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The "U.S. Army's Special Organizations" were unusual, little-known units within the U.S. military during World War II designed to segregate and monitor potentially disloyal soldiers. The existence and composition of these units pointed at the nationalist and ethno-racial tensions afoot in the United States at the time, reflecting both wartime undemocratic hysteria and social changes, along with long-standing concerns about U.S. national identity. The continued suspicion and large-scale internment of Japanese-American servicemen stood in contrast to the smaller numbers of other servicemen of enemy alien origin similarly interned (German- and Italian-Americans). The internal social dynamics within these units mirrored the fraught relationship among the Axis partners and the socio-cultural issues between the Japanese, German, and Italian national communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federal law authorizes the reinstatement of a prior removal order when a noncitizen "reenter[s] the United States without authorization after having already been removed." It further provides an "expedited process" for doing so, denying to such noncitizens the right to contest before an immigration judge their removability or inadmissibility. The question whether a noncitizen is removable is thus definitively settled immediately upon reinstatement. But the question to where the noncitizen will be removed is less certain. This is because noncitizens subject to reinstated orders of removal retain the right to pursue "withholding-only" relief, which precludes removal to the noncitizen's home country when extreme dangers await them there. This lag--between when removability, on one hand, and the country of removal, on the other, are determined--has exposed an ambiguity in the statute providing for judicial review of a "final order of removal," 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Specifically, § 1252(b)(1) requires that a noncitizen file a petition for review within thirty days of the final order of removal. But when does a reinstated order of removal become final? Specifically, does finality attach when the prior removal order is reinstated (such that removability is determined) or when the administrative process for adjudicating claims for withholding-only relief has concluded (such that the country of removal is determined)? On this question, the courts of appeals are divided. This Comment contends that the soundest construction of § 1252 deems reinstated orders of removal final when withholding-relief proceedings conclude. Such a construction is consistent with Supreme Court precedent, is more faithful to the statutory text, and better comports with the framework established by § 1252. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nordic welfare states are imagined as generous and universal due to their residence- and needs-based welfare rights. We analyse how welfare state borders are implemented in practice through what we term bureaucratic bordering and how this bordering creates complex precarity for temporary migrants stemming from multiple sources. Drawing on qualitative research with asylum seekers and non-European Union/European Economic Area (non-EU/EEA) student-workers, we argue that migrants with temporary residence permits encounter an opaque system characterised by bureaucratic borders. These borders produce precarity in relation to the right to reside, work and access welfare services. We find that in the case of asylum seekers who find work and seek to legalise their residence through work, precarity is produced through limiting access to labour-based permits, while for student-migrants, precarity is produced through the indirect imposition of precarious part-time work alongside studies. In both cases, complex bordering practices emerge as the migrants attempt to navigate both the residence and the welfare system in the interstices of institutions, street-level bureaucrats and personal connections. We contend that the bordering practices necessarily also contribute to reshaping the welfare state itself by eroding residence-based access to rights, marginalising residents and creating new hierarchies based on temporary residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the communication of members in an online community designed for both native and foreign residents living in Japan. The community serves as a platform for members to discuss various topics related to lifestyle, health, food, fashion, among other topics. Using a topic model, we analyzed a mid-size sample (n = 150k) to identify the primary topics of discussion and the potential benefits of participation. The findings indicate that health, lifestyle, travel within and outside of Japan, financial and domestic advice seeking, and temporal discussions for foreigners were the main themes discussed. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest future research directions, such as exploring sensitive topics among Japanese residents and examining the role of mediated communication in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Covid-19 pandemic ended, there were changes in Indonesian immigration. The addition of visa on arrival subjects and the temporary suspension of visa-free visits is one way to restore the national economy. This research examines the impact of the visa on arrival policy on national security and analyzes whether this policy is still effective in the current era. This research uses a qualitative research type with literature study. From this research, the results show that immigration violations and the threat of transnational crime are still widespread after the latest visa on arrival policy was implemented, and in the current era, especially after the pandemic, there is a need for a capable system to provide immigration services as well as improve better security so that it can reduce threats and risks from violations committed by foreign nationals. The newly implemented e-VOA can be an effective innovation used in the current era to later replace manual VOA requests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expatriates employed to work on international construction projects face high levels of stressors in the workplace, and adjustments often need to be made to improve their job performance. We investigated whether and how expatriate resilience mediates the effect of job stressors on expatriate adjustment. We put forth a series of consistent and contradictory hypotheses by combing the challenge–hindrance stressor framework with the job demands–resources theory. Data collected from 2123 expatriates of international construction projects were used to evaluate the theoretical model, and the data were separated into two groups (low-level hostile environment group and high-level hostile environment group) based on the hostility level of their assigned locations. These results confirm that the impact of the two categories of stressors varies in different hostile environments. In all contexts, hindrance stressors are "bad" stressors as they impair expatriate resilience and adjustment, whereas challenge stressors exert different effects on expatriate resilience and adjustment depending on the level of hostility of their environments. In the high-level group, challenge stressors had a negative effect on expatriate adjustment and resilience. In contrast, challenge stressors were "good" in the low-level group. Moreover, both challenge and hindrance stressors significantly mediate expatriate adjustment via expatriate resilience, highlighting the value of considering expatriate resilience. These