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Despite the growth of the sport-for-development and peace (SDP) field, the sector remains heavily resource-constrained whereby organizations have limited resources but also operate in resource-scarce environments. Given this, we draw on the theoretical concept of bricolage to explore how such resource constraints are overcome. In this study, an organization implementing SDP for refugees and throughout their existence have been confronted with resource constraints is examined. Across the organization's start-up phase and growth stage, multiple forms of bricolage are identified, which enabled the organization to address the social needs of refugees through SDP. We discuss these findings in relation to existing literature on bricolage as well as social entrepreneurship in SDP, emphasizing the way in which the recombination of resources offers opportunities for organizations and practitioners to effectively manage a scarce resource base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many sport for development and peace organizations operate with limited resources and in low-resource environments. While resource constraints impede some organizations, others demonstrate an adaptive behavior, known as bricolage, to repurpose and flexibly engage existing resources to accomplish their goals. In this study, we ask what distinguishes organizations that engage in bricolage from others. We specifically test whether sport for development and peace nonprofits that engage in bricolage are more likely to engage in social innovation, and we test those findings against organizational size, age, and characteristics of organizations' operating environments. Using data from an international sample of 161 sport for development and peace nonprofits, we find that organizations employing greater levels of bricolage also demonstrate significantly higher levels of innovation, except for process-focused innovations, which are significantly associated with environmental turbulence. Organizational size itself does not appear to influence the use of bricolage or the relationship between bricolage and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonprofit organizations often position their charitable efforts as fulfilling the immediate needs of those who are disadvantaged (termed "immediate aid appeals"). This study explores an alternative positioning strategy focused on the use of autonomous aid appeals, which promote the use of donated funds to facilitate the eventual self-sufficiency of those in need. Seven studies show that people are more likely to donate to a charity that uses autonomous aid appeals than immediate aid appeals. The authors generalize this effect to various contexts and examine it with actual donation behavior. They find that managerially relevant boundary conditions support a serial mediation model first through perceptions of impact and then by feelings of hope for the recipient's future. To support the proposed framework, they conduct mediation analyses and two process-by-moderation studies. The findings have practical implications for charities and their promotional messaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the American Community Survey 2015–2019 combined data, this study conducts an industry– and geography-specific analysis of annual earnings of social workers in four human services industries in the NYC metropolitan area. It specifically addresses two research questions: 1) What are the sectoral (i.e., nonprofit, for-profit, government) differences in overall pay among social workers? 2) What are the sectoral differences in the racial pay gap among social workers? The analytical results suggest that: 1) Social workers of all races employed by the government were paid significantly higher than their counterparts in the private sector. Within the private sector, nonprofit social workers were paid lower than their for–profit counterparts. 2) There were not statistically significant differences in the racial pay gap for social workers across the three sectors. In other words, nonprofit and government agencies were not more racially equitable in pay compared to for-profit organizations. PRACTICE POINTS: Since NYC's nonprofit human services agencies are primarily funded by government contracts, it is imperative for the state to address the stark disparity in human services workers–pay between public and private employees. Human services organizations – nonprofit, for-profit, and government included – are obligated to address the racial pay disparity in their workplace and improve racial justice in pay. The human services field should collectively address the under-compensation of social workers, especially social workers of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black women overcome various social and structural obstacles while advancing to leadership positions. The purpose of this study is to understand the lived experiences of Black women leaders as they rose to the leadership position. We used the grounded theory method to analyze the lived experiences of n = 12 Black women leaders working in nonprofit organizations, from a broader sampled study from 2017–2018, using semi-structured interviews, in rural East Texas. Based on our analyses, Black women's leadership trajectory centered around intergenerational leadership