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Under Prime Minister Olof Palme, Sweden worked as a neutral country to bring American prisoners-of-war home from North Vietnam in September 1972. Though the group was small, their release was significant at a time when formal Paris peace talks were stalled. For Sweden, it was a paradoxical success, as Stockholm sought to balance its relationship with the Nixon administration while pursuing a humanitarian effort and supporting the American antiwar movement. Palme's strong antiwar stand earned the lasting rancor of the Nixon White House and led to a diplomatic break between the two nations from December 1972 until the spring of 1974. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Richard Nixon was the first president who examined the possibility of introducing a value-added tax (VAT) at the federal level in the late twentieth century. By 1970, his administration had considered recommending it alongside other domestic programs to overcome the criticism against the VAT's regressivity, potential conflict in the federal-state tax authority, and the fragmented decision-making authority between the executive and legislative branches of the government. However, in 1971, the Nixon administration shifted their policy priority toward gaining the middle-class political support by linking local property tax relief to a federal VAT. Although they combined the two measures with a rebate to obtain consent to and confidence in them from the "opponents" among the "internalists" of policymaking and societal actors, their attempt failed to accomplish it. As a result, Nixon abandoned the federal VAT. This abandonment was amissed opportunity to introduce a federal VAT, leading the United States to become a fiscal outlier among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries: it has not yet implemented a national/federal VAT. Furthermore, this outcome marked the origin of certain historical characteristics of the American fiscal state: the use of tax expenditures, "fend-for-yourself federalism," weak extractive capacity, and fiscal inflexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Game-Theoretical Modeling of the Madman Theory in Politics" by Valentin Voeth deals with the application of the Madman Theory in politics. The Madman Theory refers to the use of madness or irrational behavior patterns by political decision-makers to convey to the opposing side that future decisions could be made irrationally. The article discusses historical examples such as the use of madness by Adolf Hitler and Richard Nixon and examines when this strategy was successful and when it was not. It also presents a game-theoretical modeling of madness to analyze these emotional situations. [Extracted from the article]

‘Generalists’ hold that conspiracy theories, as a class, have epistemic defects. Well confirmed theories that invoke conspiracies, such as the theory that the Nixon administration conspired to orchestrate the break in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex, on 17 June 1972, – the ‘Watergate theory’ – raise a problem for generalists as it’s hard to understand how such theories can have epistemic defects. The Watergate theory is often not considered a mere conspiracy theory, because it enjoys ‘official theory’ status and in folk usage that means it is not a conspiracy theory. However, most people concede that the Watergate theory was a conspiracy theory before obtaining official status. So, appealing to folk usage does not make the problem go away. Recently however, several generalist scholars including, Cassam, Mandik, Thalman and Butter, have argued that theories invoking conspiracies that enjoy official status were never conspiracy theories. I’ll consider their reasoning and show where they go wrong. I’ll work with the examples of the Watergate theory and the ‘false flag’ theory of the Mountain Meadows massacre of 1857, which has it that this massacre of over 100 people was led by white Utahn Mormons disguised as Native Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one‐dimensional thaw consolidation model considering the density change from pore ice to pore water is established, and the model describes a special type of moving boundary problem with double moving boundaries. An analytical solution for the model under a time‐varying external load is developed using certain form of superposition principle and the similarity type of general solution. Some known solutions in literature can be recovered as special cases of the analytical solution once the density change from pore ice to pore water is neglected. If the thawing front was to cease at certain time, consolidation of thawed soil in a fixed region is then encountered, and an analytical solution for the post‐thawing consolidation problem is developed using the Green's function method. Computational examples of the analytical solutions are presented. First, comparison between our model and classical model of Morgenstern and Nixon (MN model) is conducted, showing the error caused by neglecting the density change from pore ice to pore water. The MN model overestimates the excessive pore water pressure at locations near the soil surface, while underestimates it at locations near the thawing front; the error caused by neglecting the density change becomes more pronounced with increasing ice content of frozen soil. Second, comparison between the thaw consolidation process under an instant load and that under a corresponding exponential load is made. The difference in thaw consolidation behavior between the two situations mainly displays during the early stage, when