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Objectives: The primary purpose of this research is to understand the media's impact on individual attitudes and behaviors related to aggression, sexuality, and body image. This research is of particular importance because it uses up-to-date data reflecting effects based on the current media environment. Additionally, it includes a racially diverse sample. Methods: A survey of 407 students at a large, public university was conducted. The survey instrument contained general measures related to media consumption, including overall television, video game, and internet use, as well as more specific questions related to particular types of media, such as pornography. For the dependent variables, questions were included that measured both attitudes and behaviors related to aggression, sexuality, and body image. Results: Consistent with predictions, media use impacted both attitudes and behaviors related to aggression, sexuality, and body image. Specifically, overall television consumption led to increased levels of aggression (r=0.18, pr=0.20, pr=0.24, pr=0.42, pr=0.40, p. Conclusions: The media continue to play an important role in the development of attitudes and behaviors. It is warranted, therefore, to continue to investigate what media can cause negative outcomes, as well as to determine how those outcomes vary based on race and gender.

Restrictions on social interaction during the pandemic are aimed at stopping the spread of the virus, which generally occurs due to local transmission in a crowd. As a result, all sectors of community life are restricted. Trading, banking, educational activities including politics must avoid face-to-face interactions, even if they are carried out they must apply extra strict health protocols. The pandemic situation forced legislative members to look for innovations and strategies in order to establish communication and maintain relationships with their constituents. At the same time, the use of digital telecommunications equipment in Indonesia reached 202.6 million users (Riyanto, 2021). The implementation of Distance Education (PJJ) and internet-based public services has attached society to digital tools and social media. Members of the legislature (DPD, DPR and DPRD) who are observant see social media as a channel for mass communication and counseling as well as establishing interpersonal relationships with constituents. The use of social media is not just a media campaign, socializing various regulations, the agenda of the session is also a means of establishing interpersonal communication with the masses of voters. The research aims to find out which social media has the most potential to support legislative performance and what are the discussions on social media as well as the responses of council members about the choice and effectiveness of social media in strengthening interpersonal relationships with constituents. Methodology: The positivistic paradigm, a type of quantitative research, in the form of survey analysis. Respondents are members of the DPD, DPR and DPRD who are active social media users during 2019 - 2020. Results: Shows that the social media application WhatsApp is the choice of the majority of politicians as much as 95.5 percent. For the intensity of the use of social media, almost half of the active members use social media every opportunity, namely 45.5 percent. The content of interaction in an effort to establish interpersonal communication with constituents is at most 77.3 percent regarding social and community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media consumers often lack the motivation, time, or cognitive capacity to select content in a deliberate way; instead, they opt for mental shortcuts. Brands are important in this regard because they simplify decision making. In the present study we investigated whether attitudes toward news media brands predict news choice. It is important that we conceptualized attitudes on two different levels: Although explicit attitudes are defined as overtly expressed, more or less deliberate evaluations, implicit attitudes are defined as automatically activated, gut-level evaluations. The supplementary use of implicit attitudes is consistent with current theorizing highlighting that deeply held and sometimes even unconscious evaluations influence media choice. Using a web-based study, we found that implicit and explicit attitudes toward television brands predicted choice. Each attitude construct predicted variance beyond that predicted by the other. We discuss implications by emphasizing the role of automatic, gut-level decision making in current high-choice media environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visitors to news websites are greeted with a complex combination of images and text, any of which could serve as a prime that biases subsequent evaluations, even if those evaluations are seemingly unrelated to the initial prime. In fact, previous research has demonstrated that media are able to serve as an effective tool at activating racially related stereotypes and that activation can influence judgments both related and unrelated to race. The purpose of this research is to build upon these previous studies by exploring the effectiveness of a stereotype-related prime based on its modality, valence, and distinctness. Results suggest stereotype activation is most pronounced when the prime's image and text are redundant in valence, provided the image is familiar in nature. There is also some support for a negativity bias. Findings are discussed in light of second-generation priming questions regarding when primes will yield effects as well as with regards to stereotype activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial body of research suggests that some news media outlets depict certain social groups stereotypically. We hypothesize that long-term exposure to such news influences viewers' automatically activated gut feelings (i.e., implicit attitudes) toward this social group, which, in turn, may be used as a basis for overtly