development, leadership values, and other's perception of Black woman in leadership. The themes generated show that Black women have remarkable resilience in a service-driven leadership ideology grounded in faith, family, community support, and the collective identity of being a Black woman. Generating intentional leadership pathways for strong and compassionate next-generation of Black women leaders and mentors is essential for development and sustainability of nonprofit human service organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This paper presents the process taken by a nonprofit educational organization to create authentic evaluation tools for Food Education in K‐12 schools. Development was a collaborative effort between organization staff and teachers during an Evaluation Summit. The program background, development of the Summit, and plans for post‐Summit work continuation are described. The Summit included 14 teacher participants (3‐4 per grade band in preK‐1, 2‐5, 6‐8, 9‐12). METHODS: The process of tool development was captured via direct observations and analysis of artifacts (eg, participants' brainstorming chart paper, online development documents) to identify themes in successful approaches and challenges. Additional post‐Summit activities were also captured via surveys and artifacts. Outcomes of this work are outlined, including the challenges in carrying out the creation of authentic assessments that accurately reflect the classroom teaching experience, and the value of in‐person community building in the Food Education space. RESULTS: Key findings relate to the importance of in‐person collaboration amongst teachers, centering students in evaluation, and equity and accessibility in tool development. CONCLUSIONS: Although outlining challenges and outcomes was not an a priori goal of this work, it provides important information for others working in the education nonprofit space—especially as it pertains to new approaches to classroom evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our study examines whether the presence of a Single Audit is positively associated with charitable donations. A Single Audit offers incremental monitoring benefits beyond a basic financial audit. Specifically, it includes additional audit procedures and publicly disclosed reporting on internal controls over financial reporting and on compliance over major programs. In an entropy-balanced sample of 44,364 observations over the period 2010 to 2016, we find that charities subject to a Single Audit receive higher donations, regardless of whether the audit reveals internal control deficiencies. We find similar results when donors are more sophisticated, but not when they are less sophisticated. Finally, our results show donors differentiate between clean and unclean audit findings when deficiencies are defined more strictly as material weaknesses only. Policymakers, charities, and other stakeholders should be interested in the finding that Single Audits, often viewed for their costs, also yield a peripheral monitoring benefit by attracting donations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaspora philanthropy describes the phenomenon that diasporas who live away from their home countries remain connected to their homelands and thus are motivated to give back to their countries of origin. The literature on diaspora philanthropy is growing, and multiple types of intermediary organizations have been identified, usually through single case studies. However, there is a need to systematically document the types and characteristics of intermediary organizations for diaspora philanthropy. This research uses a systematic literature review to define, summarize, and categorize intermediary organizations. Three main types of organizations emerged: nonprofit, government, and for-profit organizations. The nonprofit sector is seen as the primary type and contains five more specific categories of intermediary organizations for diaspora philanthropy. This research presents the current landscape of intermediary organizations for diaspora philanthropy and paves the way for future research on relevant topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonprofit organizations play a critical role in addressing social problems and the needs of marginalized populations. They emerge at different rates across regions. To understand the factors that motivate the creation of new nonprofits, nonprofit theories have focused on explanations such as failures of government, market and nonprofit sectors. Little is known to what extent nonprofit theories apply to immigrant-serving nonprofit organizations (INOs), however. The present study critiques nonprofit theories of government failure, market failure and interdependence theories by arguing that INOs emerge due to what this study calls citizenry exclusion, or exclusion related to legal status, race, ethnicity, nationality, culture and rights. The role of citizenry exclusion in explaining INO emergence is relevant for organizations that serve or advocate on behalf of immigrants. To evaluate this theoretical postulation, I draw upon 30 interviews with INO practitioners operating throughout the US. I conclude with theoretical, empirical and nonprofit practice implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study offers examples