there is obvious discrepancy between the two external loads; the degree of consolidation and thaw consolidation settlement are more sensitive to the discrepancy in external load than the excessive pore water pressure is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual revictimisation has devastating consequences for victim/survivors, yet there is limited research exploring women's experience of revictimisation in regional/rural areas. Using a community‐based participatory research (CBPR) approach, this paper reports on a qualitative study that employed a material feminist lens and Nixon's theory of "slow violence" to explore women's lived experiences of sexual revictimisation. In‐depth interviews were conducted with victim/survivors (N = 11) living in regional and rural areas of Australia. Findings show that the failure of family, community and services to respond appropriately to participant's disclosures of violence and abuse was deeply entangled with rural infrastructure, isolated landscapes, fear of social isolation, victim‐blaming discourses, idealisation of men in the community and limited relationship and sexuality education (RSE) in schools. These components collectively formed a manifestation of "slow violence," which accumulated over the participants' life spans and gradually normalised relational violence. This paper draws attention to a complex interplay of cultural, material and interpersonal elements, including the culture and spaces of rural/regional communities, that establish conditions enhancing the likelihood of women experiencing sexual revictimisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), a recent invasive pest, poses a serious threat to maize production and productivity in India. Very little information is available on FAW indigenous natural enemies in authors are ecosystems. Hence, the present study assessed and documented the native natural enemies of FAW in the fodder maize ecosystem of Goa. Under field conditions, various life stages of FAW were attacked by 22 species of native natural enemies comprising two egg parasitoids, five larval parasitoids, eleven predators, and four entomopathogens. The field egg parasitism of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Telenomus remus Nixon was 13.90% and 29.37%, respectively. Among the egg parasitoids, T. remus was the dominant one. With a parasitism rate of 6.58%, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida was the most prevalent larval parasitoid. Eleven different species of predators were found predating on FAW. Among the predators, the rove beetle, Paederus fuscipes Curtis was the most abundant, with 1-2 adults per plant. Four entomopathogens viz., Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow), Bacillus sp., Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and entomopathogenic nematode, Hexamermis sp. were found infecting the FAW larvae. The present study reports the indigenous natural enemies associated with FAW in fodder maize. These native natural enemies must be conserved and exploited for the biological control of FAW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The polyphagous alien invasive pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), invaded Africa and has so far spread across the continent, causing devastating impacts on maize production. In Egypt, the management of the pest by maize growers has been characterized by the application of broad-spectrum synthetic chemical insecticides, a strategy which is associated with various detrimental effects on the environment and human health. To mitigate the overreliance and excessive use of those synthetic chemicals, biological control using egg parasitoids species provides an ecologically friendly and sustainable management strategy. In that regard, this study had the objective of identifying the natural existing egg parasitoids, which could be effectively used in augmentative biocontrol of the pest in Egypt. Results: For the first time in Egypt, natural occurrence and parasitism of Telenomus remus Nixon, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on S. frugiperda egg masses was recorded. Infested maize farms in Qena Governorate, Egypt, were surveyed, and S. frugiperda egg masses were collected and incubated in the laboratory. Emerging parasitoids' wasps were grouped based on their morphological similarities. Natural parasitism of the egg parasitoids (Telenomus sp.) was computed from the parasitized field collected egg masses. In addition, to confirm the laboratory parasitism and suitability of the parasitoid, Telenomus sp. to develop on S. frugiperda, the parasitoid was reared on S. frugiperda egg masses for three generations under laboratory conditions. Moreover, both morphological and molecular identifications were conducted. The recovered parasitoid samples from the field S. frugiperda egg masses were Telenomus remus (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Moreover, the average field parasitism level by T. remus on S. frugiperda was 15.9%, while under laboratory conditions, the parasitism was 63.5%. Conclusions: The natural occurrence of T. remus in Egypt and its association with S. frugiperda is an important finding upon which augmentative biocontrol strategy can be leveraged on to sustainably manage the pest populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly fifty years ago on 22 June 1973, US President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev signed the US-Soviet Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War. This bilateral instrument established concrete rules of the road for reducing the risk of nuclear use by means