results add to the growing body of knowledge on the relationship between expatriate adjustment and occupational stressors. Our research furthers our understanding of the challenge–hindrance stressor framework by finding results contradictory to those of the original framework. Occupational stress management is a critical mission in the construction industry since it is one of the most stressful industries. Previous studies and management strategies have mostly viewed stress as "bad." In contrast, stressors could turn into motivation in some situations, thus determining when and how stressors can be "good." The results suggest that stress management strategies should be tailored to the specific conditions of hostile environments. In low-hostility environments, increasing workload and job responsibilities can enhance the motivation of expatriates, thereby promoting their resilience and adjustment. However, in highly hostile environments, these stressors can have adverse consequences, necessitating the implementation of suitable initiatives to reduce stress levels. Furthermore, it is significant to consider resilience when selecting and managing expatriate employees. Enhancing expatriate resilience can improve assignment success rates and address the workforce shortage in the international construction industry. By implementing these practical implications, organizations can better support expatriate employees in managing stressors and achieving successful outcomes in international construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their status as residents of the Australian Territory of Papua and New Guinea (TPNG), students in TPNG often faced challenges to accessing their entitlements to education. The Australian government attempted to manage these peculiar cohorts with classifications such as: 'domestic or international'; 'internal or external'; 'European or non-European'; 'expatriate or local'. However, these categorisations often created as much confusion as they solved. Using several examples from the 1960s and 1970s, this article will highlight the way in which the administration categorised students, both those travelling to mainland Australia for study and those who remained in TPNG. These categorisations were not merely bureaucratic designations; they had significant implications for TPNG students, including scholarship eligibility, eligibility for particular courses and wage rates after graduation. This approach to education by the Australian government had fundamental impacts on educational attainment in TPNG across the colonial period, and into independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present an analysis of the categorization of foreigners (aliens) seeking international protection in the European Union from the perspective of the European paradigm of the protection of aliens. Firstly, semantic issues related to understanding the concept of 'foreigners' will be presented. This element of the analysis will be crucial for further considerations, as by delineating definitional boundaries, it will determine the picture of identifiable categories of foreigners. Secondly, an outline of European Union legislation forming the legal basis for the main analysis will be presented. Attention will be focused on legal acts from which general and specific categories of foreigners seeking international protection in the European Union can be interpreted. Thirdly, general categories will be presented along with an explanation of their functions in law. Fourthly, specific categories will be presented along with an explanation of their functions in law at the stage of qualification, reception, and procedure. This paper will conclude with a concise summary containing recommendations and other conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activist movements that embrace the idea of sanctuary for noncitizens are rich with nayratives of resistance. These narratives vary; some sanctuary advocates pursue resistance only to specific federal immigration policies, while others offer more radical critiques that challenge the very legitimacy of U.S. immigration law. But when local and state governments adopt sanctuary policies, the idea of resistance is often altogether lost. Local and state governments who adopt policies of noncooperation with federal immigration enforcement sometimes offer narratives in which the values that motivate sanctuary policies involve not resistance to injustice, but public safety, economic development, and other more traditional local-government goals. In these narratives, local governments are not resisting cruelfederal policies; they are simply minding their own business. This Article examines the abandonment of resistance narratives from an expressivist and law-and-humanities perspective, arguing that much is lost when sanctuaries fail to include resistance in their own narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the potential of bringing biographical and cultural sociology together in the analysis of the political lives of refugee non-citizens. Our analysis is based on empirical research conducted in two regions outside the capital areas of Austria and Czechia. The conceptual focus is on modes of political participation and if and how they shift during the migration experience. To explore the political lives of refugee non-citizens, we call upon complementary theories, on alternative forms of (non)citizenship and on the autonomy of migration and asylum as regards agency in the everyday practices of people who cross borders. The findings show that our research participants' political lives tend to remain rather untouched by the migration experience itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the British government's measures for its civilian subjects stranded as 'enemy aliens' in Japanese-controlled areas in the Far East during World War II. The British government tried to protect the interests of these Far Eastern subjects during the war and in the immediate postwar period. Its manner of dealing with the latter's redress movement from the late 1980s was initially reluctant but eventually became relatively adequate, thanks to the twin pressures of domestic public opinion and precedents set by other former Allied governments and the resolute struggles of the ex–Far Eastern subjects themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article advances the conceptual framework of "citizenism" to describe how citizenship is mobilized and weaponized to sustain structural racism. Citizenism transcends formal citizenship status because the construction of whiteness underwrites it as the only presumptively legitimate racial category for citizenship. A focus on citizenism provides a new framework for understanding an underlying layer of white supremacy that defines access to and shapes the civil and political rights of people of color. Citizenism is premised on the normative presumption that noncitizens should be excluded from full legal protections. Although their labor sustains economies across the globe, they are criminalized and dehumanized. In a racial state like the United States, this constructed illegality, in turn, further diminishes the rights of citizens of color who are racialized as presumptively "illegal." Citizenism functions as a legalized system of discrimination that uses citizenship status to perpetuate racialized outcomes for communities of color. Specifically, law and immigration enforcement make legally permissible presumptions about citizenship based on race, which delimits the fundamental rights of citizens of color. The legally constructed concepts of "speaking like an illegal" and "looking like an illegal" have reproduced a subordinate status that leads to unequal treatment under the law for both noncitizens and citizens of color. Citizenism, this Article posits, helps us understand how the intersection of race, Indigeneity, class, immigration, and citizenship status conspires to maintain and further exacerbate the existing racial order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyses the operation by Swedish diplomats in the Soviet Union during the peak of the Stalinist Terror. Although Swedish communists living in the USSR have been in the spotlight of some journalists and historians, the extent of the different Swedish groups and the complicated diplomatic actions to help them are nearly unknown. Who could be saved? Who disappeared in the Gulag? The context is the Soviet actions against all foreigners in the Great Terror from 1937, forcing them to either become Soviet citizens or immediately leave the country. Comparisons are made with Finnish people in the Soviet Union, a group much harder hit by the terror than the small groups of Swedes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