of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) writing tools at a small nonprofit workplace dispute resolution center. It explores the limits and strengths of these AI tools, as well as the mediation field's concerns around using AI as a replacement for mediation work. Further, it explores the implications of AI tool use for the ethos of the writer and the AI tool itself as well as for the current pedagogy deliberations occurring in the technical writing field at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONTEXT: Given the impact of environmental pollution on health and health inequity, there may be substantial value in integrating assessment and response to pollution into nonprofit hospital community benefit processes. Such hospital engagement has not yet been studied. OBJECTIVES: We take a preliminary step of inquiry in investigating if nonprofit hospitals in New York State (NYS) assess, identify, or respond to environmental pollution as part of community benefit processes. DESIGN: This study is of retrospective, observational design. Data were abstracted from community health needs reports (2015-2017), associated implementation plans, and related IRS (Internal Revenue Service) filings from a randomly geographically stratified selection of NYS nonprofit hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: The sample includes 53 hospitals from 23 counties. The sampling frame consists of NYS nonspecialty private nonprofit hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dichotomous findings for the following: (1) engagement of environmental pollution in the process of assessment of community health needs; (2) environmental pollution concern identified as a priority community health need; (3) strategic planning present to address pollution identified as community health need; and (4) action taken on same. RESULTS: We found that 60.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.74) of hospitals evidenced some form of assessment of environmental pollution and 18.9% (95% CI, 0.09-0.32) identified pollution as a priority community health need. However, no hospital went on to take independent or collaborative planning or action to address pollution. In additional analysis, we found that social justice in hospital mission was a positive predictor of assessment of environmental pollution. CONCLUSIONS: For NYS hospitals, we found a substantial presence of assessment and identification of pollution as a community health concern. Our finding of the absence of response to environmental pollution represents a gap in community benefit implementation. This indicates a yet untaken opportunity to address racial and economic environmental health injustices and to improve population health.

Purpose: This study aims to contribute to strategic crisis communication research by exploring international media representations of third sector crises and crisis response; expanding the range of crisis types beyond transgressions; and developing a framework that integrates framing and crisis communication theory. Design/methodology/approach: Quantitative content analysis was applied to identify patterns in crisis reporting of 18 news media outlets in Canada, Germany, India, Switzerland, UK and US. Using an inductive framing approach, crisis coverage of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) between 2015 and 2018 was analyzed across a wide range of crises, including but not limited to prominent cases such as Oxfam, Kids Company, or the Islamic Research Foundation. Findings: The news media in six countries report more internal crises in the third sector than external crises. The most frequent crisis types were fraud and corruption, sexual violence/personal exploitation and attacks on organizations. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three components of crisis response strategies quoted in the media, conditional rebuild, defensive and justified denial strategies. Causal attributions and conditional rebuild strategies significantly influenced media evaluations of organizational crisis response. Three frames of third sector crises were detected; the critique, the damage and the victim frame. These frames emphasize different crisis types, causes, crisis response strategies and evaluations of crisis response. Originality/value: The study reveals the particularities of crises and crisis communication in the third sector and identifies factors that influence mediated portrayals of crises and crisis response strategies of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) from an international comparative perspective. The findings have relevant implications for crisis communication theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interorganizational collaboratives among human service nonprofit organizations are potential hubs for innovation and progress. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of governance in an interorganizational collaborative, the “Sport for Good Cities” initiative, which was intentionally designed to achieve collective impact. Drawing on interviews with 30 stakeholders, the findings provide important theoretical and practical insights for governance in interorganizational collaboratives in terms of the central role and challenges related to power and decision-making, backbone support, and equity and engagement. For example, the findings highlight the need to decide how collaboratives will be governed during the formative stages of interorganizational endeavors, along with governance structures and processes that deconstruct systemic and structural inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Comprehensive programs that address the complex needs of survivors of human trafficking (HT) remain rare nationwide despite demonstrable remaining need. Non-profit clinics have proliferated to fill this gulf and provide care, services, and resources to this population. No existing research has explored success and challenges of such clinics. Objectives. To outline operational characteristics and provider experiences of several nonprofit medical clinics serving survivors of human trafficking (HT) that proliferated due to a lack of comprehensive integrated care serving this population. Methodology. We interviewed eight nonprofit medical clinics caring for survivors of HT across the U.S. Clinics were identified using a network sampling snowball approach. Semi-structured, conversational Zoom interviews were performed from May-August 2021 using SCORE analysis; subsequent thematic analysis established an interview codebook. Results. All clinics incorporated trauma-informed care and patient advocates, many offered primary care, and fewer offered partnerships with multidisciplinary services that provided mental health, pregnancy, or substance use treatments. Most clinics expressed challenges with funding, patient continuity due to mistrust or unstable circumstances, and patient identification due to legislative heterogeneity around HT. Conclusions. Nationwide efforts to standardize medical care for survivors of HT should learn from care models such as those demonstrated in this study. More healthcare systems with should provide comprehensive, integrated health care for trafficking survivors supported by line-item funding that sustains vital components such as patient advocates, mental health services, and substance use treatment support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of religious environments on the jurisdictional density of nonprofit organizations. It has been argued that religiosity can affect nonprofit activities by promoting prosocial attitudes, collectivism, collaborating and bonding, and business ethics. While prior research has investigated the effects of religiosity on various aspects associated with nonprofit activities, such as volunteering, generosity, nonprofit management, and prosocial attitudes, there remains a dearth of studies exploring the direct relationship between religious environment and the size of nonprofit sectors. Existing research yields mixed results with certain limitations. This research addresses these limitations and finds that a more vibrant religious environment contributes to a higher density of both religious and nonreligious nonprofit organizations. The study also finds that the effect is more pronounced in areas with a higher government presence. This finding is consistent with the prediction of interdependence theory but not government failure theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many organizations serving survivors of commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) have begun economic empowerment programs, providing financial literacy education, vocational training, and/or employment opportunities for survivors. Yet, very little research has examined these programs, especially those that employ survivors. This project draws on a qualitative, multi-method study of 15 organizations that serve and employ CSE survivors to examine how economic empowerment is constructed through organizational discourse and practices, what tensions emerge in these processes, and how organizational actors frame and respond to them. The findings outline the components of "economic empowerment" and explicate the key tensions of authority-autonomy and compassion-accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonprofits must navigate a unique tension—meeting the financial demands of the market while pursuing a social mission. As a result, market and mission concerns are often framed in a competitive, dualistic relationship. However, organizational communication scholars argue that the mission-market tension is a natural, even ontologically defining feature of nonprofits. Thus, rather than seek to resolve these tensions, scholars should examine how organizational members construct the market-mission relationship, as these understandings are essential to strategically navigating market-mission concerns. This study examines how organizational members construct the market-mission relationship at 18 organizations that serve survivors of commercial sexual exploitation, 15 of which operate social enterprises. The findings indicate that organizations frame "the market is the mission but much more," positioning mission and market in a synergistic relationship that births creative possibility and organizational third space. This article charts the local-level tensions organizational members experience, identifying how they are discursively framed and pragmatically navigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As competition over grant funding increases, nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are increasingly likely to enter into contracts with government