of mutual restraint and dialogue. However, despite being the product of more than a year of intense negotiations between the White House and the Kremlin, one of the Agreement's primary architects, Henry Kissinger, later dismissed it as having 'achieved little that was positive'. This article examines why Nixon and Kissinger pursued this Agreement in the first place and the extent to which they accomplished their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A word often expresses many different morphological functions. Which part of a word contributes to which part of the overall meaning is not always clear, which raises the question as to how such functions are learned. While linguistic studies tacitly assume the co‐occurrence of cues and outcomes to suffice in learning these functions (Baer‐Henney, Kügler, & van de Vijver, 2015; Baer‐Henney & van de Vijver, 2012), error‐driven learning suggests that contingency rather than contiguity is crucial (Nixon, 2020; Ramscar, Yarlett, Dye, Denny, & Thorpe, 2010). In error‐driven learning, cues gain association strength if they predict a certain outcome, and they lose strength if the outcome is absent. This reduction of association strength is called unlearning. So far, it is unclear if such unlearning has consequences for cue–outcome associations beyond the ones that get reduced. To test for such consequences of unlearning, we taught participants morphophonological patterns in an artificial language learning experiment. In one block, the cues to two morphological outcomes—plural and diminutive—co‐occurred within the same word forms. In another block, a single cue to only one of these two outcomes was presented in a different set of word forms. We wanted to find out, if participants unlearn this cue's association with the outcome that is not predicted by the cue alone, and if this allows the absent cue to be associated with the absent outcome. Our results show that if unlearning was possible, participants learned that the absent cue predicts the absent outcome better than if no unlearning was possible. This effect was stronger if the unlearned cue was more salient. This shows that unlearning takes place even if no alternative cues to an absent outcome are provided, which highlights that learners take both positive and negative evidence into account—as predicted by domain general error‐driven learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a newly introduced pest that damages maize production in Indonesia. To control this pest in maize fields, better solution is to use the egg parasitoid, such as Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), as another better option to apply topically entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of the EPF on the egg parasitoid of T. remus. The objective of this research was to evaluate susceptibility of immature T. remus to the EPFs, Beauveria bassiana, Chaetomium sp., Curvularia lunata, Penicillium citrinum, and Metarhizium anisopliae. The EPFs (1 × 106 conidia mL−1) were sprayed topically on one-day-old mummies (immature T. remus) in post-parasitism periods. Results: The results showed that the cumulative percentage of T. remus adult emergence from the mummies treated with EPF on 11 days after treatment ranged 54–100% and was non-significantly different than those of control (untreated with EPF) (90.48%). Therefore, the immature stage of T. remus was not susceptible to the EPF topical application. The EPFs were harmless to the immature stage of T. remus. Percentage of aborted mummies (embryonic death) of T. remus after treated with the EPF was also non-significantly different than those of control. However, the EPFs could significantly affect developmental times of immatures stages of T. remus. The EPF also could shorten the adult longevity of the egg parasitoid. Conclusions: The immature T. remus is less sensitive to the EPFs; B. bassiana, Chaetomium sp., C. lunata, P. citrinum, and M. anisopliae. It can be considered integrating the EPF with T. remus inundation in maize field. However, it is necessary to limit the topical application of the EPF to avoid negative effects on the adult longevity of the egg parasitoid. Thus, it needed to be further investigated that the application of the endophytic EPFs by inoculating the fungi within the plant tissue could be harmless to the egg parasitoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of egg parasitoids in the biological control of insect pests is a promising technique in integrated pest management. However, there is little information on the effects of parasitoid female age and host egg age on parasitization rates specifically on the behaviour of the egg parasitoids such as Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Telenomus remus Nixon which can have substantial effects on parasitism towards insect pest eggs. Thus, this communication evaluated the relationships between the age of the parasitoid and host egg on the parasitism of Spodoptera frugiperda eggs by T. pretiosum and T. remus in three independent bioassays. In the first and second bioassay, two egg parasitoids (T. pretiosum and T. remus) females were grouped by age in days (ranging from 1–6 and 1–10 days old for T. pretiosum and T. remus, respectively) and were offered 100 eggs of S. frugiperda per treatment for 24 h separately. In the third bioassay, 100 eggs of S. frugiperda of different ages (24, 48 and 72 h old) were offered separately to T. pretiosum and T. remus females for 24 h. The variables such as the number of eggs parasitized, parasitoid emergence (%) and female progeny were evaluated. The results indicated that as the age of