States increasingly use driver's license laws to further policy objectives unrelated to road safety. This symposium contribution employs a health justice lens to focus on one manifestation of this trend--state schemes that prohibit noncitizen residents from accessing driver's licenses and then impose criminal sanctions for driving without authorization. Status-based no-license laws not only facilitate legally questionable enforcement of local immigration priorities but also impose structural inequities with long-term health consequences for immigrants and their family members, including US citizen children. Safe, reliable transportation is a significant social determinant of health for individuals, families, and communities. Applying a health justice lens to the weaponization of no-license laws against noncitizens will both catalyze new legal challenges and create momentum for coalition building and policy reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Essay examines the impact of foreign policy collaborations, leading up to the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection, signed by twenty Western Hemisphere governments in 2022, on peoples' possibilities for migration and residence. Engaging Critical Legal Rhetoric and Rhetorical Historiography methodologies, this Essay examines the long history of foreign policy and interstate partnerships in the Americas to manage human migration in the region. We argue that foreign policy collaborations are yet another method to augment US power and influence in the region, limit possibilities for human migration northward, and completely remake the regional landscape of borders and nation-state sovereignty in the Americas. After outlining our methodology, our analysis begins with the collaborative response to the Central American civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s and the rhetoric deployed to warrant the political arrangements. In Part II.B., we examine discourse and political arrangements from the period between 2014-2021 when more Central Americans, especially families and minors, began presenting at the USMexico border than Mexican migrants. Our final section considers the regional collaborations implemented since 2021 to manage and regulate movement from South America to North America. Reading the moments together, we see the development of a regional migration management infrastructure through foreign policy collaborations to shift human migration south, farther away from the US southern border, and to prevent individuals from reaching territories where they may be able to seek asylum and other forms of humanitarian immigration relief. To conclude, we discuss the implications of a regional migration management system and suggest a need to rethink what nation-state borders are, how they function, and how collaborating countries serve each other's goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing crisis of despair involving migrants from abroad who are seeking refuge in one of the world's longest-standing, post-World War II democracies--India. There are roughly 4.9 million noncitizen migrants in India, with most coming from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Because these migrants often live in the shadows, they are frequently deprived of fundamental human rights. On the one hand, it may seem surprising that this population remains so vulnerable. After all, India's Supreme Court has been a leading institutional light in safeguarding the rights of many marginalized groups. Supreme courts in other countries point to judgments from the Indian Supreme Court as a model for how to ensure that communities on the periphery are treated with dignity and due process. Furthermore, the Indian judiciary has been assisted in its progressive rights jurisprudence by a robust constitution and a vibrant civil society. Yet when it comes to noncitizen migrants, there has been a dearth of sustained judicial support. Additionally, while there is certain, important, bottom-up activism on behalf of these noncitizens, it has frankly not been enough to meet the cascade of needs that exist. This project focuses on how institutional inadequacies, at both the governmental and societal levels, have left noncitizen migrants among some of the most isolated individuals within India. Namely, the absence of specialized and independent immigration courts, an outdated immigration statute, a lack of a strong immigration legal profession, insufficient legal education on immigration law, and little research on immigration doctrine are key reasons why migrants face such dire circumstances today. Otherwise put, India's weak immigration infrastructure has sadly contributed to the difficulties noncitizen migrants face in accessing lawyers, the legal process, and, ultimately, justice within Indian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the humility-helping hypothesis, the question of whether humility affects altruistic behavior has received extensive attention. However, researchers have not established many links between humility and international altruism. The study explored humility as a stable personality trait and assessed whether it encouraged international altruism. It also examined the underlying mechanism between the foregoing relationship. We recruited 940 college students aged 18–23 to participate in an anonymous online survey and obtained 929 data points. The results showed that humility has a direct impact on international altruism. They largely supported the theoretical framework of the humility-helping hypothesis on the inter-group level. We also addressed the mediating effect that identification with all humanity had in the relationship between humility and international altruism. The findings showed that two forms of empathy (empathy and group empathy) have a moderating effect, indicating that different forms of empathy should be more emphasized in different social situations. Taken together, the results show that developing people's humility and helping them to identify with all humanity are key to promoting inter-group altruism, especially for those who can empathize with other people or groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the intersectional role of citizenship and gender with career self-efficacy amongst 10,803 doctoral and postdoctoral trainees in US universities. These biomedical trainees completed surveys administered by 17 US institutions that participated in the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) Programs. Findings