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With the rapid advancement of modern society, the applications of materials are expanding across various fields. Among these, metallic materials have found wide use in industries such as biomedical, petrochemical, aerospace, orbital bridges, and marine vessels, making significant contributions to the manufacturing sector of the economy. As heavy machinery in industries undergoes rapid updates and iterations, there is a growing demand for metal fittings and structural components. However, these metal materials often experience common forms of failures, such as corrosion and wear, particularly at the surface, highlighting the crucial importance of surface protection. Material surface engineering presents a viable solution that effectively balances internal performance and investment costs, specifically addressing issues related to surface degradation and repair. By controlling the surface composition and structural design, it becomes possible to manage friction, corrosion, and mechanical properties of metal materials, resulting in notable advancements. One notable technique that has gained considerable traction in automotive engineering, aerospace, and other industries is tungsten inert gas (TIG) cladding. This technique offers unique composition properties, a pollution-free coating process, and a strong metallurgical bond between the alloy coating and the substrate. This review aims to provide a concise overview of TIG cladding, discussing parameter selection and the impact of different cladding powders on coating characteristics. Additionally, it summarizes the recent applications and research status of TIG cladding on titanium alloys, stainless steels, and other nonferrous alloys concerning their wear resistance, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. By exploring the advancements and findings in these areas, this review aims to contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of surface engineering and facilitate further research and development in TIG cladding technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantification of the role of alloying elements on interface migration during phase transformations in steels and selected non-ferrous alloys (e.g., Ti-based) remains an active area of research that was inspired by seminal contributions of Mats Hillert. In previous studies we had introduced atomistically informed solute drag models for simulation of grain growth and recrystallization. In the present study this approach is extended to diffusional phase transformations where a fast-diffusing species (e.g., C in Fe) redistributes between the parent and daughter phases. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with a conceptional analysis of nano- and mesoscale phase field simulations for model binary and ternary alloys. The approach is shown to be consistent with the formulations of the Hillert–Sundman solute drag model. The challenges in applying this simulation approach to experimental data are critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the optimization of the Material Extrusion (MEX) process for producing polylactic acid (PLA) patterns used in investment casting moulds, specifically targeting the casting of non-ferrous alloys such as brass. Key MEX process parameters—layer thickness, wall thickness, infill density, and post-processing with dichloromethane vapour for surface enhancement—were systematically analyzed for their impact on mould quality. Results indicate that an optimized combination of MEX parameters yields moulds with high dimensional accuracy, low surface roughness, and minimal pattern residue within the mould cavity. These optimized moulds were subsequently used in brass casting, with the final cast parts evaluated for dimensional precision and surface finish. The study concludes that PLA patterns manufactured via optimized MEX parameters provide a precise, cost-effective, and easy-to-implement solution for industry applications. Additionally, this process is environmentally friendly and presents clear advantages over other pattern-making methods, offering a sustainable alternative for producing complex metal parts with reduced environmental impact. The findings underscore the significant role of post-processing in enhancing mould quality and, consequently, the quality of the cast parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance and functionality are two key factors in designing advanced components. One promising approach in manufacturing design is the fabrication of multi-material structures by joining dissimilar materials. Steels, known for their outstanding properties and cost-effective production, are widely used across several industries. However, their high density presents challenges when designing lightweight components. A solution lies in combining steels with lightweight, non-ferrous alloys to develop cost-effective multi-material parts. However, joining different materials is generally complex due to their different properties, making it sometimes challenging or even unfeasible. Resistance element welding (REW) offers a high-performance alternative to traditional methods, such as resistance spot welding, with a high potential in mass production industries like automotive manufacturing. This article comprehensively reviews the latest research on REW for dissimilar joining of steels and non-ferrous alloys. It focuses on the microstructural and mechanical properties of joints, innovations in the REW process, the influence of process parameters on joint quality, as well as simulation and numerical studies. In addition, REW is compared with traditional joining methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous development of various cutting-edge fields of science and technology, including the aerospace industry, is advancing at an accelerated pace. To meet