the T. pretiosum increases, per cent parasitism and adult emergence decreases but age of T. remus females did not affect the number of S. frugiperda eggs parasitized or the emergence of the progeny. However, the sex ratio was more male-biased in the progeny of 1- and 2-day-old females compared to older wasps in the case of T. remus. In the third bioassay, the highest parasitism was observed in 24- and 48-h-old eggs and the per cent emergence decreased with increasing female age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive pest that causes serious damage to many economically important cereal crops worldwide. Telenomus remus is one of the most important egg parasitoids against S. frugiperda. Insect storage at certain conditions that temporarily halt development would facilitate effective commercial rearing and transportation, limiting the usual problems of hatching or emergence during shipping and aiding the inundative release of the parasitoids. We hypothesized that when parasitoid parasitizing host eggs are subjected to cold storage, their reproductive capacity would be affected by both the host quality and the cold storage. To confirm this hypothesis, the effects of cold storage on the reproductive capacity of T. remus reared on stored/non-stored S. frugiperda eggs and the hatching rate of S. frugiperda larvae were investigated. The results indicated that S. frugiperda eggs could only be stored at 10 °C for five days to be suitable for rearing T. remus. Telenomus remus pupae in non-stored S. frugiperda eggs were stored at 13 °C for 15 days without affecting the reproductive capacity of the parasitoid. However, the optimum cold storage conditions for T. remus parasitizing stored eggs were 7 °C for 5 days in the larval stage. The maximal shelf lives of T. remus parasitizing fresh and cold-stored S. frugiperda eggs were 15 and 10 days (including the storage duration of host eggs), respectively. Our study revealed that cold storage affected host eggs, thus further affecting the reproductive capacity of the parasitoid. Different storage conditions should be used when mass-rearing egg parasitoids on stored and non-stored eggs to reduce costs and obtain high-quality parasitoids. Spodoptera frugiperda is the preferred host of the parasitoid Telenomus remus. Cold storage can preserve a sufficient quantity of parasitoids and their hosts in a laboratory colony for mass release. First, the effects of cold storage on the reproductive capacity of T. remus reared on non-stored S. frugiperda eggs and the hatching rate of unparasitized S. frugiperda eggs were investigated. Further, the dual effects of cold storage and stored S. frugiperda eggs on the reproductive capacity of T. remus were studied to determine the optimal storage conditions and the maximal shelf life for both the host and the parasitoid. The emergence rate, the number of adults produced, and the female proportion of T. remus were affected by cold storage factors. Pupae stored at 13 °C for 15 days is optimum for T. remus reared on non-stored S. frugiperda eggs. Spodoptera frugiperda eggs could only be stored at 10 °C for five days to be suitable for rearing T. remus. The optimum cold storage conditions for T. remus parasitizing stored eggs were 7 °C for 5 days in the larval stage. The maximal shelf lives of T. remus parasitizing cold-stored S. frugiperda eggs were 10 days. Cold storage affected the hatching rate of S. frugiperda eggs, thereby further affecting the reproductive capacity of T. remus. The findings suggest that different storage conditions should be used when mass-rearing T. remus on stored and non-stored eggs. Telenomus remus should be reproduced using fresh laid S. frugiperda eggs for maximum shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an investigation into female academics' experiences of living and working through the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK). A diary, diary‐interview method (DDIM) was used to gather qualitative data from 25 participants about their lives during the period March 2020–September 2021 and diary and interview data have since been curated and published in an open access digital archive. The paper argues firstly that in recording and interpreting change over time in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the methodology constitutes a qualitative longitudinal research (QLLR) approach. Secondly, that the method has the capacity to convey temporal disruption and complexity, aligned with notions of crisis as fast, slow and ongoing. Thirdly, that Nixon's theorising of 'slow violence' can be used to frame the impacts of the pandemic as gradual, unseen and banal despite potentially negative implications for female academics' career progression. Finally, the paper argues that gathering this data through DDIM and publishing it in a publicly accessible digital archive represents a necessary form of witness with the potential to be utilised for future interventions. This paper reports on an investigation using a diary, diary‐interview method (DDIM) into female academics' experiences of living and working through the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK). The paper argues that DDIM has the capacity to convey temporal disruption and complexity, aligned with notions of crisis as fast, slow and ongoing. Nixon's theorising of 'slow violence' is used to frame a consideration of the pandemic's longer‐term, negative implications for female academics' career progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Cold War, U.S. strategic leaders had to deal with policies and issues in every part of the globe. The main theater was in