indicate that career self-efficacy of non-citizen trainees is significantly lower than that of US citizen trainees. While lower career efficacy was observed in women compared with men, it was even lower for non-citizen female trainees. Results suggest that specific career interests may be related to career self-efficacy. Relative to US citizen trainees, both male and female non-citizen trainees showed higher interest in pursuing a career as an academic research investigator. In comparison with non-citizen female trainees and citizen trainees of all genders, non-citizen male trainees expressed the highest interest in research-intensive (and especially principal investigator) careers. The authors discuss potential causes for these results and offer recommendations for increasing trainee career self-efficacy which can be incorporated into graduate and postdoctoral training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of expatriate construction professionals (EXCPs) has become increasingly critical for the success of international construction projects. This study investigated the role of job burnout and cross-cultural adjustment in predicting EXCPs' performance. Drawing on the job demands-resources model, a comprehensive framework was developed to illustrate the relationships among cultural intelligence, stressors, expatriate management practices, cross-cultural adjustment, job burnout, and performance. Data were collected through a survey of Chinese EXCPs working in various host countries, and the proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that expatriate management practices and cross-cultural adjustment have a more substantial motivational impact on performance than do the negative impacts of stressors and job burnout. Additionally, cultural intelligence is significantly associated with stressors, expatriate management practices, cross-cultural adjustment, and job burnout. This study makes a valuable contribution to the expatriate literature and offers strategies for dual-process management to enhance EXCPs' performance in international construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dedicated to the memory of Pnina Werbner, this essay revisits Werbner's ethnographic and conceptual work on the relationship between diaspora and religion through a close reading of her book on Imagined Diasporas among Manchester Muslims and her later engagements with the concept of diaspora with respect to religion and the background of her work on African and Filipino labour diasporas in the West. It argues that many of Werbner's insights remain pertinent today, not least because in many European contexts Muslim-background citizens and non-citizens remain excluded from full belonging and are still forced to engage in constant perspectival manoeuvring similar to Werbner's earlier interlocutors. While the notion of diaspora has lost much of its earlier conceptual verve, in its Werbnerian reading, I argue, it may still offer a scholarly tool for analysing the multiple imaginations, belongings, and ambiguities of migrants' and religious minorities' self-representations and complex lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Securitization theory has paid extensive attention to transnational issues, actors, and processes. Surprisingly, however, only little attention has been paid to the securitization of diaspora communities, defined as overseas citizens or co-nationals abroad. This article fills this gap by developing an analytical framework to study the securitization of diasporas, focusing on three discursive formations: diasporas as threatening actors, as objects under threat, or as security resources. Building upon the recent literature on state–diaspora engagement and drawing on an analysis of Israeli elite discourse (from 1948 to 2022), this article demonstrates how the securitization of diasporas serves as a discursive mechanism that naturalizes and legitimizes extra-territorial policies towards Jews abroad. Thus, the article complements structural and rational explanations of state–diaspora engagement by examining the intersubjective process that endows diaspora policymaking with meaning. Against the backdrop of extensive securitization scholarship that focuses on attempts to keep "foreigners" out, this article shows how securitization justifies bringing certain people in or governing their national identity abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored 'cultural diversity' in urban schools in Portugal by conducting discourse analysis on interviews with school practitioners. Findings show that 'cultural diversity' was dominantly anchored in Othering 'foreigners' that mainly associated 'non-native speakers' to difficulties in integration, participation and teachers'pedagogical work. However, contradicting discourses somewhat resisted Othering by highlighting meaningful differences, all students' rights, and calling for pedagogical changes. By showing the ambivalences in how students, teachers and pedagogical relationships are viewed, we both alert for an exclusionary conceptualization of 'cultural diversity', and question Othering as a fundamentalizing discourse to fully govern 'cultural diversity' in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

States increasingly use driver's license laws to further policy objectives unrelated to road safety. This symposium contribution employs a health justice lens to focus on one manifestation of this trend-state schemes that prohibit noncitizen residents from accessing driver's licenses and then impose criminal sanctions for driving without authorization. Status-based no-license laws not only facilitate legally questionable enforcement of local immigration priorities but also impose structural inequities with long-term health consequences for immigrants and their family members, including US citizen children. Safe, reliable transportation is a significant social determinant of health for individuals, families, and communities. Applying a health justice lens to the weaponization of no-license laws against noncitizens will both catalyze new legal challenges and create momentum for coalition building and policy reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the federal agency that manages the world's largest civil immigration detention system, transfers hundreds of detained noncitizens to different detention centers every day at its sole discretion and for any reason, typically without advising the noncitizen's counsel or family. This unchecked transfer power, in tandem with ICE's power to begin deportation proceedings wherever and whenever it chooses, creates a ripe environment for forum shopping. This Note explores how the current system allows ICE to engage in forum shopping--by transferring noncitizens to regions of the country where their claims have a lower probability of success--to the great detriment of their cases and often their lives. This Note argues that the U.S. Congress should enact venue-protective legislation to safeguard noncitizens' due process rights and prevent ICE from gaining an unfair advantage in deportation cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a noncitizen in an expedited removal proceeding has a colorable claim to delay their deportation for fear of torture in their home country, a special review process occurs. Certain noncitizens face an especially stringent procedure-the reasonable fear review hearing, where a noncitizen must navigate a complex legal argument before an immigration judge to show that they meet specific statutory and regulatory criteria for relieffrom or delay of deportation. Congress has specified that noncitizens