current technical, economic, and environmental demands, new ecological and efficient material joining and processing techniques have been developed, aiming to replace some of the commonly used industrial procedures. For aluminum alloys, friction-based joining and processing methods with a rotating tool element are presented in this paper, with potential applications in the aerospace industry. Data is provided on Friction Stir Welding (FSW), known for its ability to produce high-quality joints without compromising the structural integrity of materials, highlighting its advantages over traditional welding methods. The diversity of metallic materials, their characteristics and properties, as well as the technical requirements of different applications, have led to the development of variants of the friction stir welding process, one of which is Submerged (underwater) Friction Stir Welding (SFSW). Data on FSW and SFSW welding as well as several aluminum alloys that can be used in the aerospace industry are included in the paper. The paper also discusses ISIM's approaches in the FSW/SFSW domain for aluminum alloys EN AW 6082 and EN AW 7075 that are applicable to the aerospace industry because of their relevance and interest. The positive outcomes show that FSW and SFSW welding can be developed for a variety of metallic materials. The goal of ISIM’s current and future research is to apply the principles of the FSW/SFSW process to the FSP/SFSP processing of non-ferrous alloys, which can be used in a variety of industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document provides information about various training events sponsored by ASM International Education. These events cover a range of topics including mechanical testing of metals, metallurgy, practical interpretation of microstructures, concrete coatings inspection, principles of failure analysis, environmental solutions, corrosion, elements of metallurgy, metallographic techniques, introduction to metallography, practical fractography, ASME Section IX, scanning electron microscopy, and titanium and its alloys. The events take place at different locations in the United States and some are available virtually. The document also includes contact information for further inquiries. [Extracted from the article]

High-pressure die casting (HPDC) is a permanent mold-based production technology that facilitates the casting of near net shape components from nonferrous alloys. The pressure and temperature conditions within the cavity impact the cast product quality during and after the conclusion of the die filling process. Die surface cavity sensors can deliver information describing the conditions at the die-casting interface. They are associated with high costs and limited service lifetimes below the achievable total cycle count of the die inserts and therefore ill-suited for industrial use cases. In this work, the suitability of long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNN) for substituting physical cavity temperature and pressure sensors virtually after the production ramp-up or at the end of the sensor service life is investigated. Training LSTMs with data of 233 casting cycles with different process parameters provides networks which are then applied to 99 further cycles. The prediction accuracy is investigated for different time interval lengths in the solidification and cooling phase. For longer time intervals, the cavity pressure prediction deteriorates, potentially due to a highly individual and hardly ascertainable buildup of casting distortion and internal stresses. Overall, however, the accuracy of the developed LSTMs is excellent for the cavity temperatures and good for the cavity pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen elements in inorganic materials have attracted considerable attention. Based on more than 70 current Chinese standards and more than 40 journal papers in the past decade, the current status and development of inert gas fusion infrared absorption or thermal conductivity methods and standards for the determination of oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen in inorganic material were reviewed, including steel and alloys, rare refractory metal alloys, light or heavy and precious non-ferrous metals, rare earth alloys, ferroalloys, non-ferrous intermediate alloys and inorganic non-metallic functional materials. The parameters in current standards were listed, including applicable objects, quantitative scope, sample mass, reference material and fluxes, as well as the main working conditions m methods from journals, such as analyte, element, instrument, crude, sample mass, fluxes, analytics power and reference material. Finally, the application prospects and development directions of gas analytics in inorganic materials were prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional scanning techniques are being more frequently used in modern industry, especially for quality control. This study shows the possibility of implementing 3D scanning as a tool for assessing the abrasion resistance of non-ferrous metal and alloy cast rods obtained in the continuous casting process. Samples of the same diameter after preweighing and initial scanning were subjected to abrasion tests in five identical cycles to show the progress of their wear. To conduct this process, the samples were weighed and scanned after each cycle. After the final abrasion test, the pure aluminum weight loss was 7%, with 3.4–4.1 mm abrasion, while the AlSi alloy had a weight loss of only 4.63% and 2.3–2.4 mm abrasion. When it came to pure copper, the loss was 2.76%, with 1.6–1.7 mm abrasion. CuNiSi alloys showed a loss between 2.01% and 2.24% and 1.3–1.5 mm abrasion, while CuMg alloys showed a loss between 1.51% and 1.63% and 1.2–1.4 mm abrasion, depending on the Ni and Mg content, respectively. The obtained results were correlated