Europe, but there were other regions that demanded attention. Korea was an important one. From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, the peninsula was on the brink of conflict as North Korea initiated a series of operations that were legitimate acts of war. There was a strong desire among South Korean government officials for a military response, but U.S. government leaders said no. Officials in Washington recognized the limits of U.S. power at the time, and designed their responses to maintain the status quo. The story of how the United States handled its undertakings in areas of marginal importance was a chapter in the larger history of the Cold War. A number of historians have suggested that the Third World played a key role in shaping developments in the Cold War, but U.S. actions in Korea indicate something a bit more complicated. Knowing when to become involved and when to limit losses was crucial in how the United States managed events along the periphery of the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rejection of the subfamily name Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae is not recommended. Conservation of the following 10 generic names is recommended: Ampelopsis with conserved type, Aria vs. Chamaemespilus and Torminalis, Bituminaria with conserved type, Dennstaedtia with conserved type, Klukia Racib. vs. Klukia Andrz. ex Besser, Osmelia vs. Stachycrater, Pycnarrhena vs. Antitaxis, Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B. Clarke vs. Tetraphyllum Hosius & Marck, Triraphis with conserved type, and Vella with conserved type. The following two generic names are not recommended for conservation: Lycaste vs. Anguloa and Xylobium and Mitrella vs. Pyramidanthe. The generic name Pacoseroca is recommended for rejection. The following 33 species names are recommended for conservation: Acalypha multicaulis vs. A. pruriens and A. ruderalis, Anethum segetum with conserved type, Bromus retusus vs. B. plukenetii, Cacao sylvestris with conserved type, Citrus reticulata with conserved type, Clerodendrum umbellatum with conserved type, Cycas riedlei Fisch. ex Gaudich. vs. C. riedlei Dum. Cours., Dendrobium officinale vs. D. catenatum, Dicksonia bipinnata with conserved type, Engelhardia roxburghiana with conserved type, Iris latifolia (Mill.) Voss vs. I. latifolia Heer, Isoetes sahyadrii with conserved type, Juncus acuminatus Michx. vs. J. acuminatus Balb., Kalanchoe rosei vs. K. bouvieri, Larrea nitida vs. Mimosa balsamica, Lilium humboldtii vs. L. puberulum, Loasa rudis vs. L. rhoeadifolia, Magnolia oblonga (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Figlar vs. M. oblonga M. Chandler, Malus domestica vs. M. sylvestris, Myagrum paniculatum with conserved type, Oxalis eckloniana C. Presl vs. O. eckloniana F. Dietr. and O. bifolia, Phyllanthus claussenii with conserved type and vs. P. udicola, Phyllanthus flagelliformis vs. P. eurisladro, Phyllanthus klotzschianus vs. P. robustus, Prunus maackii vs. P. glandulifolia, Quercus frainetto vs. Q. conferta, Quercus pacifica Nixon & C.H. Mull. vs. Q. pacifica Knowlt., Ranunculus trichophyllus vs. R. peucedanifolius, Rubus ulmifolius vs. R. creticus, R. vulgaris, and R. inermis, Sida albida with conserved type, Solanum nitidibaccatum vs. S. stylesianum and Bosleria nevadensis, Thymus microphyllus with conserved type, and Valeriana scouleri with conserved type. The following five species names are not recommended for conservation: Aspidium devexum vs. A. membranaceum, Croton fuscescens vs. C. gnaphaloides, Daphniphyllum oldhamii vs. D. pentandrum, Rhododendron myrtifolium Schott & Kotschy vs. R. ×myrtifolium G. Lodd. ex Bosse, and Teucrium microphyllum vs. T. quadratulum. A proposal to conserve Echinocactus williamsii vs. E. williamsianus is noted to be unnecessary. The following 17 species names are recommended for rejection: Bryophyllum triangulare, Callitriche foliosa, Callitriche spuria, Commelina nimmoniana, Cuscuta aggregata, Dendrobium brownii, Eriostemon trinervis, Genista multicaulis, Grewia oppositifolia, Kalanchoe aleurodes, Marcgravia jacquinii, Narcissus flavus, Pereskia glomerata, Salsola coquimbana, Taxodium huegelii, Tulipa urumiensis, and Ulostoma filamentosum. The species name Thymus marschallianus is not recommended for rejection. It is recommended that the names Parisia and Parrisia not be treated as homonyms. The Committee recommends against making a binding decision on whether Silene dicolor and Silene discolor should be treated as homonyms, since they clearly should not be. It is recommended that Aethionema kopetdaghi be treated as validly published and that Anthurium ×macrolobum be treated as validly published by W. Bull ex T. Moore & Mast. (or Anon.). The Committee recommends against making a binding decision regarding the adequacy of the descriptive statement of Rhododendron humicola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geopolitica(s): Revista de Estudios Sobre Espacio y Poder is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The adage that "only Nixon could go to China" suggests hawkish leaders face fewer domestic political barriers to pursuing conciliation with foreign adversaries. Since hawks are viewed as less ideologically predisposed to peace than doves, their efforts at rapprochement are more likely to be perceived as in the national interest. We explore how this conventional wisdom intersects with prominent gender stereotypes about women's role in national security. Do gender stereotypes that women are inclined toward peace make it more difficult for women leaders to pursue conciliation? In a series of survey experiments, we