are entitled to access counsel at this reasonable fear review hearing: yet, all too often, the hearing takes place without anorneys present who were already retained or were willing to represent that noncitizen. In nearly half of all federal circuit courts, this absence ofcounsel before the immigration judge is of no legal significance. This Comment urges the view endorsed by the other half of federal circuits: noncitizens in reasonable fear review hearings are statutorily guaranteed the right to access counsel, and that statutory right is elfectively denied when pro se noncitizens are required to prove prejudice from their lack of representation. While other scholars have argued for the presumption of prejudice when access to counsel is denied in other immigration proceedings, this Comment breaks new ground by extending that presumption to the reasonable fear review hearing noncitizens face in expedited removal with a felony conviction or a reinstated removal order. Presuming prejudice in this context ensures that all noncitizens have the reasonable opportunity to access counsel for reasonable fear review hearings, animating Congress's statutory mandate. This Comment proposes a uniquely administrable safeguard, borrowed from well-settled criminal law: immigration judges should be required to obtain a knowing and voluntary waiver of representation when a noncitizen appears unrepresented. Presuming prejudice upon review where (1) the noncitizen was not represented by counsel and (2) no valid waiver was obtained will impress upon immigration judges the seriousness of the right at issue with only minimal changes to current procedure and even a likely increase in judicial efficiency. Ultimately, this Comment provides additional support for the waiver requirement by exploring the real-world circumstances and consequences of denying access to counsel in a reasonable fear review hearing, the last chance for relief for noncitizens fearing torture upon return to their home country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of expatriate construction professionals (EXCPs) has become increasingly critical for the success of international construction projects. This study investigated the role of job burnout and cross-cultural adjustment in predicting EXCPs' performance. Drawing on the job demands-resources model, a comprehensive framework was developed to illustrate the relationships among cultural intelligence, stressors, expatriate management practices, cross-cultural adjustment, job burnout, and performance. Data were collected through a survey of Chinese EXCPs working in various host countries, and the proposed model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings reveal that expatriate management practices and cross-cultural adjustment have a more substantial motivational impact on performance than do the negative impacts of stressors and job burnout. Additionally, cultural intelligence is significantly associated with stressors, expatriate management practices, cross-cultural adjustment, and job burnout. This study makes a valuable contribution to the expatriate literature and offers strategies for dual-process management to enhance EXCPs' performance in international construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1975 and 1977, filmmaker Stanley Kubrick secretly campaigned to overturn the new tax provisions of the Labour government's 1974 Finance Act. His aim was to develop a crisis narrative in which the legislation that affected the amount of earnings foreign residents would pay tax on in the UK was deemed directly responsible for the imminent and absolute collapse of the British film industry. Drawing on archival sources from the Stanley Kubrick Archive, the Harold Wilson papers, and The National Archives, the article reconstructs Kubrick's actions during this period to reveal how he planted stories in the press, lobbied MPs, ministers, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the prime minister, manipulated trade union officials, and secretly wrote press releases and campaign letters under the name of the general secretary of the ACTT, Alan Sapper. The archival case study widens understanding of the narrative of crisis pertaining to the British film industry in the 1970s and how this was exacerbated and exploited by powerful and wealthy individuals like Kubrick for personal gain. The article also contributes to the broader topics of access, power, and privilege in British society and how the rich subvert and undermine democracy, thereby aggravating structural inequalities, inequalities that have only deepened since Kubrick's political interventions and machinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's objective is to test one of the key theoretical orientations in the literature on intergroup relations, realistic conflict theory, from a dynamic perspective. In this study, we focus on adolescents who are, according to the 'impressionable years'-hypothesis, most likely to change in their rejection of equal opportunities. Realistic conflict theory is applied in a dynamic way by taking into account economic characteristics related to the adolescent and the household. We employ Swiss panel data covering the period 1999–2017, containing information of both adolescents and the household they live in. Results demonstrate that there is relatively little variation within adolescents in rejection of equal opportunities for foreigners. Despite of using a broad range of characteristics related to adolescents' as well as the household's economic situation, the changes that do occur within individuals could hardly be explained by those economic changes. Socialisation theories on direct parental influences appeared to better explain changes in rejection of equal opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid globalization and the growth of immigration, countries worldwide have become multicultural societies and are experiencing social changes. Several studies have focused on the impact of foreign residents on society, particularly from a public finance perspective. The current study examines how foreign residents affect local budget expenditure in South Korea, which is currently facing a historically low fertility rate and the aging phenomenon. The employment permit system, which is a government-ordained system that allocates quotas for foreign employees by region and year, was adopted in the instrumental variable estimation to identify a causal linkage between foreign workers and local budget expenditure. We found that government spending decreases as the proportion of foreign residents among the total population increases, and this impact is particularly noticeable in social welfare spending. The results of a battery of robustness tests support these findings. Furthermore, the findings varied depending on the heterogeneities within regions and political regimes. Additionally, we found suggestive evidence that foreign workers are one of the main factors that contribute to the results, causing local governments to spend more money on non-productive areas such as administrative expenses. Overall, the results show that a sharp inflow of foreign residents may be a risk factor in terms of the quantity and quality of local budget expenditure in South Korea, suggesting that immigration policies should be operated effectively to secure the fiscal soundness and sustainability of local finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Note highlights a troubling gap in access to federal habeas relief for persons detained in American Samoa, the only United States territory that does not confer birthright citizenship on persons