expressed evaluations (i.e., explicit attitudes). This prediction was investigated in three empirical studies in two cultural contexts. In the United States and Austria, results suggest that regular exposure to stereotypical news coverage creates negative implicit attitudes, which, in turn, alter explicit attitudes. A better understanding of the news stereotype effects will allow us to develop strategies to reduce prejudice, which may contribute to the improvement of a humane and open society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted three experiments to further our understanding, both theoretically and methodologically, of conceptual implicit memory within the advertising context. Results from the first experiment confirmed what previous research had suggested: using a brand generation task is a conceptual implicit memory measure. The first experiment also demonstrated that conceptual priming can be found using realistic-looking advertisements embedded within a news website. Results from Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that not only is providing specific encoding instructions not necessary to induce conceptual or semantic processing but also that there were no differences based on whether the experimental procedure was conducted in a laboratory or online. Together, these results have implications for increasing the ecological validity of this type of research. By allowing participants to view realistic advertisements outside of a laboratory without specific encoding instructions, the procedure much more closely mimics how individuals actually interact with advertisements in real life. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research examines the effect of advertising on implicit (unconscious or unintentional) forms of memory, in contrast with typical advertising research focusing on explicit (conscious or recollective) measures. This research primarily examines perceptual implicit memory, but conceptual implicit tests also have clear relevance for advertising research. The present experiments use a conceptual implicit test to determine if conceptual priming is obtained with brand materials and to assess the degree of explicit contamination (using a post-test awareness questionnaire). The experiments first demonstrated that awareness is a threat to conceptual implicit measures within the advertising context. Steps were taken to reduce awareness, which were successful. Results suggest that brands can be conceptually primed when presented as text or as images but that awareness has to be accounted for as aware participants did show significantly more priming than those who were unaware (Experiment 3). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research examining the content of media programming has shown women in the media tend to conform to certain beauty and body standards, with the dominant standard being one of "thinness." Because this thin ideal is so well-documented, there has been an interest in examining the effects of those portrayals on media consumers. Previous research has demonstrated the media can play an important role in causing body dissatisfaction among women. This research builds upon prior studies by conducting an experiment exploring the interaction among image familiarity (the image was of a female celebrity or unknown model), body size (the female was thin or overweight), and race (the female was White or Black) and how those three items could affect participant body satisfaction. Unlike most prior research, the sample was diverse, allowing analysis examining any differences related to participant gender or race. Results suggest there were, indeed, different psychological effects based upon the size, familiarity, and race of the female image viewed, and the effects differed by race. Unlikeprevious research, there were no differences between genders. Implications from these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research examining the content of media programming has shown women in the media tend to conform to certain beauty and body standards, with the dominant standard being one of "thinness." Because this thin ideal is so well-documented, there has been an interest in examining the effects of those portrayals on media consumers. Previous research has demonstrated the media can play an important role in causing body dissatisfaction among women. This research builds upon prior studies by conducting an experiment exploring the interaction among image familiarity (the image was of a female celebrity or unknown model), body size (the female was thin or overweight), and race (the female was White or Black) and how those three items could affect participant body satisfaction. Unlike most prior research, the sample was diverse, allowing analysis examining any differences related to participant gender or race. Results suggest there were, indeed, different psychological effects based upon the size, familiarity, and race of the female image viewed, and the effects differed by race. Unlike previous research, there were no differences between genders. Implications from these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of viewers tune in nightly to newscasts that are likely to include a number of stories on crime. Within those crime stories, not everyone is treated equally - African Americans are far more likely than Caucasian people to be portrayed as criminals. Using cultivation theory as a framework, this study explores the relationship between television usage, news media usage, and both explicit and implicit attitudes toward African Americans. Results suggest that while there is not a relationship between overall television usage and implicit or explicit attitudes, heavy news users did have more negative implicit attitudes toward African Americans and were more likely to think an African American suspect is guilty. Implications from these results are discussed, with particular attention paid to the news media and the apparent negative influence it can exert over individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]