find evidence of a gendered peace premium—a penalty women leaders face for pursuing peace. When women leaders seek rapprochement with foreign adversaries, they are perceived as acting "according to type." Consequently, women's conciliatory policy proposals are viewed as less likely to be in the national interest than identical policies pursued by male leaders. Partisanship dynamics significantly moderate the gendered peace premium, and policy success can attenuate women leaders' disadvantage. While this discriminatory dynamic does not make it impossible for women leaders to seek and achieve peace, it does make it more difficult and politically costly than some perspectives assume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The famous diplomat and statesman Henry Kissinger has died at the age of 100. He served as President Nixon's National Security Advisor and Secretary of State and had a significant influence on international politics. Kissinger founded a political consulting firm in New York and remained a sought-after interlocutor for government leaders and CEOs even after leaving office. He is praised for his policy of détente with the Soviet Union, but also criticized for his support of right-wing regimes such as Pinochet in Chile. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the book "Leadership: Six Studies in World Strategy" by Henry Kissinger, which explores the leadership styles and decisions of six influential leaders: Konrad Adenauer, Charles de Gaulle, Richard Nixon, Anwar Sadat, Lee Kuan Yew, and Margaret Thatcher. The book examines the historical context and strategic decisions made by these leaders, highlighting their impact on both their respective nations and the global stage. The author emphasizes the importance of leadership in shaping societies and discusses the challenges and changes in leadership styles over time. [Extracted from the article]

A laboratory study was carried out to assess the residual toxicity of certain insecticides to egg parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith), Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, T. pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), and Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelioniadae). The median lethal concentrations were recorded at 24 and 48 hr after exposure period to adults of egg parasitoids to nine insecticides. Among the tested spinetoram was found to be "dangerous", however, chlorantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole + lambdacyhalothrin, chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin, indoxacarb, cyantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, thiamethoxam + lambdacyhalothrin and azadirachtin were found to be "slightly to moderately toxic" to T. chilonis and T. pretiosum. Chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb and spinetoram were found to be "dangerous", however, chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin, thiamethoxam + lambdacyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole + lambdacyhalothrin, cyantraniliprole and azadirachtin were "slightly to moderately toxic" to T. remus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human trafficking is predominantly framed as a criminal justice issue with sensationalised, highly visible violence. Stereotypical figures of young women in danger, passively poised to be rescued by figures of the state or vigilante justice, animate public discourse and policy. Yet the reality of trafficking is often far more complex than the linear narratives presented in the mainstream. In this article, I argue that human trafficking is more readily accessible as slow violence, the accumulation and accretion of the consequences of systematic oppression over time. I use Nixon's Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor to articulate a stance against the flash of trafficking's 'master narratives'. Slow violence offers three key elements for theorising human trafficking, i.e. that the harms are so gradual or delayed they: become imperceptible; compound over protracted durations of time; and may be so mundane and unspectacular to not even register as 'violence' in our vernacular. Aligned with a critical trafficking studies approach that draws attention to power dynamics and imbalances, slow violence focuses on the forms of exploitation and precarity that are taken for granted or assumed to be static. I use a collection of artifacts and examples from dominant anti-trafficking organisations and media to demonstrate the urgency required to both rethink trafficking against these flattening overgeneralisations and recommit to a transformative practice that makes more lives liveable. In the tradition of feminist anti-violence scholarship, I conclude by shifting from the micro-level examples of trafficking that fuel misinformation campaigns to the systems that perpetuate violence, exploitation and extraction – and must be eradicated if we are committed to ending human trafficking locally and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Sciences Journal / Revue des Sciences Humaines is the property of Universite des Freres Mentouri Constantine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers information on the negotiations between Mexican president Luis Echeverría Álvarez and the U.S President Richrd Nixon who played a crucial role in resolving the salinity crisis. It discusses that the underpinnings of the Echeverría-Nixon quid pro quo bring to light other issues that warrant further scrutiny; and mentions that the county's political environment thus left little room for Echeverría to hemorrhage more support.