with the density and hardness of the tested materials and proved that both these factors are relevant when it comes to abrasion resistance; however, hardness is more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document discusses advances in low-temperature nitriding and carburizing of stainless steels and metallic materials to enhance their surface properties. By using low-temperature treatments, expanded phases can be formed in stainless steels, improving surface hardness, wear and fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance. These treatments have been successful in various stainless steel grades, as well as non-ferrous alloys, and have been applied to additively manufactured parts. The research aims to provide valuable insights for scientists and engineers involved in surface engineering processes for stainless steels and metallic materials. [Extracted from the article]

The editorial discusses the importance of metals and alloys in various industrial sectors and highlights the need to ensure structural integrity through protection and strengthening mechanisms at both bulk and surface levels. Various methods, such as controlling microstructure, using innovative manufacturing techniques, and surface engineering treatments, are employed to improve mechanical properties and extend the life of components. The editorial also presents a collection of articles focusing on analyzing, preserving, and enhancing the structural integrity of metallic components, covering topics from bulk to surface levels, and considering advanced reliability analysis methods. [Extracted from the article]

Nowadays, the use of metal processing additive technologies is a rapidly growing field in the manufacturing industry. These technologies, such as metal 3D printing (also known as additive manufacturing) and laser cladding, allow for the production of complex geometries and intricate designs that would be impossible with traditional manufacturing methods. They also offer the ability to create parts with customized properties, such as improved strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. In other words, these technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we design and produce products, reducing costs and increasing efficiency to improve product quality and functionality. One of the significant advantages of these metal processing additive technologies is a reduction in waste and environmental impact. However, there are also some challenges associated with these technologies. One of the main challenges is the cost of equipment and materials, which can be prohibitively expensive for small businesses and individuals. Additionally, the quality of parts produced with these technologies can be affected by factors such as printing speed, temperature, and post-processing methods. This review article aims to contribute to a deep understanding of the processing, properties, and applications of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys in the context of SLM to assist readers in obtaining high-quality AM components. Simultaneously, it emphasizes the importance of further research, optimization, and cost-effective approaches to promote the broader adoption of SLM technology in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work offers an innovative process scheme for valorizing Pb-Zn slag, which involves crushing, grinding, and separation techniques to concentrate valuable components (non-ferrous metals). This methodology could have a significant impact on the global beneficiation of metallurgical slags since it is significantly more simple, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective than standard pyro- and hydrometallurgical procedures. According to previous physicochemical and mineralogical studies, Pb-Zn slag is a valuable secondary raw material. This inhomogeneous technogenic resource contains substantial amounts of non-ferrous metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag). However, laboratory tests have indicated that the Pb-Zn slag contains highly uneven amounts of valuable metals, ranging from several g/ton to tens of g/ton. The main issue is that traditional metallurgical procedures for releasing beneficial elements are not commercially viable since the elements are "trapped" within the amorphous aluminosilicates or intergrowths of alloy grains and glassy phases. Gravity concentration (Wilfley 13 shaking table) and magnetic separation (Davis separator and disk separator) were used to obtain the final concentrate following comminution and grindability testing. The gravity concentration proved more effective. Namely, magnetic separators could not process nor adequately separate beneficial non-ferrous elements because they were merged together with iron-bearing minerals and aluminosilicates in amorphous Pb-Zn slag grains. With the gravity concentration approach, 12.99% of the processed slag belonged to ∆T fraction (concentration of non-ferrous metal alloys), while remaining 87% corresponded to the tailings fraction (∆L). The total amounts of recovered Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag from ∆T and ∆L fractions were 5.28%, 6.69%, 0.58%, and 76.12 ppm and 1.22%, 6.05%, 0.43%, and 15.26 ppm, respectively. This streamlined approach to valorizing Pb-Zn slag can reduce the need for hazardous chemicals used in hydrometallurgical refinement operations, as well as the extremely high temperatures required for pyrometallurgical processing. This is the first study to investigate the viability of this novel methodology, which involves the direct examinations of the Pb-Zn slag feed with various alternative technologies for separation and concentration. After extracting the valuable metals, the amorphous aluminosilicate part of the Pb-Zn slag can be reapplied as an alternative raw material in the building sector, adding to the circularity of the suggested approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a layer-by-layer fabrication method that offers advantages such as enhanced geometric versatility and reduced material wastage. It has gained significant attention in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and medical. However, challenges remain in understanding the complex interactions between processing parameters, microstructures, and material properties. A recent Special Issue titled "Additive Manufacturing of Alloys and Composites" explores advancements in this field, featuring articles on stainless steels, superalloys, CoCrMo alloys, and metal matrix composites. The issue aims to pave the way for future advancements in additive manufacturing technology and the development of advanced materials. [Extracted from the article]

