateral asymmetry index and 0.88 for the labio-palatal asymmetry index. The cutoff values for differentiation were 0.36 and 0.68 for the lateral and labio-palatal asymmetry indices, respectively. Conclusion: The lateral asymmetry index appeared to be an effective reference for differentiating NPDCs from RCs on CT or CBCT images. When the index was less than the cutoff value, a diagnosis of NPDC was strongly suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To elucidate the mechanism of dysfunction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) is of significance. Telomerase involves the regulation of the cell fate and activities. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulating the tolerogenic feature of DCs. Methods The telomerase was assessed in DCs, which were collected from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), healthy control (HC) subjects, and mice. RNAs were extracted from DCs, and analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNAseq), real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Results The results showed that expression of TERT was higher in peripheral DCs of AR patients. The expression of IL10 in DCs was negatively correlated with the levels of TERT expression. Importantly, the levels of TERT mRNA in DCs were associated with the AR response in patients with AR. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress promoted the expression of Tert in DCs. Sensitization with the ovalbumin-aluminum hydroxide protocol increased the expression of Tert in DCs by exacerbating ER stress. TERT interacting with c-Maf (the transcription factor of IL-10) inducing protein (CMIP) in DCs resulted in CMIP ubiquitination and degradation, and thus, suppressed the production of IL-10. Inhibition of Tert in DCs mitigated experimental AR. Conclusions Elevated amounts of TERT were detected in DCs of patients with AR. The tolerogenic feature of DCs was impacted by TERT. Inhibited TERT attenuated experimental AR.

Abstract The nose of the mammals is responsible for filtering, humidifying, and heating the air before entering the lower respiratory tract. This conditioning avoids, notably, dehydration of the bronchial and alveolar mucosa. However, since this conditioning is not perfect, exercising in cold air can induce lung inflammation, both for human and non-human mammals. This work aims to compare the air conditioning in the noses of various mammals during inspiration. We build our study on computational fluid dynamics simulations of the heat exchanges in the lumen of the upper respiratory tract of these mammals. These simulations show that the efficiency of the air conditioning in the nose during inspiration does not relate only to the mass m of the mammal but also to its maximal running speed v. More precisely, the results allow establishing a scaling law relating the efficiency of air conditioning in the nose of mammals to the ratio $$v/\log _{10}(m)$$ v / log 10 ( m ) . The simulations also correlate the resistance to the flow in the nose to the efficiency of this air conditioning. The obtained scaling law allows predicting the air temperature at the top of the trachea during inspiration for nasal-breathing mammals, and thus notably for humans of various ages.

Background: Fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele is an uncommon pathology. Most of the cases present a history of trauma or paranasal surgical intervention. Spontaneous development of such pathology is extremely rare. The aim of this case report was to demonstrate a rare appearance of spontaneous fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele in an adult male with high-quality images in multiple modalities used in radiology. Case presentation: This case report demonstrates an extremely rare pathology of spontaneous development of fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele in a 50-year-old male. The patient complained of swelling involving the nasal bridge, the left side of the nose, and the left cheek for more than 20 years, which was spontaneous without any trauma or surgical intervention. The patient underwent radiological investigations of ultrasonography, computed tomography of the paranasal sinus, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. The diagnosis of spontaneous development of left fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele abutting the left orbit was made. No other complications of the brain tissue were noted. Conclusions: Knowledge about etiopathogenesis and various types of meningoencephalocele helps manage this pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]