Gerald R. Ford was the 38th president of the United States. He was appointed as vice president by Richard Nixon in 1974 upon the resignation of Spiro T. Agnew. In the midst of the Watergate Crisis, Nixon resigned making Ford the only president to serve without being elected as either president or vice president. In the year 2000, 13 years after his abbreviated term in office, he was attending the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia where he developed pain in his tongue, slurring of his speech, and signs of a stroke. He was taken to the emergency room of Hahnemann University Hospital where a CT scan showed a posterior circulation stroke. Within 24 hours, all of Ford's symptoms improved except for his tongue pain and speech. An MRI of the head and neck showed a tongue mass and he was taken to the operating room where an abscess was found. The bacteriology confirmed actinomycosis of the tongue and Ford rapidly improved after the incision and drainage. This paper will review the clinical course of Gerald Ford's lingual actinomycosis and will discuss this rare condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the invasive fruit pest, Drosophila suzukii, relies on a range of complimentary pest management approaches. However, increasing external costs (e.g., labour, exclusion mesh and fuel), are limiting the ability to control the pest via non-chemical means. Extant UK parasitoids could be exploited for the suppression of D. suzukii populations, but there is currently a lack of knowledge of the UK species utilising D. suzukii as a host or their lifecycle requirements. Between 2017 and 2020, we identified parasitoids developing in D. suzukii, in Southeast England. Sentinel traps, containing laboratory reared D. suzukii larvae/pupae in fruit, were deployed within the vicinity of commercial crops and semi-natural areas. Six generalist parasitoid species were recovered from D. suzukii sentinel traps. These included two species of larval parasitoids (Leptopilina heterotoma Thomson (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and Asobara tabida (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and four pupal parasitoids (Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Spalangia erythromera (Forster) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Trichopria modesta (Ratzeburg, 1848) and T. prema Nixon (both Hymenoptera: Diapriidae)). The performance of the first four species as D. suzukii parasitoids was further tested in the laboratory and then in the field to assess rates of parasitism. Pachycrepoideus vindemiae was the most abundant species recovered from field collections and had in increasing rate of population rate in the laboratory. Other species were not successful at parasitising D. suzukii. In the field, adult D. suzukii emergence from sentinel traps was reduced by ~ 21% where parasitoids could access D. suzukii larvae and pupae. Parasitoids of D. suzukii are understudied in the UK, and this research indicates where future efforts could be made in understanding the interaction between host and parasitoid and the opportunities to exploit extant parasitoids for the control of D. suzukii. We also evaluate the prospects for classical and augmented control and discuss how they may fit with current regional integrated pest management options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the contours of "the public's morality(ies)", either as an aggregate of individuals' public hopes and fears or (in the plural) as particular mixes of hopes and fears stemming from individual (or coalitional) moral convictions. Our theoretical understanding of one aggregate "public morality" relies upon Derek Edyvane's presentation of a civic virtue premised upon an austerity whereby citizens value a collective sense of protection as highly as the realization of their individual public aspirations. We scrutinize Edyvane's theoretical construct in reference to a collection of citizen letters responding to Gerald Ford's 1974 pardon of Richard Nixon made available by the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. These letters illustrate a conceptual typology of public morality that reflects various combinations of the public hopes and fears Edyvane delineates; this typology accommodates most of the available letters. Psychological studies pertaining to prosocial behavior, individual moral convictions, and conspiracy beliefs are reviewed to understand sectarian fears that animate current political discourse. In this regard, we offer examples of political utterances appearing to fall outside Edyvane's treatment of public fears. A final discussion considers how citizen fears arising from disparate moral convictions affect administrative decision-making. It also directs attention to behavioral public administration that offers a micro-level perspective on individual behavior that impacts governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Joint Commission on the Mental Health of Children (JCMHC) was a sprawling, multidisciplinary project that took shape in the years immediately after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Participants included child psychiatrists, educators, psychologists, social workers, philanthropists and other laypeople and professionals interested in the plight of children. While the original inspiration for the JCMHC was to address the potential for violence from disturbed children and adolescents, its findings and recommendations were an indictment of American society itself in which poor children went hungry, minority children were oppressed and there were not sufficient resources dedicated to the mental health of the nation's population of young people. The task forces and committees of the JCMHC spent significantly more time addressing prevention and mental health rather than mental illness. Two years into the work of the JCMHC, the leadership formed a committee to specifically examine issues related to race. The final report, published in popular book form as Crisis in Child Mental Health, arrived after the unraveling of the liberal consensus that had fueled President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs. Most of the proposed solutions for government intervention were ignored by the Nixon administration. The