When placed under cryogenic temperatures (below −180 °C), metallic materials undergo structural changes that can improve their service life. This process, known as cryogenic treatment (CrT), has received extensive research attention over the past five decades. CrT can be applied as either an autonomous process (for steels and non-ferrous alloys, tool materials, and finished products) or as an assisting process for conventional metalworking. Cryogenic impacts and conventional machining or static surface cold working (SCW) can also be performed simultaneously in hybrid processes. The static SCW, known as burnishing, is a widely used environmentally friendly finishing process that achieves high-quality surfaces of metal components. The present review is dedicated to the portion of the hybrid processes in which burnishing under cryogenic conditions is carried out from the viewpoint of surface engineering, namely, finishing–surface integrity (SI)–operational behavior. Analyzes and summaries of the effects of cryogenic-assisted (CrA) burnishing on SI and the operational behavior of the investigated materials are made, and perspectives for future research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon bronzes of CuSi3Mn1 type (BrKMts3-1) are widely used in the machine-building, aerospace, and mining industries due to their properties. Given the rather high cost of copper-based nonferrous alloys, the use of wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technologies is relevant. Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) and pulse arc surfacing (Pulse process) are used to prevent overheating and reduce the heat input during surfacing of copper-based alloys. The results of studies of layer-by-layer surfacing of silicon bronze indicate a certain dependence of geometrical characteristics, structural composition, and susceptibility to defect formation on the applied surfacing method (GMAW-CMT/Pulse). Short-circuit surfacing provides a greater height of each bead than with pulse current supply (up to 25 %) and a reduction in the width of each bead, respectively. However, the surface unevenness also increases. The sample deposited by the GMAW-Pulse method contains critical defects in the form of transverse cracks. The stress-strain state modeling for the pulse surfacing method indicates a critical accumulation of normal tensile stresses, which, in combination with the anisotropic structure of the metal, may be the cause of crack formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was established that laser processing of aluminum alloys is possible only with surface fusing. The obtained zone has a homogeneous dispersed structure; dendrites have a size of 2–9 nm. It was shown that the increase in the hardness of aluminum alloys during laser fusing is due to the structure dispersion, increase in the defect density in the crystal structure, and the possible liquation of alloying element atoms having strengthening effect. Structural transformations in the laser-treated zones in copper and nickel alloys are considered, taking into account the local plastic deformation that occurs due to dynamic and thermal shear stresses in the irradiated alloys. The main parameters of the local deformation process are determined by calculation. It was established that the shear stresses in the laser-treated zone are 200–250 MPa. It is shown that the level of emerging stresses is sufficient for plastic deformation and, as a consequence, for dynamic polygonization and recrystallization of the metal in the laser-treated zones. It was established that the residual deformation reaches values of 6–9%. By using the copper alloy L62 as an example, the degree of influence of local plastic deformation on structure formation and the properties of the metal surface layers was shown. This is expressed in dynamic polygonization and recrystallization of local irradiated zones in the non-ferrous alloy. This contributes to the structure formation with a grain size of 4.5–5.0 µm, with an initial grain size of 25 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of lightweight and durable materials for car body panels and load-bearing elements in the automotive industry results from the constant desire to reduce fuel consumption without reducing vehicle performance. The investigations mainly concern the use of these alloys in the automotive industry, which is characterised by mass production series. Increasing the share of lightweight metals in the entire structure is part of the effort to reduce fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Taking into account environmental sustainability aspects, metal sheets are easier to recycle than composite materials. At the same time, the last decade has seen an increase in work related to the plastic forming of sheets made of non-ferrous metal alloys. This article provides an up-to-date systematic overview of the basic applications of metallic materials in the automotive industry. The article focuses on the four largest groups of metallic materials: steels, aluminium alloys, titanium