agencies to ensure funding stability and accomplish organizational goals. Public agencies seek to reduce the possibility of contractor performance problems. Unlike profit-seeking firms that may need constant monitoring, NPOs could be more likely to serve as stewards of public resources, delivering services consistent with shared goals. However, few empirical studies have assessed the comparative performance of private and nonprofit contractors to determine whether there are meaningful differences in practice. This study analyzes nearly 25,000 U.S. federal definitive contracts that concluded between 2005 and 2015. Using predictive statistical analyses, findings indicate that nonprofits deliver more complex work than their for-profit counterparts, are less likely to be terminated early, do not require additional contract modifications, and are treated similarly to other vendors. Taken together, the results suggest that there are mutual benefits when governments and nonprofits engage in contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To offer guidance to nonprofit leaders desiring to leverage diversity for inclusion, performance, and equity, we develop a framework for a comprehensive, mission-enhancing policy. The policy fits nonprofit organizations' distinctive characteristics of shared mission attainment and values focus among members. The framework proceeds from an extensive transdisciplinary review and synthesis of empirical literature. It focuses on lived actions in the form of organizing practices that leaders can institute and sustain. Through a combined lens of practice theory, intergroup contact theory, and systems dynamics, we identify everyday workplace practices that undermine inclusion, performance, and equity. We detail how these anti-inclusive practices produce systemic resistance to current diversity policies by operating in vicious cycles that continually reproduce organizational and social problems. We specify a combination of practices for accountability, inclusive interactions, and personalized socialization that address the anti-inclusive practices and produce virtuous cycles of inclusion among organizational members. Illustrative cases demonstrate how the combination of practices has been effective in producing inclusion and attitude change in nonprofit organizations. To overcome policy resistance, these cases and other evidence suggest nonprofit diversity policy should emphasize inclusive values and mission-attainment rather than legal compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting the Conversation (STC) began in 2016 as a mental health program created by a small grassroots organization in St. Louis, Missouri. In 2019, following success of the program, the organization incorporated as a nonprofit. By 2021, the organization was financially sound and positioned to grow, but its all-volunteer leaders were grappling with how to sustain the program, as they were being pulled in other directions. To save this important service, they proposed a merger with a large nonprofit: the Gateway Region YMCA (GRYMCA), an association of 24 YMCA branches across Missouri and Illinois. The GRYMCA's leadership embraced the merger proposal because they saw a programmatic opportunity. Thereafter, the STC program became an integral part of the GRYMCA's community-focused work. The journey to this win-win outcome has revealed important lessons that can help existing and would-be founders of small nonprofits, as well as leaders and managers of large established nonprofits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonprofit organizations in the United States depend upon a diverse set of funding streams to sustain their operations. This study will consist of revisiting the 2011 Nonprofit Management and Leadership article "Nonprofit Sustainability During Times of Uncertainty," which examined the ability of nonprofits to leverage funds from the private sector during the 2008 economic downturn, with specific attention on how nonprofits incorporated board members and community leaders in continuing services during a time of resource scarcity. This 2011 study also received the journal's "Best of the 2010s" award. This current research expands upon that article by investigating the intersection between racial justice and nonprofit sustainability, as well as additional questions related to racial justice, through the utilization of a case study site, Gary, IN. Implications of the findings include the greater role community foundations play in sustaining nonprofits in diverse communities, as well as in facilitating broader social justice initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether reliance on monetary donations alters nonprofit firms' behaviors. Specifically, in the hospice industry, a shorter patients' length of stay (LOS) speeds up overall patient turnover, allowing a hospice to serve more patients and expand its donation network. We measure hospices' donation reliance using the donation–revenue ratio, which indicates the importance of donations for revenue structure. By exploiting the supply shifter of donation, we adopt the number of donors as an instrument to control for the potential endogeneity issue. Our result suggests that a one-percentage-point increase in the donation–revenue ratio decreases patient LOS by 8%. Hospices that are more reliant on donations