born there. There is no law affirmatively establishing that persons detained in American Samoa are entitled to seek federal habeas relief, regardless of citizenship status. However, there is a theoretical pathway for U.S. citizens detained in American Samoa to petition for federal habeas relief using a common law exception to the "immediate custodian rule" that requires habeas petitioners to name their local warden as respondent. This rule usually creates an insurmountable barrier to federal habeas relief because there is no federal court in American Samoa and no federal court can assert personal jurisdiction over a prison warden in American Samoa. The exception is explicitly available only to U.S. citizens detained outside the territorial jurisdiction of any federal court. The Secretary of the Interior has plenary authority over American Samoa. Therefore, as indicated by the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii in Barlow v. Sunia, a U.S. citizen detained in American Samoa could name the Secretary as respondent and petition for federal habeas relief in the District of D.C. Because this exception does not extend to noncitizen U.S. nationals detained in American Samoa, and the "noncitizen national" designation exists only in American Samoa, this population is uniquely precluded from accessing federal habeas relief, a privilege the Supreme Court has extended to extraterritorial noncitizen detainees in notable cases like Rasul v. Bush and Boumediene v. Bush, among others. There are myriad solutions available to correct differentiated access based solely on citizenship status. The simplest option would be for the federal courts to expand the Padilla exception to include noncitizen nationals. Alternatively, Congress could establish a federal court in American Samoa or expand an existing federal court's jurisdiction to encompass claims arising out of the Territory. Unfortunately, there are also significant barriers to enacting those solutions. This is in large part because the federal government has unrestricted power over American Samoa, and the Territory's small population and remote location make amassing sufficient political power to compel change unlikely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attitude of Saudis and expatriate managers toward work has taken on added value in recent years. This has come about as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has embarked on profound and ambitious economic and social changes outlined in Vision 2030. Managers are instrumental in successfully executing these strategic moves. However, managers face intense and immediate challenges when publicly voicing their concerns. This study was undertaken to shed light on the nature of work ethics and work involvement in the Kingdom. The research subjects were men and women managers and encompassed both citizens and expatriates. We found differences in the attitudes of men and women and between citizens and expatriates. The results were viewed in the sociopolitical context, and issues related to work ethics and to the role of women and expatriates were delineated. Business and social implications for policymakers and multinational corporations were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the issuance of the first guidance by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to assist stateless noncitizens in the U.S. who wish to obtain immigration benefits or have submitted other requests to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

Expatriates play a critical role in the long‐term success of global organizations; however, expatriate assignments are risky endeavors, and not all employees are keen on such opportunities. Thus, it is critical that we examine the antecedents of employee willingness to expatriate. In this first such meta‐analysis, we drew on data from 55 studies (published in English and Traditional Chinese), and identified 22 antecedents. Results indicate that education, self‐efficacy, prior international experience, language skills, cultural intelligence, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, the importance of assignment value, financial support and career support were positively related to employee willingness to expatriate. Some societal differences were identified. We then discuss implications and offer future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to unpack discourses of 'race' and racializations associated with White Western foreign residents in China amid pandemic politics. China's proposal to loosen visa regulations for non‐citizens during the pandemic (February 2020) sparked many racist and nationalistic sentiments online. Since then, exposés of the 'special treatment' foreigners apparently demand during quarantine in China have met significant online backlash. Anti‐foreigner sentiments are at a new high and not only against African migrants, who have been the focus of extant studies. COVID‐19 hit the world at a time of vast international migration into China and China's growing power, and the revival of existing racializations and the ignition of new ones are intricately linked with these phenomena. This article proposes that understanding the conditioning contexts of Chinese postcoloniality and state‐led patriotism can enable valuable insights into the emerging racialization of White Westerners in pandemic‐era China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous growth in life expectancy, besides to the difficult economic and financial situation of the public pension system in Spain, makes reverse mortgages an attractive solution for providing additional income to retirees. However, despite being almost 20 years old, the Spanish market remains immature. Consequently, providers face significant risks, due to factors such as interest rates, housing prices, and longevity. Numerous tourists visit Spain, and many retire there, obtaining legal residence. Therefore, lenders could be interested in marketing reverse mortgages to foreign residents. Nevertheless, the longevity risk faced by these lenders may differ depending on the nationality of the borrower, and profits and losses could vary. Consequently, we propose a methodology for comparing the pricing of reverse mortgages in Spain by considering differences in longevity risk. Specifically, we calculate the amount offered by three types of reverse mortgages to customers of different nationalities, genders, and ages with contracts made in Spain. Our conclusions are pertinent to Spanish lenders since the results indicate that, in general, a Spanish lender would assume a slightly larger risk when lending reverse mortgages to borrowers of the selected nationalities, regardless of other considerations, such as legal issues, which are not addressed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Brazil's "great migration" period (1880–1930) came Getúlio Vargas's rise to power, marking a radical historical rupture. From 1930 onwards, we observed the construction of a framework of restrictive rules aimed at controlling the entry and stay of foreigners in the country, including an ethnically differentiated management of flows. This article sought to cross-reference the new migratory policy, aimed at both new entries and immigrants already present in the territory, with the issue of race. To this end, it dealt with two groups of immigrants whose flows were directly impacted by the new policies (and by racism), but not in the same way: Japanese and Jews. The reflection also turned to the different experiences in each of the two groups between the candidates for immigration—in the face of the new barriers imposed on entry and those