alloys, and magnesium alloys. The work draws attention to the limitations in the development of individual material groups and potential development trends of materials used for car body panels and other structural components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the microhardness and corrosion properties of friction stir welded (FSW) joints in phosphor bronze (CuSn4), a vital non-ferrous alloy in engineering applications. The research delves into the fsw process, employing varying welding parameters to create joints that exhibit distinct microstructural characteristics. Microhardness distribution across the fsw joints is assessed and correlated with the base material's properties. corrosion behaviour is rigorously examined through weight loss tests, revealing insights into the susceptibility of FSW joints to various corrosive environments. The study identifies the influence of FSW parameters on microhardness and corrosion performance, thus contributing to understanding the alloy's behaviour under this welding technique. this research shows that the welding speed of 0.25 mm/s, tool rotational speed of 1100 rpm, plunger depth of 0.2 mm, and a hexagonal tool profile produce the better joint with the highest microhardness of 139 HV and rate of corrosion of 0.420831 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste solutions from the electrolytic production of copper contain significant amounts of copper and nickel sulfates, sulfuric acid, arsenic and other components of the copper electrolyte. The processing of such solutions is considered in this work not only from the point of view of environmental protection, but also in terms of extracting various valuable components from the electrolyte into commercial products. A thermodynamic analysis of the interactions between barium and arsenic, as well as their compounds in the Ba(AsO2)2-Ba3(AsO4)2-H2O system was carried out based on the E-pH diagram. The possibility of using barium compounds as a precipitant for arsenic from copper electrorefining solutions has been demonstrated. The efficiency of removing arsenic (more than 84%) from the electrolyte using barium oxide in the form of sparingly soluble barium arsenate has been established. By adding calculated amounts of zinc oxide into the working solution, it is possible to form solutions containing certain concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn. By further adding zinc oxide into the solution, its deep dehydration was achieved. The resulting copper-nickel-zinc and nickel-zinc solutions are the raw material for producing non-ferrous metal alloys using the electromembrane method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead compounds are one of the most common pollutants of the workplace air and the environment. In the occupational setting, the sources of their emission, including in nanoscale form, are various technological processes associated with lead smelting and handling of non-ferrous metals and their alloys, the production of copper and batteries. Both lead poisoning and lead exposure without obvious signs of poisoning have a detrimental effect on the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this research was to investigate the mechanisms of the cardiotoxic effect of lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO NPs). The toxicological experiment involved male albino rats subchronically exposed to PbO NPs (49.6 ± 16.0 nm in size) instilled intraperitoneally in a suspension. We then assessed post-exposure hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine, histological and ultrastructural changes in cardiomyocytes, and non-invasively recorded electrocardiograms and blood pressure parameters in the rodents. Myocardial contractility was studied on isolated preparations of cardiac muscles. We established that PbO NPs induced oxidative stress and damage to the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes, and decreased efficiency of the contractile function of the myocardium and blood pressure parameters. We also revealed such specific changes in the organism of the exposed rats as anemia, hypoxia, and hypocalcemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document provides information about various training events sponsored by ASM International Education. The events include courses on metallography for failure analysis, cathodic protection testing, metallurgy for non-metallurgists, practical interpretation of microstructures, mechanical testing of metals, corrosion, organizing and running a failure investigation, metallographic techniques, principles of failure analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and assessment and evaluation methods and tools of structural forensic investigations. The courses cover a range of topics related to materials science and engineering, and are designed to provide practical knowledge and skills to professionals in various industries. Contact information for registration and further details is provided for each event. [Extracted from the article]

Events sponsored by ASM International Education are denoted by the ASM logo. Nov 28-29 Introduction to Metallography ASM World Headquarters, Materials Park, Ohio, USA ASM is excited to introduce a two-day basic metallography course that combines lessons from I Introduction to Metallurgical Lab Practices i and I Metallographic Techniques i . Nov 6-9 Principles of Failure Analysis ASM World Headquarters, Materials Park, Ohio, USA (Virtual Classroom Available) This course is best taken in conjunction with the I How to Organize and Run a Failure Investigation i course. [Extracted from the article]