focus on mental health and the willingness to take a critical look at the detrimental effects of racism had represented child psychiatry at that time. In the decades that followed, however, child psychiatrists turned away from issues about prevention, race and environment and instead focused on the problems of mental illness in individual children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it receives less attention, (Lewis in Noûs 13:455–476, 1979. https://doi.org/10.2307/2215339) admitted that the branching-time(-like) model fits a wide range of counterfactuals, including (Nix) 'If Nixon had pressed the button, there would have been a nuclear war', which was raised by (Fine in Mind 84:451–458, 1975). However, Lewis then claimed that similarity analysis is more general than temporality analysis. In this paper, we do not scrutinise his claim. Instead, we re-analyse (Nix) not only model-theoretically but also proof-theoretically from the 'meaning-as-use' and 'inferentialist' points of view. Then, we re-formalise (Nix) in a natural extension of hybrid tense logic, which we refer to as hybrid tense logic for temporal conditionals (HTL TC ). Consequently, we find that not only among counterfactuals, but also among indicatives, there is a wide range of conditionals whose formalisation in HTL TC is appropriate. We refer to these conditionals as temporal conditionals. This suggests a new logical generality that temporality analysis has but similarity analysis does not, from which emerges a new logical perspective on conditionals in general: temporal ones and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spodoptera complex of the family Noctuidae, represented here by S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith), S. eridania (Stoll), S. albula (Walker), and S. cosmioides (Walker), is an important group of crop pests in Brazil. Spodoptera frugiperda and S. eridania are invasive in Africa, and the former also in Asia and Oceania. The egg parasitoids Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are potential control agents for field use against these noctuids. We evaluated the parasitism efficiency, development, and flight capacity of an isofemale line and a regular line of T. remus , and 2 genetically variable populations of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in these 4 members of the Spodoptera complex. All parasitoids were able to develop in the 4 hosts. The parasitoids showed good flight capacity, except for the regular line of T. remus. The Trichogramma species, despite having high viability and female:male sex ratios, showed poorer parasitism performances than T. remus. The regular T. remus line also showed good parasitism capacity and high viability but had a predominance of males. In general, the isofemale line of T. remus showed good rates of parasitism and flight capacity as well as a high viability and sex ratio, proving to be a potential candidate for an augmentative biological-control program for Spodoptera spp Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"A World of Turmoil: The United States, China, and Taiwan in the Long Cold War" by Stephen J. Hartnett is a book that analyzes the communicative dynamics of U.S.-Taiwan-China relations. The author focuses on five case studies, including the Truman administration's relations with China and Taiwan, the Eisenhower administration and the first Taiwan Strait Crisis, Nixon's approach to the China-Taiwan problem, Lee Teng-hui's presidency, and the Tsai and Trump administrations. Hartnett examines the rhetorics used by each country, such as China's rhetoric of traumatized nationalism and Taiwan's rhetoric of democracy as conversion. The book provides insights into the challenges and complexities of international communication among the three countries. [Extracted from the article]

Neither Kuhn nor Lewis considered the lethal role that the CIA, the FBI, the Mafia, the police, and corrupt anti-communist union officials, played in instigating white workers to violently promote fascist solutions to social and economic problems that stem from the core beliefs and practices of corporate America. Yet Kuhn asks us to accept at face value FBI denial of any involvement when he writes, "Nearly a half-century later, the FBI claimed no record of an investigation" (Kuhn, p. 236). Kuhn Needs to be Historically Accurate To provide a faithful account of the events surrounding the May 8, 1970, hard hat assaults, Kuhn must consider key offstage players like the CIA, FBI, organized crime, and the New York City Police Department detailed in the Knapp Commission Report. [Extracted from the article]

"Assignment China: An Oral History of American Journalists in the People's Republic" by Mike Chinoy is a comprehensive collection of interviews with American correspondents who reported on China from 1945 to the present day. The book provides a unique primary source on the subject, offering firsthand accounts of the journalists' experiences and interactions with Chinese authorities. It covers significant events such as Richard Nixon's visit to China in 1972 and the 1989 protests and crackdown. The book also explores the challenges faced by foreign journalists in reporting on China and the recent expulsion of correspondents by the Chinese government. [Extracted from the article]

A study was conducted to examine the parasitic efficiency of different egg parasitoids viz., Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionadae) of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), respectively under the laboratory condition at 28 ± 3oC. The investigation showed that T. chilonis displayed a parasitic efficiency ranging from 85 to 87 per cent, T. pretiosum from 80 to 89 per cent, and T. remus from 7 to 90 per cent. Both host species were accepted for parasitization, but C. cephalonica was identified as more suitable for the development of T. chilonis and T. pretiosum, while S. frugiperda was deemed the most suitable host for rearing T. remus. These findings contribute valuable insights into the host preferences and parasitic efficiencies of these parasitoids, essential information for potential applications in biological control strategies against agricultural pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]