serve patients diagnosed with diseases that have shorter life expectancies to achieve a lower average LOS of all patients' stay. Overall, we find that monetary donations alter the behavior of nonprofit organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borrowing from paradoxical leadership literature and using the case of a social enterprise formed from a traditional nonprofit, the present study identifies a set of multilevel skills that helped the leader address the two social–business tensions, namely, continuance as a nonprofit and the forming of a social enterprise and the sustenance of a social enterprise and preventing the drift towards a for‐profit orientation during the formation of social enterprise and in its sustenance thereafter. The individual‐level paradoxical leadership skill of balancing idealism and pragmatism, the organizational‐level paradoxical leadership skill of navigating organizing contradictions, and the societal‐level skill of gauging societal developments and their organizational implications helped address the two different manifestations of social–business tensions during the formation and sustenance of a social enterprise. Implications for paradoxical leadership, social–business tensions, and social enterprise literature are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the adoption of business‐like practices, such as commercialization and managerialization, may enhance the capacity and sustainability of nonprofit organizations, these practices may elicit negative reactions from the general public. This tension poses a challenge for nonprofit organizations as they seek to strike a balance between implementing practices that promote growth and survival and maintaining public support. This study focuses on people's moral judgment of nonprofits' practices and offers a social psychological explanation for why some business‐like practices may be viewed as inappropriate by the public. Specifically, we illuminate the significance of people's normative preferences for communal‐ or market‐focused principles as a basis for determining how an organization should operate and deliver its services. Using an online experiment with a sample size of 1255 participants, we found that: (1) people express a relatively high level of moral acceptance of business‐like practices, but this level is significantly lower than that of nonprofits' societal practices; (2) individuals are more likely to rate business‐like practices that have revenue‐seeking intentions as less acceptable when they believe that an organization should operate and deliver services based on communal principles. Moreover, our findings reveal that people's normative preferences differ more based on the service (e.g., health, microfinance, art) than on the organizational ownership (nonprofit vs. for‐profit). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social enterprise model, which is characterized by economic, social, and governance dimensions, has become a key aspect of modern welfare states in Europe. Despite its potential to increase revenue diversification for nonprofits, particularly through commercial income, its effects in the context of Mediterranean countries within the European Union are untested. This study aims to examine the adoption of the social enterprise model by Mediterranean nonprofits. The results suggest that organizations with high levels of diversification through commercial income exhibit some characteristics of the social enterprise model, and this behavior is influenced by factors such as the type of promoter, user, organizational aims, and activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case explores the complex process of developing a national calendar of marquee events for the Olympic sport of fencing. USA Fencing, the national governing body, must meet diverse stakeholders' needs while balancing competing priorities. Chief among the tensions is maximizing organizational revenues to fund operations versus minimizing costs and barriers to event access for participants. Suitable venues are scarce and clustered in major metropolitan areas with restrictive calendars. The limited number of potential locations impedes USA Fencing's ability to extract concessions from host cities and negotiate hotel room rebates and venue rental fees. This also limits USA Fencing's ability to accommodate other stakeholder preferences, such as attractive locations and adhering to a recently adopted policy to give preference to locations in states with inclusive laws regulating women's reproductive health and LGBTQIA+ issues. With no perfect solutions, navigating these constraints requires judicious analysis of alternatives and artful negotiation between attendee demands and organizational imperatives to develop event schedules aligning with USA Fencing's mission. By wrestling with this multidimensional resource allocation dilemma, students sharpen analytic skills and strategic decision-making competencies, grappling with the same complex questions event directors face in real-world scheduling environments marked by inadequacy and compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The growth in the number of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) worldwide has led to increased competition for donations. A stronger NGO brand equity will make donors more attracted to an organization, compelling them to increase both their donations and their commitment. The goal of this study is to propose a novel donor-based brand equity model. The present study takes into consideration the special characteristics that donors confer to NGOs—specific examples of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) that demand higher moral capital. The suggested framework considers the donor's perspective of NGO brand equity and identifies new dimensions: familiarity (recall, brand strength and brand identification), associations (authenticity, reputation and differentiation) and commitment (attitudinal, emotional) by building on previous NPOs and consumer-based brand equity models. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the analysis of the literature, the authors propose an NGO donor-based brand equity model, which the authors test with a convenience sample of 137 individuals through partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings – The results of this study demonstrate the positive effects of brand reputation, brand differentiation, brand identification and brand commitment on donor-based brand equity. Practical implications – The novel proposed model will help NGO managers better understand the sources of brand equity from the donor's perspective and more efficiently manage their resources and activities to strengthen their NGO's brand equity. Originality/value – This paper provides a novel, multidimensional NGO donor-based brand equity model that is oriented to the specific characteristics of NGOs; this orientation distinguishes it from previous NPOs and commercial brand equity models. 研究目的 – 隨著全球的非政府組織的數目不斷增加, 爭取捐款的競爭也日趨激烈。一個強大的非政府組織品牌資產, 會吸引捐款者、使其對該組織更為關注, 因而驅使他們增加捐助和支持。本研究擬提出一個新穎的、以捐助者為基礎的品牌資產模型。我們這個建議, 考慮了捐助者賦予非政府組織的一些特徵, 而這些非政府組織是一些強烈要求更高道德資本的特殊例子。我們建議的框架, 考慮了捐助者如何從其角度看待非政府組織的品牌資產, 亦建立了新的層面, 這包括熟悉度 (回憶、品牌強度、品牌識別) 、關聯 (真確性、聲譽、差異化) 、以及支持度 (在態度上的、或在情感上的); 建立這框架, 是透過研究以往的非政府組織、以及以消費者為基礎的品牌資產模型, 並以此為基礎而完成的。 研究設計/方法 – 我們分析有關的文獻, 並以此為基礎, 提出一個以捐助者為基礎的非政府組織的品牌資產模型。我們使用偏最小平方法的結構方程模型, 並測試了隨便抽樣的137個獨立個體, 來試驗這個新模型。 研究結果 – 研究結果顯示, 品牌信譽、品牌差異化、品牌識別和品牌忠誠度, 均會對以捐助者為基礎的品牌資產帶來正面的影響。 實務方面的啟示 – 我們提出的新模型, 讓非政府組織的管理人員能從捐助者的角度、去進一步瞭解品牌資產的來源, 從而更能有效地管理資源和組織的活動, 以便強化組織的品牌資產。 研究的原創性/價值 – 研究提供了以非政府組織特徵為導向的一個、以捐助者為基礎的新穎而俱多層面的非政府組織品牌資產模型。這個研究取向、有別於過往的非營利組織或商業性的品牌資產模型。

The impact of minimum wage increases on employment has been extensively examined with mixed results. We extend the literature by hypothesizing and showing a differential impact of state-level minimum wage increases on nonprofit organizations as opposed to for-profit organizations. While we find that increases in minimum wages reduce employment growth in both types of organizations, this decrease is substantially larger for nonprofit organizations. We also find that investment in automation, that is, information technology, rises in nonprofits postminimum wage increase, consistent with the substitution of capital for labor. Minimum wage increases also increase the likelihood of nonprofit exit. JEL: J38, J68, L [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital social ventures are initiatives that intend to transformatively engage social and environmental problems through the application of digital technology and are a new phenomenon found globally. While the broad influence and consequences of disruptive digital technology are increasingly taken for granted, very little research focuses on the deliberate use of digital technology for social purpose. This study is situated within three areas of literature: disruption caused by digital innovations, the use of digital technology by social purpose organizations, and social entrepreneurship. The process of digital social venture emergence and evolution shows how flashy-sounding technological solutions develop into more modest and incrementally useful tech-supported adjuncts. A preliminary framework for conceptualizing the nature and process of digital social ventures shows how a Schumpeterian approach to social entrepreneurship as disrupting equilibrium gives way to a Hayekian approach as drawing on local, embedded knowledge to achieve incremental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospitals can improve health care quality and population health by addressing equity and the social and structural determinants of health. One avenue for hospitals to address equity is through their community benefit programs. However, it is unclear how often hospitals incorporate an equity perspective into their community benefit program design and implementation and what community or hospital characteristics are associated with hospitals that do so. Methods: This study was a cross sectional analysis of nonprofit hospitals' community health needs assessments (CHNAs) and implementation strategies (ISs) from a national sample of 474 nonprofit US hospitals. The dependent variable of interest was whether a hospital used equity as a guiding framework to develop their CHNA or IS. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to assess hospital and community characteristics significantly associated with hospitals using equity as a guiding framework to develop their CHNAs and ISs. Results: The majority of hospitals used equity as a guiding framework. Three hospital characteristics, teaching, non-rural, and hospital system membership, predicted using equity as a guiding framework. Conclusion: Future studies should (1) include additional methods and measures to explore the mechanisms driving hospitals to adopt an equity framework, and (2) explore whether hospitals that use equity as a guiding framework are more likely to implement equity related community benefit programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little normative ethical theory exists in the nonprofit marketing literature. Previous attempts at an ethical framework for the field of nonprofit fundraising fell short of fully considering the full spectrum of relationships involved in fundraising practice. We introduce the concept of Ethics of Care, an ethical theory that centers around relationships and interpersonal well‐being, as a philosophical foundation for professional ethics in the field of fundraising. We believe this theory provides a suitable framework in which to ground questions of professional ethics for nonprofit fundraising professionals. The adoption of Ethics of Care as a normative ethical theory for fundraising will allow applied ethical questions in the field to be explored in a way that more fully addresses all parties involved in fundraising and affected by its outcomes. Our paper illustrates the process of applying the foundational principles in specific ethical quandaries found within fundraising and aims to address the omission of the beneficiary in the majority of previous ethical frameworks and promote a new set of standards that fully incorporates and balances all stakeholders' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 20 years, as the study of transparency has evolved into a burgeoning multidisciplinary field, nonprofit scholars have developed an impressive body of research on the antecedents and outcomes of the transparency of nonprofit organizations (NPOs). From both theoretical and practical purposes, it is necessary to develop an overall picture of such antecedents and outcomes, to allow scholars and NPOs to understand why, when, and how transparency should be implemented. Current studies provide a fragmented view, focused on specific elements of NPO transparency; with a systematic literature review of 76 articles, this article offers both an integrative framework of the antecedents and outcomes of NPO transparency and an agenda for research, based on a critical analysis of the integrative framework. Four relevant research orientations emerge: (1) direction of NPO transparency, (2) distinguishing actual from perceived transparency, (3) the dark side of NPO transparency, and (4) NPO transparency contingency factors. Research along these four orientations could add nuance to existing knowledge of transparency and provide key insights with regard to why, when, and how transparency works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ethical workplace climate has been extensively researched in the for‐profit context but neglected in nonprofits. Perhaps because nonprofits promote shared values, engage with people, and implement development interventions creating public good, they are considered implicitly ethical. This assumption has been questioned in recent studies. We attempted to develop a psychometrically valid scale measuring ethical workplace climate following a sequential research design to fill this gap. We interviewed 74 employees from 30 nonprofit organizations using the critical incident technique to generate statements on ethical workplace climate. The statements generated were categorized with expert judges' help, followed by a survey of 507 nonprofit employees across India. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and subsequent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) resulted in a 43‐item scale, further reduced to 26 items using stepwise regression. Results of subsequent application of EFA and CFA confirmed a four‐factor solution: self‐interest, collegiality, internal legitimacy, and stewardship. A follow‐up study of 243 members of nonprofit organizations confirmed the hypothesized relationships that ethical work climate has a significant effect on affective commitment and job engagement. Finally, we discussed our findings along theoretical contributions, implications, limitations, and future direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Affordable Care Act requires nonprofit hospital organizations to report how they identify and invest in community health needs, the utility of mandated reporting documents for tracking investments in the social determinants of health has been questioned. Using public reporting documents and focusing on housing as a social determinant of health, we describe how nonprofit hospital organizations in 5 communities with the highest rates of homelessness document needs and investments related to housing on their Community Health Needs Assessments, Implementation Strategies, and Schedule H (990H) tax forms. Of 47 organizations, 55% identified housing as a health need, 36% described housing-related implementation strategies, and 26% reported relevant 990H spending. Overall concordance among identified needs, strategies, and spending was low, with only 15% of organizations addressing housing across all 3 documents. Regulatory reform could help promote accountability and transparency in organizations' efforts to address housing and other health-related social needs.