Several copper alloys with the addition of Zn and Sn are taken for the study. In order to determine the effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) on microstructure formation, these alloys are subjected to severe plastic deformation on a Gleeble-3800 thermomechanical simulator. The study uses a special case of 3D forging—2D forging, using a MaxStrain multi-axis deformation module. Two modes are developed for processing: 10 deformation cycles (20 impacts) at room temperature with a total degree of deformation greater than 7; 20 deformation cycles (40 impacts) at room temperature with a total degree of deformation greater than 17. The results of the analysis of the microstructure of copper alloys after physical modeling are presented in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the positive and negative aspects of diffusion metallization of steels were reviewed. It was shown that at high heating temperatures and prolonged exposure under these temperatures, steels show a tendency to enlarge austenitic grain. Overheating can occur at high exposure temperatures (T>1000ᵒC), which can be rectified by repeated heating however if burning of the steel microstructure occurs, it cannot be corrected. Given these circumstances, when assigning diffusion metallization modes, it is necessary to consider the factor of overheating or burning of steel in the process of exposure to high temperatures. To avoid this phenomenon, it is recommended to use alternative low-temperature processes of diffusion saturation of steels. Nitriding, nitrocementation, gas-thermal spraying of the surface of steels are shown as such examples. It was suggested that these processes in comparison with diffusion metallization are more promising and acceptable for the restoration of worn surfaces of steels in the manufacture of parts of specialized equipment. Given that the parts of specialized equipment work in extreme conditions, repeated high-temperature heating of these steels is not recommended. To overcome the shortcomings of the diffusion metallization, the most frequently used coatings are applied by CVD, thermal spray, and cloth cladding techniques. As an alternative promising solution, the development of innovative methods of diffusion saturation, like an ion plantation of atoms on a relatively cold surface of the part could also be considered. It is shown that diffusion metallization is most acceptable for saturation of the surface of non-ferrous metals and alloys with the hardest and wear-resistant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to modeling the technological process of marking the surface of metal products using pulsed lasers. The described mathematical model makes it possible to select the optimal technological parameters of laser marking in order to form marking symbols with specified color characteristics on the surface of products made of non-ferrous metals and alloys with various chemical compositions, taking into account the physical properties of the material being marked. The developed technological regimes have been tested and recommended for marking serial products made of corrosion-resistant steels and non-ferrous metals and alloys for various industrial application. The use of four or eight colors in a color matrix code instead of only black and white in a two-dimensional code allows increasing the code capacity to two or three bits of information, depending on the number of color layers. Operating with 4 or 8 stable color shades, including the background color, it is possible to form two- and three-layer color matrix codes on the surface of each of the listed materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sep 11-14 Steel Metallography ASM World Headquarters, Materials Park, OH The ability to understand and control microstructure and properties in steels is critical for many industries and applications. Events sponsored by ASM International Education are denoted by the ASM logo. Oct 26-27 Heat Treating, Furnaces and Equipment ASM World Headquarters, Materials Park, OH (Virtual Classroom Available) Heat treating is key to most manufacturing process, so the equipment used is just as important as the process itself. [Extracted from the article]

Reticulated porous ceramics (RPCs) are of great value in applications such as non-ferrous alloys and flue gas filtration. For the purpose of further enhancing the mechanical properties of RPCs without drastically reducing their apparent porosity, a new route to improve the mechanical properties of the strut by constructing a closed-cell structure was proposed to fabricate Al 2 O 3 reticulated porous ceramics (ARPCs). The effects of cryolite on the generation of closed pores, the microstructure, and the mechanical performance of struts were investigated. It was found that the addition of cryolite promoted the densification of the pore walls within the struts during sintering. Furthermore, ARPCs added with 10 wt% cryolite achieved an apparent porosity of nearly 80%, while exhibiting excellent mechanical strength and thermal-shock resistance, with compressive strength and residual strength ratio significantly increased by 56% and 11%, respectively, compared to the samples without cryolite addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The friction stir welding (FSW) process was recently developed to overcome the difficulty of welding non-ferrous alloys and steels. In this study, dissimilar butt joints between 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and AISI 316 stainless steel were welded by FSW using different processing parameters. The grain structure and precipitates at the different welded zones of the various joints were intensively characterized by the electron backscattering diffraction technique (EBSD). Subsequently, the FSWed joints were tensile tested to examine the mechanical strength compared with that of the base metals. The micro-indentation hardness measurements were conducted to reveal the mechanical responses of the different zones in the joint. The EBSD results of the microstructural evolution showed that a significant continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) occurred in the stir zone (SZ) of the Al side, which was mainly composed of the weak metal, Al, and fragmentations of the steel. However, the steel underwent severe deformation and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). The FSW rotation speed increased the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) from 126 MPa at a rotation speed of 300 RPM to 162 MPa at a rotation speed of 500 RPM. The tensile failure occurred at the SZ on the Al side for all specimens. The impact of the microstructure change in the FSW zones was significantly pronounced in the micro-indentation hardness measurements. This was presumably attributed to the promotion of various strengthening mechanisms, such as grain refinement due to DRX (CDRX or DDRX), the appearance of intermetallic compounds, and strain hardening. The aluminum side underwent recrystallization as a result of the heat input in the SZ, but the stainless steel side did not experience recrystallization due to inadequate heat input, resulting in grain deformation instead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is aimed to experimentally investigate the influence of a plastic deformation on both yield strength and torsional fatigue life of a CuZn40Pb2 leaded brass alloy and a 6082‐T6 aluminum alloy. Two types of preloading are considered, that is, (i) a cyclic torsion (cyclic preloading) and (ii) a monotonically increasing tension (static preloading). More precisely, for each of the above alloys, different both numbers of loading cycles and maximum values of the static preloading are considered. Moreover, an in‐depth fracture surface analysis on the failed specimens is performed, and fracture mechanisms at different scale lengths summarized. Highlights: Investigation on plastic deformation effect on yield strength of non‐ferrous alloys.Investigation on plastic deformation effect on torsional fatigue life of non‐ferrous alloys.A CuZn40Pb2 leaded brass alloy and a 6082‐T6 aluminum alloy are examinedFracture surface analysis on the failed specimens is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys are metallic materials mostly used in the implant industry due to their excellent elasticity and shape memory phenomena. They have excellent corrosion resistance, surface stability, and good biocompatibility. However, due to the leakage of nickel ions, allergic reactions and toxicity can occur. In this research report, we used a cathodic cage plasma processing technique to deposit a titanium nitride-based coating on NiTi non-ferrous metallic material for five different time durations (1 h to 5 h). The effect of treatment time on microstructure, chemical composition, surface topography and morphology was investigated by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis, respectively. The influence of plasma processing time on tribological behavior was analyzed by indentation depth, wettability, wear and corrosion analysis. Further, biocompatibility of plasma treated and untreated specimens were assessed by nickel ion leakage, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation. Results analysis revealed that the TiN coating with four hour (4 h) plasma treatment showed novel biocompatible and tribological nature among the other treated specimens. This investigation will make a significant contribution to the development of biocompatibility for use in biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive manufacturing is a key component of the fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0) that has received increased attention over the last three decades. Metal additive manufacturing is broadly classified into two types: melting-based additive manufacturing and solid-state additive manufacturing. Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) is a subset of solid-state additive manufacturing that produces big area multi-layered components through plate addition fashion using the friction stir welding (FSW) concept. Because of the solid-state process in nature, the part produced has equiaxed grain structure, which leads to better mechanical properties with less residual stresses and solidification defects when compared to existing melting-based additive manufacturing processes. The current review article intends to highlight the working principle and previous research conducted by various research groups using FSAM as an emerging material synthesizing technique. The summary of affecting process parameters and defects claimed for different research materials is discussed in detail based on open access experimental data. Mechanical properties such as microhardness and tensile strength, as well as microstructural properties such as grain refinement and morphology, are summarized in comparison to the base material. Furthermore, the viability and potential application of FSAM, as well as its current academic research status with technology readiness level and future recommendations are discussed meticulously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstructure in alloys decides their physical properties; however, microstructure variations in metallic alloys are never quantitative. This applies to ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. Therefore, a correlative methodology is proposed for their indirect quantification using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. As a representative case, 16 different iron-based alloys with slight variations in composition and microstructure are considered. Changes to their properties and microstructure are correlated with XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Thermal treatments also have a role in such variation. Every x-ray peak position and FWHM was analyzed and correlated with corresponding Raman spectra and FWHM. The objective is the development of a reliable database and secondary testing methodology