already living in Brazil in the face of the assimilationist measures adopted. Brazilian migration policies and state actions have been studied more often than the agency of immigrants. In this sense, the existing studies have focused more on the management of new flows than on the experience of immigrants already settled in the territory. The text, therefore, assumed a change of perspective, opting for a look "from below" in order to focus on both sides of the scales and the border. Finally, it examined the historiography that dealt with migration policy during the Vargas era and, more specifically, that which focused on Jewish and Japanese immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anne Schenderlein's book, "Germany on Their Minds: German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Their Relationships with Germany, 1938–1988," explores the experiences of German Jewish refugees who left Germany in 1938 and their relationship with their former home country until 1988. Schenderlein focuses on the agency of ordinary people and examines the West Coast as a unique angle of analysis. She discusses topics such as Americanization, the Enemy Alien Classification of 1941, and the refugees' involvement in the war effort. Schenderlein also highlights the refugees' interactions with German POWs, their work in identifying Nazis, and their efforts in advocating for restitution. The book emphasizes the diverse perspectives and experiences of German Jewish refugees and challenges traditional classifications of exile. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses two books that focus on different aspects of historical events. The first book examines the relationship between Genoa and Venice during the Crusades, highlighting the involvement of private citizens in campaigns that were not officially supported by their respective city governments. The second book explores the strategies used by Roman authorities to convert "heretical" foreigners between 1580 and 1750, emphasizing the changes that occurred over time and the diverse subjects involved in the conversion efforts. Both books provide valuable insights into the historical context and offer new perspectives on these topics. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores how the fates of Japan's "foreign" communities—both "oldcomer" Zainichi Korean residents and "newcomer" foreign residents—have, especially since the 1990s, become tethered to one another. The authors argue that the postwar Zainichi Korean campaigns for legal, social, economic, educational, ethnic, constitutional, and welfare benefits have laid a foundation of "residency provisions" that the contemporary newcomer foreign community have also come to heavily rely on. However, access to such residency provisions by non-Japanese has increasingly come under attack from nativist and xenophobic groups such as the Zaitokukai and political parties such as the Japan First Party. More recently, waves of COVID-19 pandemic border closures and "states of emergency" incited a cultural and political environment in which "foreigners" became inextricably linked to the virus as a threat. Political and public support for border closures and stricter immigration controls coalesced with divisive and xenophobic movements that had primarily targeted Zainichi Koreans. The authors maintain this resulted in a shift towards exclusionary discourses directed at Japan's "foreigner" communities more generally. As social outgroups in contemporary Japan, Zainichi Koreans and newcomer foreigners are semantically, socially, and—most importantly—politically excluded through the Japanese/foreigner divide that continues to permeate Japanese self-consciousness. In conclusion, the case study of "IKUNO Tabunka Flat" is introduced as a model of Zainichi Korean grass-roots multiculturalism that attempts to overcome social division and isolation in Ikuno's "foreign" communities and assist in the creation of a more substantive and meaningful multicultural community in contemporary Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the multiplicity of missions that the Allied governments and armed forces sent to Europe towards the end and after World War II to document and exploit Nazi Germany's wartime scientific and industrial progress was the Australian Scientific and Technical Mission to Germany. Composed of less than a dozen personnel, the Mission was a modest but important component in the Australian Commonwealth Government's post-war foreign policy towards Germany and expansion of scientific and industrial development. Based at Australia House in London, the Mission worked in close cooperation with British Government departments, and was instrumental in the transnational transfer of German science and technology to Australia between 1946 and 1950 – initially under the auspices of the British Intelligence Objectives Sub-committee, and later through the Inter-Allied Reparation Agency and the Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the article is caused by the fact that the established approaches and methods are changing, the needs of today's students and pupils are changing. Distance learning in the era of postmodernism is a type of learning, based on the educational interaction between teachers and students who are distant from each other, implemented with the help of telecommunication technologies and Internet resources. Distance learning is part of blended learning, which has become increasingly common in the education of foreign students. Blended Learning is a fairly new method of learning, which is indispensable for full-time education. It is a learning/teaching system that combines the best aspects and advantages of classroom teaching and interactive or distance learning and creates accessible and motivating courses for students, in which the learning process is a defined system consisting of different parts that function in constant interconnection with each other to form a kind of whole. The main task of this model is to train foreigners for active communicative activity in the socio-cultural, domestic and educational-professional sphere and the ability to use the acquired knowledge in online and offline communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What explains the variation in the interpretation and enforcement of international law by domestic judges? Can independent judiciaries control the enforcement of countries' commitments to international law? In this paper, we leverage a unique source of data—cases related to the Alien Tort Statute—to investigate how independent judges might be able to enforce international commitments to human rights without concern for whether the state (here the United States) has opted into the commitments in the first place. We show that behavioral factors in judicial decision making, and particularly those related to judicial ideological preferences, are potent predictors of judicial enforcement of international law. This implies that states with highly independent judiciaries are right to be worried about their abilities to control enforcement domestically, although we also find evidence that the U.S. government get a special degree of deference in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arab League of Associations for Rheumatology (ArLAR) Research Group (ARCH) conducted this study to investigate the number of current practicing rheumatologists in the Arab countries, to estimate the projected number of rheumatologists in 10 years, and to evaluate the current workload, practice profile, consultation waiting time, and geographical mobilities of these rheumatologists. This cross-sectional survey