for fast performance estimation of different ferrous and non-ferrous alloys during production and for checking repeatability, other than by their microstructure and tensile strength, which is done at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain permanent joints from diversified parts and powder compositions, it is proposed to use discharge-pulse processes with the accumulation of stored energy in a capacitor bank. Technological difficulties in the manufacture of structures from non-ferrous metal and alloy parts of different thicknesses are listed. The thermal effect is carried out by passing the discharge current from the batteries of pulse capacitors, and the power effect is realized through the use of an inductive-dynamic drive. A scheme for the series connection of a compacted powder with an induction-dynamic drive, consisting of a flat inductor with a pusher, is proposed. The physical essence of the formation of compounds is described. The processes responsible for the formation of permanent connections by a pulsed current discharge have been identified. A picture of the relationship between the main parameters of the pressing process – sintering in time, as well as the results of measuring the temperature of the sintering process of powders by the photoemission method is presented. The results of energy consumption for the consolidation of powder compositions with simultaneous welding to a steel base are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zamak is a non-ferrous alloy, with considerable resistance to mechanical efforts. The alloy is widely used to produce objects in common use, such as door handles, faucets and handrails. These objects are potential transmission mechanisms for viruses and bacteria in places with high traffic of people. In this sense, several studies show that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have an antimicrobial spectrum. The objective of this work was to incorporate silver nanoparticles in Zamak 5 samples, anodized and sealed. Thus, the Zamak 5 samples were anodized in 0.3 M oxalic acid, and subsequently sealed in a plant extract based on Psidium guajava L. + 0.1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3). Morphological analyzes and chemical mapping using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were performed to evaluate the incorporation mechanisms. In addition, bacterial growth assays were performed with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results show that there was incorporation of silver (Ag) in the form of particles and agglomerates of particles, homogeneously arranged on the surface of the samples. However, it is concluded that the incorporation of silver element particles (Ag) in anodized Zamak 5, with the increase in the time of sealing the samples in plant extract, showed a reduction (30% on average) of the biofilm formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the analysis of antimicrobial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the possibilities of influencing the final microstructure of aluminium alloy castings by changing the external conditions of crystallization and solidification. Aluminum alloys, especially Al-Si alloys, are nowadays one of the most used non-ferrous metal alloys, especially due to their mass application in the automotive field. It is in this industry that extreme emphasis is placed on the quality of cast parts with regard to safety. For this reason, a key production parameter is the mastery of the control of the resulting microstructure of the castings and the associated internal quality, which is subject to high demands defined by international standards. The aim of the experiment of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different preheating of the metal mould on the resulting structure and hardness of test castings made of AlSi7Mg0.3 material. The hardness measurement will be evaluated on a hardness tester. The parameter SDAS, Microporosity, Content of excluded eutectic will be evaluated. Dependencies will be found and plotted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, pollution evaluation indices were carried out to assess the intensity of pollution in Marar industrial area of Ramgarh in Jharkhand. Fifteen groundwater samples were collected from the study area in May 2016. The physicochemical parameters (pH and EC,, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42-, NO3−, F−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, As, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Se, Al, Ba, Pb and Cd) were analysed. Measured concentration of heavy metals in the study area in decreasing order is as follows: Fe> Zn> Mn > Al> Ba > Ni> Cu > Pb> Cr > Se> As > Cd. Fe concentration was found beyond desirable limit in each sample. In the study area 73%, 60% and 21% water samples surpass desirable limit of Al, Mn and Ni respectively as per BIS,10,500 (2012). Concentration of As, Cu, Cr, Se, Pb, Ba and Cd was within the desirable limit in each sample. The analysed data was then applied for the calculation of Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Degree of Contamination (Cd). HPI values have not surpassed the critical value of 100 in any of the sample despite of various industrial activities. Fe is the prominent contributor for all the three pollution indices followed by Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu and Mn. According to multiple of mean value approach 100%, 93% and 80% of the samples belong to low and medium classes of HEI, HPI, and Cd respectively. Cluster analysis results advocate that heavy metal concentration in groundwater resources are contributed by both lithogenic as well as anthropogenic inputs such as large number of ferro alloys, non-ferrous alloys, sponge iron, foundry, instrument manufacturing and welding industries in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]