study was conducted in 16 Arab countries in two parts. The first survey was addressed nominally to national societies to estimate the current and projected workforce. The second was an anonymous e-survey elaborated by the study steering committee on the Google Forms platform and distributed to Arab rheumatologists using social media, WhatsApp, and mass e-mails to evaluate their practice. The mean number of rheumatologists in Arab countries was 0.84 per 100,000 inhabitants (mean age 47.5 years, 55% females), ranging from 0.06 (Sudan) to 1.86 (Tunisia). The number of rheumatologists is expected to increase by 50% in 2032. Nevertheless, a 20% increase in population associated with an increase in demand is also expected. Data from 446 rheumatologists (mean age 43.9 years, 60.5% females) revealed that 72% worked full-time, and 53% were employed in the public sector only. The average waiting time for a rheumatology consultation was 19.9 days. Of 394 rheumatologists, 19% obtained their rheumatology diplomas from non-Arab countries, and 47% of Gulf rheumatologists were non-citizen physicians. Considering local demographic disparities, healthcare system differences, and geographical mobilities, national authorities are advised to implement effective intervention plans to optimize the rheumatology workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has found that noncitizens are punished in U.S. federal courts more severely than U.S. citizens for offenses that are legally equivalent, though less is known about variation in the noncitizen effect depending on the defendant's nation of citizenship. Using United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) federal courts data from 2018 to 2020, we analyze group differences in the noncitizen penalty across regions of national origin. We draw from literature on group threat and the focal concerns perspective to guide our expectations. We find that noncitizens from all regions except Asia and North/West Europe have higher odds of being incarcerated compared with U.S. citizens, and noncitizens from Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Africa receive longer sentence lengths than U.S. citizens. Implications concerning the theoretical mechanisms relevant to the noncitizen penalty are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In December 2019, the Botswana government expanded free antiretroviral therapy (ART) to include non‐citizens. We evaluated the impact of this policy change on antenatal care (ANC), antiretroviral therapy coverage and adverse birth outcomes. Methods: The Tsepamo Surveillance study collects data at up to 18 delivery sites in Botswana. We compared outcomes in citizens and non‐citizens living with HIV before and after antiretroviral therapy expansion to non‐citizens. Adverse birth outcomes included preterm delivery (PTD) <37 weeks, very preterm delivery (VPTD) <32 weeks, small for gestational age (SGA) <10th percentile, very small for gestational age (VSGA) <3rd percentile, stillbirth and neonatal death. Log‐binomial regression models were constructed to generate risk ratios. Results: From August 2014 to September 2021, 45,576 (96.5%) citizens and 1513 (3.2%) non‐citizens living with HIV delivered; 954 (62.9%) non‐citizen deliveries were before the antiretroviral therapy expansion, and 562 (37.1%) were after. Non‐citizen ANC attendance among pregnant people living with HIV increased from 79.2% pre‐expansion to 87.2% post‐expansion (p<0.001), and became more similar to citizens (96.0% post‐expansion). Non‐citizens receiving any antenatal antiretroviral therapy increased from 65.5% pre‐expansion to 89.9% post‐expansion (p < 0.001), also more similar to citizens (97.2% post‐expansion). Infants born to non‐citizens with singleton gestations in the pre‐expansion period had significantly greater risk of PTD (aRR = 1.28, 95% CI, 1.11, 1.46), VPTD (aRR = 1.89, 95% CI, 1.43, 2.44) and neonatal death (aRR = 1.69, 95% CI, 1.03, 2.60), but reduced SGA risk (aRR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62, 0.89) compared with citizens. Post‐expansion, greater declines in most adverse outcomes were observed in non‐citizens, with largely similar outcomes between non‐citizens and citizens. Non‐significant differences were observed for non‐citizenship in PTD (aRR = 0.84, 95% CI, 0.66, 1.06), VPTD (aRR = 0.57, 95% CI, 0.28, 1.01), SGA (aRR = 0.91, 95% CI, 0.72, 1.13), VSGA (aRR = 0.87, 95% CI, 0.58, 1.25), stillbirth (aRR = 0.71, 95% CI, 0.35, 1.27) and neonatal death (aRR = 1.35, 95% CI, 0.60, 2.62). Conclusions: Following the expansion of free antiretroviral therapy to non‐citizens, gaps narrowed in ANC and antiretroviral therapy use in pregnancy between citizens and non‐citizens living with HIV. Disparities in adverse birth outcomes were no longer observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ubiquitous presence of the Internet, comments that dehumanize foreigners are frequently found on social networking platforms. These comments may function as dehumanizing norms and facilitate discrimination against foreigners in the offline world. In the current research, three studies were conducted to explore this possibility. Study 1 was a correlational study that revealed a positive association between dehumanizing norms and discrimination against foreigners. Studies 2 and 3 manipulated dehumanizing norms and found that these norms promoted discrimination against foreigners via increased prejudice toward them. Study 3 further measured perceived online anonymity and revealed that decreasing perceived online anonymity buffered the destructive influences of dehumanizing norms. In conclusion, to our knowledge, the current research represents the first attempt to empirically explore the normative influences of dehumanization on discrimination against foreigners and provides practical implications for comment management on the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osman accounts for the full range of reformist possibilities, both local and global, which makes her arguments in these two chapters so intriguing; despite their opposing agendas, imperial and homegrown initiatives coexist in Afghanistan's unique geopolitical context. In chapter 4, "Producers and Production: The Development Gaze and the Imperial Gaze", Osman turns to an in-depth analysis of Afghan television productions. In the last few decades, anti-imperialist approaches to Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia (MENASA) studies have primarily been concerned with the launch of the global war on terror; the targeting of Afghan women as the more recent objects of the saviorhood industrial complex; and how women's plight has contributed to the entanglement of feminism, Orientalism, and global imperialism. [Extracted from the article]

"Language Ungoverned: Indonesia's Chinese Print Entrepreneurs, 1911–1949" by Tom G. Hoogervorst explores the history of Sino-Malay print culture in Indonesia during the first half of the 20th century. The book examines the linguistic interactions between Southern China and the Malay-Javanese world, highlighting the commercialized Sino-Malay print culture that emerged in Dutch colonial Batavia, Semarang, and Surabaya. Hoogervorst argues that this print culture cannot be understood without considering colonial ethnographic knowledge projects, developments in the Chinese homeland, and the linguistic, political, and consumerist developments among other Peranakan Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. The book sheds light on the diverse and hybridized nature of the Sino-Malay language and its impact on the Chinese-Indonesian reading public. [Extracted from the article]